The document discusses various aspects of extractive metallurgy, with a focus on satwapatana. It defines key terms like extractive metallurgy and satwapatana. It describes different types of extractive metallurgy like pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. It provides examples of satwapatana processes for minerals like abhraka, vaikaranta, makshika and vimala. The document also notes observations recorded in ancient texts regarding signs that indicate when the satwa has been extracted.

1. EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
SATWPATANA
PRESENTED BY
Dr EBIN T U
PG SCHOLAR
DEPT. OF R&B
GAVC , TVM

2. Extractive metallurgy
• Extraction : Extractions are a way to separate a desired substance when it is mixed
with others.
• Metallurgy : the branch of science and technology concerned with the properties
of metals and their production and purification.
• Extractive metallurgy Deals with extraction of metals from its naturally existing
ore/minerals and refining them .
1. removing valuable
metals from an ore
2 . refining the extracted raw
metals into a purer form

3. TYPES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY
• Hydrometallurgy - uses aqueous solutions to extract metals from ores .
Eg: copper metal extracted through electrolysis method.
Reduction of Cu2+ ions to copper keeping metals such as Fe2+ and Zn2+ remenant.
• Pyrometallurgy- involves high temperature processes where chemical reactions
take place.
Eg: Iron ore (Hematite) is crushed into scraps . Transferred into a furnace and
heated or in a molten bath. Converted into a slag phase.
• Electrometallurgy -
a) is a method that uses electrical energy to produce metals by electrolysis.
b)the heating effect of the electric currents is used to obtain the high temperatures
necessary for metallurgical operations.
Eg: Iron ,Steel

4. Hydrometallurgy

5. Pyerometallurgy

7. • Methods for Metal extraction
1.Physical
2.Chemical
3.Electrolytical reduction

8. Pyrometallurgy – At a glance
ROASTING REFININGSMELTING
• Heating the ore in
air
• sulfide ores
transforms into
oxides,
• the sulfur escapes
as sulfur dioxide.
Processing in blast
furnaces to
reduce the ores.
The removal of impurities
from crude metals which
are approximately
97% principal metal and
remaining are impurities

9. Process Method Advantage Examples
Roasting Heating sulphide ore in the presence of
air thereby converting it into a metal
oxide.
Reducing metals from their
oxides is easier than from
carbonates or sulphides.
Therefore for reducing a metal
from ore, the ore is converted
into metal oxide.
Sulfide to sulfur
dioxide gas and solid
metal oxide
2HgS+ O2 →
2HgO + 2SO2
Smelting Extraction of metal is either in an
element or compound form, from its ore,
through heating process beyond
the melting point in the presence of
oxidizing agents (air) or reducing agents
(coke). In smelting, furnaces like blast
furnaces are used. In these furnaces blast
of hot air is applied
The carbon reacts
with oxygen from the ore
forming carbon monoxide and
then carbon dioxide, leaving
the elemental metal. Using flux,
eg; limestone helps in removing
the accompanying
rock gangue as slag
2 FeO + C → 2 Fe +
CO2

10. Process Method Advantage Examples
Refining Removing impurities or
unwanted elements from a
substance.
The resultant is chemically
identical to the original
substance . The product is
purer.
Miller process - using
gaseous chlorine to extract
impurities from melted gold
The impurities separate into a
layer on the surface of the
molten purified gold.
Calcination : is the process of converting a mineral ore into its oxide by heating strongly, below its melting
point. Unlike roasting , calcination is done either in a limited supply or in absence of air. For this process
heating devices like lime kilns( calcium carbonate) can be used which can produce quicklime (calcium oxide).
eg: carbonate ores are converted into the oxide by calcination.

11. Hydrometallurgy – At a glance
Leaching
Purification of the
leach solution
Separation Precipitation of the metal
Using aqueous
solutions to extract
metal from mineral
ore which is brought
into contact with a
material containing the
required metal.
Using chemical or
electrolytic means.

