1. Understanding Safety
May 14-16, 2012

2. Mark G. Gardner
Avatar, Inc.

3. Syllabus
3
• Safety & Risk

4. Syllabus
4
• Safety & Risk
• Accidents & Why People Have Them

5. Syllabus
5
• Safety & Risk
• Accidents & Why People Have Them
• Human Behavior

6. Syllabus
6
• Safety & Risk
• Accidents & Why People Have Them
• Human Behavior
• Risk Mitigation Strategies

7. What is Safety?
7

8. What is Safety?
Safety is: Freedom from Risk.
8

9. What is Safety?
Safety is: Freedom from Risk.
The best we can do is manage and control risk.
9

10. The formula

11. The Risk Management Formula

12. The Risk Management Formula

13. The Risk Management Formula

14. The Risk Management Formula

15. The Risk Management Formula

16. Accidents & Why People Have Them
Ouch!

17. An accident is:

18. • An unplanned event,
• that disrupts activity,
• that affects people
An accident is:

19. • An unplanned event,
• that disrupts activity,
• that affects people,
• that is caused.
An accident is:

20. Does this meet the definition?

21. Does this meet the definition?

22. Does this meet the definition?
• An unplanned event,
• that disrupts activity,
• that affects people and;
• that is caused.

23. Does this meet the definition?

24. Does this meet the definition?

25. Does this meet the definition?
• An unplanned event,
• that disrupts activity,
• that affects people,
• that is caused

26. Accidents are mistakes
People make mistakes

27. • People fail to pay attention
• People exceed their performance capabilities
• People engage in unsafe behavior patterns
Three mistakes people make

28. • People fail to pay attention
• People exceed their performance capabilities
• People engage in unsafe behavior patterns
Three mistakes people make
But why do all people make these mistakes?

29. Behaviorism Humanism
•CONSEQUENCE
•(Reward)
•(Avoid punishment)
•BEHAVIOR
(Action)
•ANTECENDENT
(Demand)
Two approaches to human behavior
CAN DO WILL DO

30. Behaviorism

31. Behaviorism
Why did Sue go to the mall?
•CONSEQUENCE
•(Reward)
•(Avoid Punishment)
•BEHAVIOR
(Action)
•ANTECENDENT
(Demand)

32. Behaviorism
Enjoy rewards
• Friends & fun
• Cigarettes
• Boys & intimacy
• Defy mom
• Interesting conversations
•CONSEQUENCE
•(Reward)
•(Avoid Punishment)
•BEHAVIOR
(Action)
•ANTECENDENT
(Demand)

33. Enjoy rewards
• Friends & fun
• Cigarettes
• Boys & intimacy
• Defy mom
• Interesting conversations
Avoid punishments
• Staying home
• Boredom
• Loneliness
• Low self-esteem
• Outcast from group
•CONSEQUENCE
•(Reward)
•(Avoid Punishment)
•BEHAVIOR
(Action)
•ANTECENDENT
(Demand)

34. Behaviorism

35. Behaviorism
Why did Bill go to the bar?
•CONSEQUENCE
•(Reward)
•(Avoid Punishment)
•BEHAVIOR
(Action)
•ANTECENDENT
(Demand)

36. Enjoy rewards
• Beer
• Music
• Jokes and laughter
• Friendship
• Interesting conversations

37. Enjoy rewards
• Beer
• Music
• Jokes and laughter
• Friendship
• Interesting conversations
Avoid punishments
• Shopping
• Boredom
• Nagging
• Spending money
• Doing good for M.I.L.

38. Behaviorism
•BEHAVIOR
(Action)
•ANTECENDENT
(Demand)

39. Behaviorism
•CONSEQUENCE
•(Reward)
•BEHAVIOR
(Action)
•ANTECENDENT
(Demand)

40. So, we behave in ways that get us rewards…
Behaviorism
FPO - accident

41. But accidents don’t provide rewards…
so what’s the connection?
Behaviorism
FPO - accident

42. Behaviorism
•CONSEQUENCE
•(Reward)
•BEHAVIOR
(Action)
•ANTECENDENT
(Demand)
We don’t always achieve
our intended consequence!

