A summary of the introduction of synthetic biology

1. Elham Lasemi
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2. 2

3. -is a maturing scientific discipline that
combines science and engineering
(engineering of biology) that can broadly be
described as the design and construction of
novel artificial biological pathways,
organisms or devices, or the redesign of
existing natural biological systems.
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4. A brief history of synthetic biology (1960-2013)
1960s 1970s
Cellular regulation
by molecular
networks
postulated by Jacob
and Monod
(1970s–1980s)
Development of
molecular cloning
techniques
1980s
(1980s–1990s)
Rise of ‘omics’ era
of high-throughput
biolog
1990s
Widespread use ofautomated
DNA sequencing
Complete genome sequence
of S. cerevisiae
Complete genome sequence
of E. coli
2000
Autoregulatory negative-
feedback circuit
2001
First cell–cell
communication
circuit based on
quorum sensing
First synthetic circuits toggle
switch and repressilator
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Timeline

5. 2002
5
2003
A brief history of synthetic biology (1960-2013)
(2002–2003) Synthetic circuits
used to study transcriptional
noise during this period
Earliest combinatorial
synthesis of genetic networks
Artemisinin
precursor pathway
engineered in
E. col
2004
RNA devices for modular
regulation of gene
expression
First iGEM competition
held at MIT
SB1.0: the first
international conference for
synthetic biology held at MI
2005
Light-sensing circuit engineered in
E. coli bacterial photography
Programmable ligand-controlled
transcript regulation by RNA
Circuits capable of multicellular
pattern formation are generated

6. 6
2006
A brief history of synthetic biology (1960-2013)
Bacteria engineered
to invade cancer
cells
2007
Engineered bacteriophage
for biofilm dispersal
2008
Construction of a robust and stable
relaxation oscillator
RNA devices for performing
logical operations
Biofuel
production using
amino acid
metabolism in E.
coli
2009
Gibson DNA assembly described
MAGE described
Engineering of an event-counting
circuit
Gibson DNA assembly described

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2010
Synchronized genetic clock for
population-coupled oscillatory
waves
2011
Complete set of Boolean
logic gates reported for
E. coli
Creation of a bacterial cell with a
synthetic genome
Programmable microbial kill switch
2012
Engineering of synthetic
yeast chromosome arms
Dynamic control of
metabolic flux for
biodiesel production
Engineering of synthetic
yeast chromosome arms
2013
Commercial production
of artemisinin by Amyris
using engineered yeast
strain
A brief history of synthetic biology (1960-2013)

8. 8
build biological system as a way to explain
how principles of engineering apply to the life
science
generates new tools and knowledge to enable
biology-based solution to societal challenges
welcomes participation of communities with
diverse training to foster creativity growth of
the field
is interconnected with human values through
the uses costs,benefits and risks of science
and technology

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synthetic biology redefines life
broadly the term has been used
with reference to effort to
redesign life.
this use of the term is an
extension of the concept of
biomimetic chemistry in which
organic synthetic is used to creat
artifical molecules .typically
enzymes

10. 10
- is the study of systems of biological
components, which may be molecules,
cells, organisms or entire species.
The systems biology approach allows
the study of multi-scale, multi-level
organisms.
Systems biology involves :
(1) collection of large sets of experimental data
(2) proposal of mathematical models
(3) accurate computer solution of the mathematical equations to
obtain numerical predictions
(4) assessment of the quality of the model by comparing numerical
simulations with the experimental data.

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Systems biology aims to study
natural biological systems as a
whole, often with a biomedical
focus, and uses simulation and
modelling tools in comparisons
with experimental information.
Synthetic biology aims to build
novel and artificial biological
parts, devices and systems.
The relationship between systems biology and synthetic biology

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The Engineering design cycle and rational design in synthetic biology

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Building a system from standard parts

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A biopart is a modular biological part
which is designed so that
it can be easily combined with other
parts. Ultimately, the aim is to produce
a range of standard devices which can
be used in standard systems.
The biopart standard provides a
framework where parts can be re-
used in various applications to
achieve the specific function
intended for the device.

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Fundamental techniques in synthetic biology
Computational modelling
DNA sequencing
DNA synthesis
Yields
①
②
③
④

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Future trends in modern
synthesis
Large scale DNA
(oligonucleotide)
synthesis
Potential for innovation
and microfluidics
Lab-on-a-chip
Fundamental techniques in synthetic biology
⑤
⑥
⑦
⑧

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Additional tools in synthetic biology
Chassis
Examples of natural chassis
Escherichia coli
Yeast
Bacillus subtilis
Mycoplasma
Pseudomonas putida
Minimal cells
Cell free
Orthogonal circuits
& new genetic codes

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Central to the understanding of international
standards is the concept of the biological continuum,
ie the hierarchy of the human organism comprising:
Systems Viscera CellsTissue Proteins Genes
Example for mark-up languages in synthetic biology: -XML
-PDBXL

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The most widespread and well-established ofstandard

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What is SBOL? SBML-the Systems Biology Markup Languageis a
standard for behavioral models of biological
systems at the molecular level
SBOL-the Synthetic Biology Open Language
describes structural and basic qualitative
behavioral aspects of a biological design.
approach of SBOL:
• Facilitates storage of genetic designs in repositories
• Helps synthetic biologists and genetic engineers electronically
exchange designs with each other and with biofabrication centers
• Supports development of Genetic Design Automation (GDA)
software tools for synthetic biologists
• Represents hierarchically assembled genetic compositions
• Represents abstract genetic compositions without an explicit
nucleotide sequence
• Allows expression of genetic designs in publications and thus

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Biobricks is a programming
standard language for
Synthetic Biology and
standard language for
building and describing the
DNAs for the former type
of modification.

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Applications of synthetic biology
The ultimate goal of synthetic biology is to develop commercial
applications that will benefit society, ie to design and build
engineered biological systems that process information, manipulate
chemicals, fabricate materials and structures, produce energy,
provide food, and maintain and enhance human health and our
environment.

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Commercial applications in synthetic biology

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the release into the environment of novel
the possible misuse of synthetic biology
for bioterrorism
the ability to recreate existing, extinct, or
eradicated pathogens of humans, animals,
or plants
the increasingly routine nature of many
synthetic biology procedures, which
makes them more readily accessible to
those without specialized training
trade and global justice issues
raising philosophical and religious concerns

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five truths for synthetic biology
Many of the parts are undefined
The circuitry is unpredictable
Many parts are incompatible
The complexity is unwieldy
Variability crashes the system

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health
Energy
Industria
Environment

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What is your forecast about the future of synthetic biology?
In your opinion, what is the most useful and the most devastating
consequences of synthetic biology, and why?
Is synthetic biology can also affect the process of evolution?
Question :

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thank you for your attention