12. Electrometallurgy
• Usually the last stage in metal production
• Method that using electrical energy to produce metals by electrolysis.
• The electrolysis is done on a molten metal oxide .
• Example: to produce aluminium from aluminium oxide
Uses :
• End stage in pyrometallurgical metal production- electrorefining
• Used for reduction of a metal from an aqueous metal salt solution produced
by hydrometallurgy (electrowinning).

13. CONCEPT OF SATWAPATANA
• Satwa- Essence / active part of a substance.
• Satwapatana is a process of extracting the essence of a mineral or ore.
• Extracting aids include heat, reducing agents.
• Satwa can be a metal dominant . Eg; copper from tutha.
• Satwa an be a non-metal predominant. Arsenic / sulphur from Haritala.

14. References of satwapatana
• First described in Rasendra mangala – Nagarjuna
Books Explanation Number of satwapatana
Rasendra mangala 8 methods of satwapatana -
Anandha khandha 36 methods of satwapatana 13 minerals
Rasarnava - 9 minerals
Rasaratnakara 19 methods of satwapatana 13 minerals

15. PRINCIPLE OF SATWAPATANA
• Principle is similar to pyerometallurgy. ie ; application of intense heat to the
compound .
• Vessel used is moosha
• Heating device - Koshti
• Pre-procedure- bhavana of compound with materials like dravaka gana etc.
• Dravaka gana – Guda , gunja, madhu , gritha, guggulu , tankana .

16. IMPORTANCE OF DRAVAKA GANA
• They are capable of separating the satwa , (which is predominant of
corresponding metal ) from the ore.
• These substances are supposed to be insoluble with the ores / minerals .
• Therefore they ensure the availability of maximum purified satwa.

17. A HYPOTHETICAL APPROACH ON SATWAPATANA BY
DRAVAKA GANA
• Principle :
Flux – slag reduction
Carbon based reduction
Poling
Auto (Air) reduction
Source- Chemistry of satwapatana , Dr Agnihotri Pradeep et al,
IJAAR,

18. FLUX – SLAG REDUCTION
Mineral
Flux eg: Tankana
Reduction in melting point
Formation of slag (Flux + Impurities)

19. Carbon Reduction
• Similar to coke reduction in Pyerometallurgy.
Chemistry of coke reduction
• C +O2 CO2
• 2C +O2 2 CO
Over a temperature of above 900 k carbon monoxide reduces the mineral ore .
Eg: Guda
2
2

20. Poling
• Material used : Green logs of wood.
• Procedure: Stirring the molten metal with green wood.
• Principle: Mineral ore
Heat
Molten
Metal
Hydrocarbons produced by the burning of green wood

21. Auto reduction
• O2 which is present in the blast air reacts with the mineral ore.
• Reduction is based on ionic exchange .
• Lowest electropositive metal is reduced by the O2.

22. GENERAL METHOD OF SATWAPATANA
लाक्षा मीन पयश्चागं टङकणं मृगश्रृङगकम् ।
पपण्याकं सर्षप: शिग्रोगगषञ्जोणष गगडसैन्ध्वा: ॥
यवास्तिक्िा घृिं क्षौद्रं यथालाभं पवचूणषयेि् ।
एशभपवषशमश्रश्रिा सवे: धािवो गाढवस्ननना ॥
मूर्ा्मािा प्रजायन्धिे मगक्िसत्वा न संिय​: ।
िा म ११/७६-७८

23. • मीन - क्षुद्र मत्स्य, ऊर्णा- मेष रोम
• यथणलIभ- व्य्तं सम्तं वण – all or whichever is available
• According to Goodartha Deepika vyakhyana
लणक्षणदय (except - टङकर्ं )-1/8 th part of धमनद्रव्य
टङकर्ं – ¼ part of धमनद्रव्य
सवे: धणतवो- धणतु , उपधणतु , उपरस
Yantras used – Patala Yantra, Nalika Yantra, Koti yantra

24. OBSERVATIONS IN SATWAPATANA
यदा हगिािो दीप्िाश्रचष : िगक्लोत्थानसमस्न्धवि​: ।
िगधाविषतिदा न्धजेय : स काल​: सत्वननगषमे ॥( र र स ८।५७)
• During satwapatana , when the fire burns intensively with a whitish colour,
such a period is considered as the time of extraction of satwa.