43. Behaviorism & Accidents
We get so focused on the reward, we don’t even
imagine other possible (negative) outcomes.
•CONSEQUENCE
•(Reward)
•(Avoid Punishment)
•BEHAVIOR
(Action)
•ANTECENDENT
(Demand)

44. Unsafe Driving Behaviors
Behavior
• Speeding
Expected Reward
• Get there on time

45. Unsafe Driving Behaviors
Behavior
• Speeding
• Run red light
Expected Reward
• Get there on time
• Save time

46. Unsafe Driving Behaviors
Behavior
• Speeding
• Run red light
• Text while driving
Expected Reward
• Get there on time
• Save time
• Chat with friends

47. Unsafe Driving Behaviors
Behavior
• Speeding
• Run red light
• Text while driving
• Back w/o looking
Expected Reward
• Get there on time
• Save time
• Chat with friends
• Save energy

48. Unsafe Driving Behaviors
Behavior
• Speeding
• Run red light
• Text while driving
• Back w/o looking
• Tailgating
Expected Reward
• Get there on time
• Save time
• Chat with friends
• Save energy
• Win the race

49. Unsafe Office Behaviors
Behavior
• Leaving drawers open
Expected Reward
• Get done faster

50. Unsafe Office Behaviors
Behavior
• Leaving drawers open
• Not holding handrails
Expected Reward
• Get done faster
• Improved mobility

51. Unsafe Office Behaviors
Behavior
• Leaving drawers open
• Not holding handrails
• Lifting improperly
Expected Reward
• Get done faster
• Improved mobility
• Simpler body mechanics

52. Unsafe Office Behaviors
Behavior
• Leaving drawers open
• Not holding handrails
• Lifting improperly
• Leaving things on the floor
Expected Reward
• Get done faster
• Improved mobility
• Simpler body mechanics
• Less work

53. Unsafe Office Behaviors
Behavior
• Leaving drawers open
• Not holding handrails
• Lifting improperly
• Leaving things on the floor
• Accepting poor ergonomics
Expected Reward
• Get done faster
• Improved mobility
• Simpler body mechanics
• Less work
• Less bother – get to work

54. Unsafe Office Behaviors
Behavior
• Leaving drawers open
• Not holding handrails
• Lifting improperly
• Leaving things on the floor
• Accepting poor ergonomics
• Ignoring a hazard
Expected Reward
• Get done faster
• Improved mobility
• Simpler body mechanics
• Less work
• Less bother – get to work
• Less involvement/work

55. Unsafe Office Behaviors
Behavior
• Leaving drawers open
• Not holding handrails
• Lifting improperly
• Leaving things on the floor
• Accepting poor ergonomics
• Ignoring a hazard
• Leaving a mess or spill
Expected Reward
• Get done faster
• Improved mobility
• Simpler body mechanics
• Less work
• Less bother – get to work
• Less involvement/work
• Easier – get back to work

56. Unsafe Home Behaviors
Behavior
• Leaving drawers open
Expected Reward
• Get done faster

57. Unsafe Home Behaviors
Behavior
• Leaving drawers open
• Using a chair for a ladder
Expected Reward
• Get done faster
• Faster, less work

58. Unsafe Home Behaviors
Behavior
• Leaving drawers open
• Using a chair for a ladder
• Lifting improperly
Expected Reward
• Get done faster
• Faster, less work
• Simpler body mechanics

59. Unsafe Home Behaviors
Behavior
• Leaving drawers open
• Using a chair for a ladder
• Lifting improperly
• Not wearing PPE
Expected Reward
• Get done faster
• Faster, less work
• Simpler body mechanics
• Quicker & easier

60. Unsafe Home Behaviors
Behavior
• Leaving drawers open
• Using a chair for a ladder
• Lifting improperly
• Not wearing PPE
• Ignoring ice and snow
Expected Reward
• Get done faster
• Faster, less work
• Simpler body mechanics
• Quicker & easier
• Less work

61. Unsafe Home Behaviors
Behavior
• Leaving drawers open
• Using a chair for a ladder
• Lifting improperly
• Not wearing PPE
• Ignoring ice and snow
• Leaving a mess or spill
Expected Reward
• Get done faster
• Faster, less work
• Simpler body mechanics
• Quicker & easier
• Less work
• Less involvement/work

62. Unsafe Home Behaviors
Behavior
• Leaving drawers open
• Using a chair for a ladder
• Lifting improperly
• Not wearing PPE
• Ignoring ice and snow
• Leaving a mess or spill
• Fast food prep & cutting
Expected Reward
• Get done faster
• Faster, less work
• Simpler body mechanics
• Quicker & easier
• Less work
• Less involvement/work
• Get done quicker

63. Behaviorism Strategies
Never ask or require an employee to do something that is
unsafe or risky.
•CONSEQUENCE
•(Result)
•(Avoid Punishment)
•BEHAVIOR
(Action)
•ANTECENDENT
(Demand)

64. Behaviorism Strategies
Recognize and reward safe behaviors.
REWARD
•CONSEQUENCE
•(Reward)
•(Avoid Punishment)
•BEHAVIOR
(Action)
•ANTECENDENT
(Demand)
Promote
Safe
Behaviors

65. Behaviorism Strategies
Never let an unsafe behavior slide.
POSSIBLE
PUNISHMENT
•CONSEQUENCE
•(Reward)
•(Avoid Punishment)
•BEHAVIOR
(Action)
•ANTECENDENT
(Demand)
Punish
Unsafe
Behaviors

66. Humanism
We’re not rats. We’re complex creatures.

67. Internal influences on our behavior
Humanism
CAN DO
KNOWLEDGE
SKILLS
ABILITIES
WILL DO
VALUES
MOTIVATIONS
PERSONALITY
K V
S M
A P

68. CAN DO
KNOWLEDGE
DOT rules & regulations
Service expectations
Dispatch procedures
SKILLS
How to safely drive
How to provide customer service
How to complete paperwork
ABILITIES
Stamina
Eye hand coordination
Physically fit

69. WILL DO
VALUES
Conscientious
Safety driven
Caring & considerate
MOTIVATIONS
Over-the-road driving
Independence
Work with people
PERSONALITY
Friendly
Risk-averse
Compliant

70. WILL DO
You can’t change
CAN DO
You can change K V
S M
A P

71. KNOWLEDGE
Education them on
safety and risk
management

72. SKILLS
Train them how to
do their jobs safely

73. VALUES
You can’t change!
MOTIVATIONS
You can’t change!
PERSONALITY
You can’t change!
Hire only drivers who are risk averse

74. • People fail to pay attention
• People exceed their performance capabilities
• People engage in unsafe behavior patterns
Why people have accidents:

75. Failure to pay attention

76. Failure to pay attention.

77. Our environment is constantly changing
Accidents happen when we fail to pay attention

78. Failing to pay attention
Behavior
• Daydreaming
• Looking at a passenger
• Driving with a fixed stare
• Not looking ahead 15 seconds
• Not looking around every 3 to 5 seconds
• Looking at a text, phone, radio or in-cab device
• Looking at anything other than the driving
environment

79. Exceeding capabilities

80. Exceeding capabilities
Behavior
• Tailgating
• Overdriving headlights
• Jumping out of the cab
• Driving without enough rest
• Driving too fast for conditions
• Lifting too much weight without
help

81. Unsafe behavior patterns
We repeat behaviors that get us rewards.

82. Unsafe behavior patterns
• We focus on the reward.
• We don’t imagine possible negative outcomes.
• We repeat the unsafe behavior to get another
reward.
REWARD
•CONSEQUENCE
•(Reward)
•(Avoid Punishment)
•BEHAVIOR
(Action)
•ANTECENDENT
(Demand)

83. Unsafe behavior patterns
Behavior
• Speeding
• Tailgating
• Backing without first looking
• Changing lanes without first
looking
• Not using signals or
communicating
• Texting or cell phone use while
driving

84. What can you do?
Actions you can take.

85. Eliminate unsafe behaviors
Focus on unsafe behaviors and what causes them.
•CONSEQUENCE
•(Reward)
•(Avoid Punishment)
UNSAFE
•BEHAVIOR
(Action)
•ANTECENDENT
(Demand)

86. You must assess applicants for risk-taking
behavior.

87. Teach your employees about risk and
why people have accidents.
• CONSEQUENCE
• (Reward)
• (Avoid Punishment)
• BEHAVIOR
(Action)
• ANTECENDENT
(Demand)
Educate

88. Provide effective safety training.
• CONSEQUENCE
• (Reward)
• (Avoid Punishment)
• BEHAVIOR
(Action)
• ANTECENDENT
(Demand)
Train

89. Use positive and negative reinforcement to
influence the driver’s expected consequences.
• CONSEQUENCE
• (Reward)
• (Avoid Punishment)
• BEHAVIOR
(Action)
• ANTECENDENT
(Demand)
Shape

90. Zero Tolerance
• No unsafe acts
• No unsafe conditions
• Ever.
Make safe behavior a condition of employment.

91. What to expect
• Videos
• Solve problems
• Working with a partner
• Master skills
• Job simulation

92. Exercise

93. We want accidents to go away.

94. It’s up to our managers and supervisors

95. IMAGE: ACCIDENT
We want accidents to go away

96. It’s up to our managers and supervisors

97. Norms are the accepted way of doing things

98. Norms are the accepted way of doing things

99. • We want to be accepted
• We adapt to norms to be
accepted

100. Norms vary from location to location

101. Rules – Rules – Rules
Let’s make some safety rules

103. Rules don’t control behavior

104. So why do people have
accidents?

107. The work environment is constantly changing
Accidents happen when we fail to pay attention

109. Exceeding capabilities

110. Accidents happen when we exceed our
capabilities

111. Unsafe Behavior Patterns

112. Wrong time to get excited

114. Accidents are bad
Unnecessary
suffering
We want to
eliminate them.

115. Understanding and Observing

116. What can you do?

117. How to do things