This presentation includes voice in order to present the educational culture and history of the U.K. and India.

1. Education in
the U.K. and
In India
Exploring the academic, social and
cultural values within these nations’
educational systems.

2. U.K. higher education in history
 In 1939 higher education (HE) was only available to 50,000 students across a
limited number of universities and colleges.
 The number of students has since increased significantly with one million
students enrolled in HE institutions in 2003/04; there were a reported 168 HE
institutions in 2005 (Dyhouse, 2006).
 A reported 2.38 million students attended U.K. higher education institutions.
 38.2 billion income in the HE sector (2017/18); this highlights how big higher
education is in the UK (Universities U.K.)

3. India’s historical culture within
education
 Background: Education and culture are considered as crucial parts since
ancient times.
 18th century and three classes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishya.
 Where people used to go for treatments
 What was the role of Vedas ?
 21st century: State of researching culture in Higher Education
 ‘Developing corporate culture in the universities libraries’

4. Academic culture in the
U.K.
 Students from different
cultures may find certain
differences when studying in
the U.K.
 This can impact on the ways
that independent study and
seminar- based activities are
carried out.

5. Academic Culture of India
 Quality of Higher Education – Lack of employability.
 Faculty: Lack of well qualified teachers
 Outdated curriculum
 Research: low level for research
(Neelofar, 2015; Drishti, 2019)

6. Social Class and mobility in U.K.
education.
 Children from poorer areas are at a disadvantage in terms of entering
Higher Education.
 Students from more impoverished areas are a “third less likely” to
enter Higher education institutions compared to students from more
advantaged backgrounds. (Cabinet Office, 2011, p.19).
 Disadvantaged students are limited in the amount of “Economic,
cultural and social capital” they can acquire. (Friedman et al, 2015).
 Bourdieu highlights that the level of Capital an individual attains is
related to academic achievement (1997, cited in Bathmaker, 2016).

7. Equality within UK education
 The equality act 2010 has been made provision for schools
in the UK to follow.
 The act underlines that schools must ensure that they do
not discriminate against any student, regardless of their
background. (DfE, 2010)
 There is a gap in the attendance at higher education
institutions between white and black students at
‘prestigious’ universities.
 There is also an attainment gap between white and black
students at higher educational level (OfS, 2019)

8. Social Class and caste in India
 Due to the caste system, students in India face different challenges to settle
in the higher education.
 -Being a part of lower class mean you have less opportunities, support and
access to build future career.
 -Main exam
 -Advanced exam
 Results will identify who will take advanced
 Common rank list : all qualifying candidates
 Category wise: caste based.
 (Lee & Gowler, 2015; William, Sabharwal and Malish, 2018)

9. Video linking to caste (India)

10. Diagram (India)

11. References (UK)
 Bathmaker, A. 2016, Higher education, social class and social mobility: the degree generation. London: Palgrave
Macmillan.
 Cabinet Office (2011). Opening doors, breaking barriers: a strategy for social mobility. Available at:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/opening-doors-breaking-barriers-a-strategy-for-social-mobility.
(Accessed: 18 April 2020).
 Dyhouse, C (2006). Students: A Gendered History. London: Routledge
 Equality act 2010. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents. Accessed 20 April 2020).
 Friedman, S., Laurison, D. & Miles, A. (2015). "Breaking the ‘Class’ Ceiling? Social Mobility into Britain's Elite
Occupations", The Sociological Review, 63 (2), pp. 259-289.
 Office for Students (2019). Ethnicity - Office for Students. Available at:
https://www.officeforstudents.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/promoting-equal-opportunities/evaluation-and-effective-
practice/ethnicity/ [Accessed 13 May 2020].
 ST GEORGE INTERNATIONAL. (2020). The Academic Culture of Britain: What You Should Know. Available at:
<http://www.stgeorges.co.uk/blog/the-academic-culture-of-britain> [Accessed 18 April 2020].
 Universities U.K. Higher education in numbers. Available at: https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/facts-and-
stats/Pages/higher-education-data.aspx (Accessed: 20 April 2020).

12. References (India)
 Drishti IAS. 2020. Higher Education In India. [online] Available at: <https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/Paper2/higher-education-in-
india-1> [Accessed 17 May 2020].UKEssays. November 2018
 Lee, S and Dr. Gowler (2015). Scholarblogs.emory.edu. 2020. Caste System: Vaishyas, Sudras, And Untouchables – Religion 100Q: Hinduism
Project. Available at: https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/rel100hinduism/2015/11/24/caste-system-vaishyas-sudras-and-untouchables/
 (Accessed 17 May 2020)
 Malhan, I. (2006) Developing corporate culture in the Indian university libraries. Library Management, 27(6/7), pp.486-493.
 NowThis World (2015) ‘Is India’s caste system still alive? Available at:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyCQDIwHlXY
 Ponnuswamy, I. and Manohar, H. (2014) Impact of learning organization culture on performance in higher education institutions. Studies in
Higher Education, 41(1), pp.21-36.
 Malhan, I. (2006) Developing corporate culture in the Indian university libraries. Library Management, 27(6/7), pp.486-493.
 The Indian Culture And Modern Education System Theology Religion Essay. Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/theology/the-
indian-culture-and-modern-education-system-theology-religion-essay.php?vref=1 (Accessed 20 April 2020)
 Tierney, W., Sabharwal, N. and Malish, C., 2018. Inequitable Structures: Class and Caste in Indian Higher Education. Qualitative Inquiry,
25(5), pp.471-481.
 Srivastava, V. (2017) The State of Research Culture in Indian Universities. Social Change, 47(1), pp.101-107.
 Sites.google.com. 2020. Chapters 03-05 - Ap World History 4. Available at: https://sites.google.com/a/lubbockisd.net/ap-world-history-
4/home/chapters-3-5
 (Accessed 17 May 2020).
 Ukessays.com. 2020. Quality In Higher Education In India. Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/education/implementing-
quality-in-higher-education-in-india-education-essay.php (Accessed 17 May 2020)