25. • Beejavartha lakshana
This can also be considered as a sign of existence of particular dathu.
द्राव्यद्रव्यननभा ज्वला दृश्यिे धमने यदा ।
द्रावतयोन्धमगखिा न्धयेयम् बीजाविष​: स उच्य्िे॥ (र र स ८।५५)
• When a dathu for the purpose of melting is placed in a moosha and applied
intense fire,it gives a characteristic colour to the flame. This indicates the
time of melting and presence of particular metal in the mineral.

26. SATWAPATANA OF MAHARASAS

27. ABHRAKA SATWAPATANA
पादांिं टङकणोपेिे मगसली रसमर्दषिम् I
रुन्ध्यात्कोष्ट्या दृढं ्मािं सत्वरूपं भवेत्घनम्II
र र स -२/ २८
धान्धयाभ्रकतय भागैकं द्वौ भागौ टङ्कणतय च ।
पपष्ट्वा िदन्धधमूर्ायां रु्वा िीव्रास्ननना पचेि्II
तवभाविीिलं चूणं सवषयोगेर्ग योजयेि्I
िा .म ११/६१

28. Method 1
• 1.Suddha vajrabhraka is mixed with quarter quantity of sodhitha tankana and triturated
with Musali kandha swarasa and made into a soft paste. This pate is made into small
round balls and dried. These balls are kept in the middle of a musha and heated in a
koshti in Tivragni till suddhavarta stage is achieved .After sufficient heating the satwa of
Abhraka is collected from the musha carefully by separating the kitta (Slag).
Method 2
• 2.Dhanyabhraka 1part, Tankana – 2 part, grinded well and kept in a closed moosha,
heated in Tivragni . After attaining Sudhavartha stage, abhraka satwa will be obtained.

29. VAIKARANTA SATWAPATANA
सत्वपािन योगेन मर्दषिश्च वटीकृ ि​: ।
मूर्तथो घर्टका ्मािो वैक्रान्धि​: सत्वमगत्सृजेि् ॥
र र स - २ / ७२
Sodhitha Vaikrantha is triturated with a drug of satwapatana (Guda,
guggulu, Tankan, madhu Ajya) and made into a ball and heated
intensively in a moosha for a period of 1 ghatika ( 1 hour) to obtain its
satwa.

30. MAKSHIKA SATWAPATANA
क्षौद्रगन्धधवषिैलाभयां गोमूत्रेण घृिेन च I
कदलीकन्धदसारेण भापविं माक्षक्षकं मगहग: II
मूर्ायां मगञचनि ्मािं सत्वं िगल्भननभं मृदग I
र र स – २ /८९
Sudha Swarna makshika is grinded with madhu , Earanda Taila, gomutra,
gogritha , Kadali kandha swarasa. ( Grindiong with each of the above drugs
with 7 times). After grinding , this paste is made into a ball and kept in
moosha and heated in koshti intensively to obtain a soft copper like satwa.

31. VIMALA SATWAPATANA
स टङकलकग चद्रावैमेर्श्रृङ्नयाश्च भतमना I
पपष्टटो मूर्ोदरेशलप्ि​: संिोष्टय च ननरु्य च II
र््प्रतथकोककलै्माषिो पवमल​: सीससस्न्धनभ​: I
सत्वं मगञ्चनि ित्यगक्िो रस: तयात्सरसायन​: II
र र स - २ /१०१ – १०२
Sodhitha vimala is ixed with equal quantity of Tankana and Mesha sringi bhasma
and grinded with lakucha swarasa and made into a pishti form. This pishti is smeared
in a moosha and dried . This musha is covered with a lid and heated in a koshti with
6 prasthas of charcoal. Satwa resembling sees is obtained. When combined with Rasa
it acts as Rasayana.

32. SHILAJATHU SATWAPATANA
पपष्टटं द्रावण वगेण साम्लेन श्रगररसम्भवम्I
क्षक्षप्त्वा मूर्ोदरे रु्वा गाढै्माषिं र्ह कोककल​: II
सत्वं मगञ्चेश्रच्छ्लाधािगतित्क्षणाल्लोहसस्न्धनभम्I
र र स - २ / ११६
Sodhitha Shilajathu is grinded Dravana varga and amla varga. It is then
madi into a pishti . Kept in moosha. This is heated in Koshti on tivragni .
Satwa resembling loha is obtained.

