Glass is made by heating sand, soda ash, and limestone in a furnace. This produces a molten material that can be shaped and cooled. Glass has been used for thousands of years and is now one of the most versatile engineering materials. Its composition and properties can be varied for different applications through the addition of different materials during production. Common types include soda-lime glass for windows and bottles and lead crystal for its brilliance. The document discusses the ingredients, production process, types, and uses of glass.

2. Acknowledgment

3. The glass has been used as an engineering
material since ancient times. But because of the rapid
progress made in the glass industry in recent times, the
glass has come out as the MOST VERSATILE
ENGINEERING MATERIAL of the modern times.
With the help of techniques developed in the
glass industry, the glass of any type and quality can be
produced to suit the requirements of different industries..

6. The discovery of glass is believed to have occurred approximately
3,500 yearsago in MESOPOTAMIA.
 It is formedwithin the mouthof a volcano as a result of the intense
heat of an eruption melting sand.
It consist of 3 ingredients:
SAND SODA ASH LIME
STONE
WHERE IT ALL BEGAN …..

7. o Silica Sand 70%
o Soda Ash 15%
o Lime Stone 10%

8. • Silica sand the most commonly used sand.
• It is made by either or taken from
natural occurring locations, such as beaches and river beds.
in glass making
 It provides the essential SiO2 component of glass formulation and
its chemical purity is the primary determinant of
, and, thus,
 which causes casting defects with
high melting point metals.
, which can lead to unsound
casting.

9. , the trade name for sodium
carbonate (Na2CO3), is a white,
material.
• It is an essential raw material used in the
manufacturing of glass, detergents chemicals and
other industrial products.
• It renders glass infusible and gives
to it.

10. •A , composed mainly
of calcium carbonate or dolomite.
•. Limestone is used as a building material, and to
purify iron in blast furnaces. It's also used in the
manufacture of glass.
•Limestone is used to
.
•The limestone decomposes in the heat to form calcium
oxide and carbon dioxide. About of is
, or bottle glass.
•It gives and to glass.

11. CULLET
RECYCLED
GLASS. IT SAVES
RAW MATERIAL
AND ENERGY
LEAD
BRILLIANCE
AND
WEIGHT
BARIUM
TO INCREASE
REFRACTIVE
INDEX
MANGANESE
DECOLORIZING

14. • Raw materials are mixed with CULLET and finely
powdered .
• Intimate mixture called BATCH is fused in furnace
at high temperature.
• This charge melts and fuses into a viscous fluid .
• CO2 is removed and of decolorizes like MnO2 is
added to remove the traces of ferrous
compounds and carbon.
• After removal heating is continued till clear
molten mass is free from bubbles is obtained and
it its then cooled.

15. The viscous mass obtained from melting is poured into
molds to get different types of articles desired shape by
either blowing or pressing between the rollers.
There are three main methods of shaping glass:
o Pressing- is accomplished by dropping a hot gob of glass
into a mold, then pressing it with a plunger until it
spreads and fills the inside of the mold.
o Drawing- is the method used for shaping flat glass, glass
rod, glass tubing, and fiberglass.
o Casting- involves filling molds with molten glass.

16. • Process that removes the stresses and
strains remaining in glass after shaping.
• Most glassware is annealed just after it
has been formed so that it does not
shatter from tension caused by uneven
cooling.
• Annealing is done by reheating the glass
and gradually cooling it according to a
planned time-and-temperature schedule.

17. It is the last step in the manufacturing of glass .It involves
following steps :
o Cleaning
o Grinding
o Polishing
o Cutting
o Sand blasting

19. Most common commercial glass and LESS EXPENSIVE .
The composition of soda lime glass is normally 60-75%
silica, 12-18% soda and 5-12% lime. A low percentage of
other materials can be added for specific properties such
as coloring.
 It has LIGHT TRANSMISSION appropriate to be use in flat
glass in windows.
 It has a SMOOTH AND NONPOROUS SURFACE that allows
glass bottles and packaging glass to be easily cleaned.

20. •It contains three major compounds in varying
proportions: SILICA (60-75 PERCENT), POTASH (12-18
PERCENT), and LIME (5-12 PERCENT).
•FOREST GLASS is a common type of potassium-lime
glass.
• Potash glass is SLIGHTLY DENSER than soda-lime
glass; it passes from the molten to the rigid state more
quickly, and it is therefore more difficult to manipulate
into elaborate forms.
•It is HARDER and MORE BRILLIANT and therefore

21. •Glass that contains a high percentage of LEAD
OXIDE (20 PERCENT).
• Lead glass is relatively SOFT, and its
REFRACTIVE INDEX gives a brilliance that may be
exploited by covering the surface with polished wheel-
cut facets.
•Such glass is often known by the term “LEAD
CRYSTAL.”

22. •Glass in which the flux is BORIC OXIDE
instead of alkali.
•The first borosilicate glass was created by
Otto Schott in 1882.
• It has a LOW COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION
and therefore withstands sudden changes of
temperature.

23. Alumino-silicate glass has ALUMINUM OXIDE in its
composition.
 It is similar to borosilicate glass but it has GREATER
CHEMICAL DURABILITY and can withstand higher
operating temperatures.
Compared to borosilicate, alumino-silicates are
more DIFFICULT TO FABRICATE.
When coated with an electrically conductive film,
alumino-silicate glass is used as RESISTORS FOR
ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT.