7. Thigh
ā¢ Femur
ā¢ Largest, longest,
strongest bone in the
body!!
ā¢ Receives a lot of stress
ā¢ Courses medially
ā¢ More in women!
ā¢ Articulates with
acetabulum proximally
ā¢ Articulates with tibia and
patella distally
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8. Patella
ā¢ Triangular sesamoid bone
ā¢ Protects knee joint
ā¢ Improves leverage of thigh
muscles acting across the knee
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3/4/2022 Dr. Emad Abu Alrub MD PhD
9. Leg bones
ā¢ Tibia
ā¢ Receives the weight of body from femur and transmits to foot
ā¢ Second to femur in size and weight
ā¢ Articulates with fibula proximally and distally
ā¢ Interosseous membrane
ā¢ Fibula
ā¢ Does NOT bear weight
ā¢ Muscle attachment
ā¢ Not part of knee joint
ā¢ Stabilize ankle joint
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10. ā¢ Anterior leg bones
ā¢ Tibia
ā¢ Tibial tuberosity
ā¢ Anterior crest
ā¢ Medial surface
ā¢ Medial malleolus
ā¢ Fibula
ā¢ Lateral malleolus
Osteology/ Bones of the Lower Limb
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11. Foot
ā¢ Function:
ā¢ Supports the weight of the
body
ā¢ Act as a lever to propel the
body forward
ā¢ Parts:
ā¢ Tarsals
ā¢ Talus = ankle
ā¢ Between tibia and fibula
ā¢ Articulates with both
ā¢ Calcaneus = heel
ā¢ Attachment for Calcaneal
tendon
ā¢ Carries talus
ā¢ Metatarsals
ā¢ Phalanges
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12. Foot
ā¢ 3 arches
ā¢ Medial
ā¢ Lateral
ā¢ Transverse
ā¢ Has tendons that run inferior to foot bones
ā¢ Help support arches of foot
Longitudinal
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13. Joints of Lower Limb
ā¢ Hip (femur + acetabulum)
ā¢ Ball + socket
ā¢ Multiaxial
ā¢ Synovial
ā¢ Knee (femur + tibia)
ā¢ Hinge (modified)
ā¢ Biaxial
ā¢ Synovial
ā¢ Contains menisci, bursa,
many ligaments
ā¢ Knee (femur + patella)
ā¢ Plane
ā¢ Gliding of patella
ā¢ Synovial
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17. Muscles of Hip and Thigh
ā¢ Gluteus
ā¢ Posterior pelvis
ā¢ Extend thigh
ā¢ Rotate thigh
ā¢ Abducts thigh
ā¢ Anterior Compartment Thigh
ā¢ Flexes thigh at hip
ā¢ Extends leg at knee
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18. ā¢ Medial/Adductor
Compartment of the thigh
ā¢ Adducts thigh
ā¢ Medially rotates thigh
ā¢ Posterior Compartment Thigh
ā¢ Extends thigh
ā¢ Flexes leg
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19. ā¢ Gluteus maximus
ā¢ Origin - Ilium, sacrum and coccyx
ā¢ Insertion - Gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial tract
ā¢ Action - Extends thigh, lateral rotation & abduction
ā¢ Innervation - Inferior gluteal nerve
ā¢ Gluteus medius & Gluteus minimus
ā¢ Origin ā posterior Ilium
ā¢ Insertion - Greater trochanter of femur
ā¢ Action - Abduction, medial rotation
ā¢ Innervation - Superior gluteal nerve
ā¢ Lesser Gluteals help stabilize hip to allow fluent bipedal walking
ā¢ Tensor fasciae latae
ā¢ Origin ā iliac crest and ASIS
ā¢ Insertion ā iliotibial tract
ā¢ Action - Flex thigh, abduct thigh, medial rotation of thigh
ā¢ Innervation ā Superior gluteal nerve
Gluteals
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20. Anterior Compartment Thigh
ā¢ Quadriceps femoris
ā¢ Rectus femoris
ā¢ Origin ā anterior inferior iliac spine,
margin of acetabulum
ā¢ Insertion ā patella and tibial
tuberosity via the patellar ligament
ā¢ Action ā extends knee, flexes thigh
ā¢ Vastus lateralis
ā¢ Origin-lateral proximal femur, linea
aspera
ā¢ Vastus medialis
ā¢ Origin-medial proximal femur, linea
aspera
ā¢ Vastus intermedius
ā¢ Origin ā ant & lateral femur
ā¢ Insertion for allā patella and tibial
tuberosity via the patellar ligament
ā¢ Action ā extends knee
All above innervated by the femoral nerve!!!
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22. Adductors
ā¢ Adductor longus
ā¢ Adductor brevis
ā¢ Adductor magnus
ā¢ Origin ā inferior pelvis
ā¢ Insertion ā linea aspera of femur
ā¢ Action ā adducts and medial rotates
ā¢ Innervation ā Obturator nerve
ā¢ Pectineus
ā¢ Origin ā pectineal line of pubis
ā¢ Insertion ā lesser trochanter of femur
ā¢ Action ā adducts, medial rotates
ā¢ Innervation ā femoral, sometimes
obturator
ā¢ Gracilis
ā¢ Origin ā inferior pubic ramus
ā¢ Insertion ā medial tibia
ā¢ Action ā adducts thigh, flex, medial,
rotates leg
ā¢ Innervation ā Obturator nerve
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23. Posterior Compartment - Hamstring
ā¢ Biceps femoris (2 heads)
ā¢ Origin ā ischial tuberosity
(long) linea aspera of femur
(short)
ā¢ Insertion - lateral tibia, head
fibula
ā¢ Action - thigh extension, knee
flexion, lateral rotation
ā¢ Semitendinosus
ā¢ Semimembranosus
ā¢ Origin - ischial tuberosity
ā¢ Insertion āproximal, medial
tibia
ā¢ Action - thigh extension, knee
flexion, medial rotation
Sciatic nerve innervates all of the above muscles!!!
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24. Muscles of the Leg
ā¢ Anterior Compartment
ā¢ Dorsiflex ankle, invert foot,
extend toes
ā¢ Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
ā¢ Lateral Compartment
ā¢ Plantarflex, evert foot
ā¢ Innervation: Superficial Fibular
nerve
ā¢ Posterior Compartment
ā¢ Superficial and deep layers
ā¢ Plantarflex foot, flex toes
ā¢ Innervation: Tibial nerve
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25. Anterior Compartment
ā¢ Tibialis anterior
ā¢ Origin - tibia
ā¢ Insertion - tarsals
ā¢ Action - dorsiflexion, foot inversion
ā¢ Extensor digitorum longus
ā¢ Origin ā tibia and fibula
ā¢ Insertion - phalanges
ā¢ Action ā toe extension
ā¢ Extensor hallucis longus
ā¢ Origin ā fibula, interosseous
membrane
ā¢ Insertion ā big toe
ā¢ Action - extend big toe, dorsiflex
foot
All innervated by deep fibular nerve
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26. Lateral Compartment
ā¢ Fibularis (peroneus) longus
ā¢ Origin ā lateral fibula
ā¢ Insertion ā 5th metatarsal, tarsal
ā¢ Action - plantarflex, evert foot
ā¢ Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
ā¢ Origin ā distal fibula
ā¢ Insertion - proximal fifth
metatarsal
ā¢ Action ā same as above!!
All innervated by the superficial fibular nerve
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27. Superficial Posterior
Compartment
ā¢ Triceps surae
ā¢ Gastrocnemius (2 heads)
ā¢ Origin - medial and lateral
condyles of femur
ā¢ Insertion - posterior
calcaneus via calcaneal
tendon
ā¢ Soleus
ā¢ Origin ā tibia and fibula
ā¢ Insertion ā same as above
ā¢ Action of both ā plantarflex
foot
ā¢ Plantaris
ā¢ Origin ā posterior femur
ā¢ Insertion ā same as above!
ā¢ Action ā plantarflex foot,
week knee flexion
All innervated by the tibial nerve 27
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28. Deep Posterior Compartment
ā¢ Popliteus
ā¢ Origin - lateral condyle femur
and lateral meniscus
ā¢ Insertion ā proximal tibia
ā¢ Action ā flex and medially rotate leg
ā¢ Flexor digitorum longus
ā¢ Origin - tibia
ā¢ Insertion - distal phalanges of toe 2-5
ā¢ Action ā plantarflex and invert foot,
flex toe
ā¢ Flexor hallucis longus
ā¢ Origin - fibula
ā¢ Insertion - distal phalanx of hallux
ā¢ Action - plantarflex and invert foot,
flex toe
ā¢ Tibialis posterior
ā¢ Origin ā tibia, fibula, and interosseous
membrane
ā¢ Insertion - tarsals and metatarsals
ā¢ Action - plantarflex and invert foot
All innervated by the tibial nerve 28
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29. Muscles of the Foot
ā¢Dorsum of Foot
ā¢ Extensor digitorum brevis
ā¢ O: calcaneus, I: prox phalanx of hallux
ā¢ Action: extend MT-P joint
ā¢ Innervation = Deep Peroneal (Fibular) n.
ā¢Plantar Surface of Foot (= sole): 4
layers
ā¢ O: Tarsals and/or Metatarsals, I:
Phalanges
ā¢ Action: Flex, Ext, ABduct, ADduct
ā¢ Innervation: Medial + Lateral Plantar n.
(from Tibial n.)
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30. Plexuses of the Lower Limb
ā¢ āLumbosacral plexusā
ā¢ Lumbar Plexus
ā¢ Arises from L1-L4
ā¢ Lies within the psoas major
muscle
ā¢ Sacral Plexus
ā¢ Arises from spinal nerve L4-S4
ā¢ Lies caudal to the lumbar
plexus
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42. DVT : Deep Venous Thrombosis
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Deep vein thrombosis
can cause leg pain or
swelling but also can
occur with no symptoms.