33. SASYAKA SATWAPAATANA
ननम्बगद्रवाल्पटङकाभयां मूर्ाम्ये ननरु्य च I
िाम्ररूपं परर्मािं सत्वं मगञ्चनि सतयकम्II
र र स - २ / १२८
Sodhitha tutha is grinded with Nimbu swarasa and Tankana . This is
made inta a soft paste, kept in moosha and sealed. This moosha is then
subjected to tivragni. By this method satwa resembling tamra wll be
obtained.

34. TUTHA SATWAPATANA – A HYDROMETALLURGICAL METHOD
• 10 tola suddha Tutha taken in a clean vessel.
• 5 tola athyushjna jala is added to it.
• After complete dissolving of tutha Loha khanda is added.
• Tutha satwa (Tamra ) similar to indragopa varna.

35. CHAPALA SATWAPATANA
िैलं िग चूणषनयत्वा िग धान्धयाम्लोपपवर्ैपवषर्ै: I
पपण्डं ब्वा िग पवश्रधवि् पाियेच्यचपलं िथा II
र र स -२/ १४१
Purified Chapala is made into powder . It should be subjected to bhavana
with dhanyamla – visha – upavisha. This is made into a bolus . This bolus
is kept in a crucible and satwa is extracted by subjecting it to satwapatana .

36. RASAKA SATWAPAATANA
साभया जिग भूनाग ननिा धूमज टङकणम्
मूकमूर्ागिं ्मािं िगद्धं सत्वं पवमगञ्चनि
र र स - २/१५५
Purified tankana is grinded with quarter portion Harithaki , shilajathu,
bhunaga, Haridra, grihadhuma, Tankanaand make into a ball. This ball
is kept in Sarava, sealed and in a koshti to obtain satwa.

37. MAHARASA SATWAS- APPEARANCES
ABHRAKA SWABHAVA SEETALAM ALUMINIUM
VAIKRANTA -
MAKSHIKA SULBHA NIBHAM COPPER
VIMALA SEESASANNIBHAM TIN ?
SHILAJATTHU LOHANIBHA IRON
SASYAKA INDRAGOPAKRITI
TAMRAROOPAM COPPER
CHAPALA -
RASAKA VANGHAABHAM TIN

38. SATWAPAATANA OF UPARASAS

39. GAIRIKA SATWAPATANA
गैररकं सत्वरूपं र्ह नस्न्धदना पररकीनिषिम ्I
कै रप्यगक्िं पिेत्सत्वं क्षाराम्लस्तवन्धन गैररकाि्II
उपनिष्टटनि सूिेन्धद्रमेकत्वं गगणवत्तरम ्II
र र स – ३ / ५०
As per Acharya Nandhi , Gairika itself is in Satwa form and Satwapatana is not necessary.
But some scholars suggest satwapatana for gairika. The method involved is as follows;
Gairika is subjected to swedana with kshara and amla dravyas . Later satwa is extracted by
using general method. Gairika when mixed with Parada has superior qualities than
ordinary gairika.

40. KAMKSHI (TUVARI)
क्षाराम्लैमषर्दषिा ्मािा सत्वं मगञ्चनि ननस्श्विम्I
गोपपत्तेन् ििं वारान् सौराष्टरी भावयेत्तत्त​: II
धशमत्वा पाियेि् सत्वं क्रामणं चानिगगनयकम्I
र र स – ३ /६९
Method 1 - Mardana with kshara and amla dravya , and dhmana in moosha.
Method 2 - 100 bhavana with gopitta , dmana in moosha.
Use : helps to attain kramana for Parada

41. KASEESA SATWAPATANA
िगवरीसत्ववि् सत्वमेितयापप समाहरेि् I
(Method: Similar to satwapatana of kamkshi)
Method 1 - Mardana with kshara and amla dravya , and dhmana
in moosha.
Method 2 - 100 bhavana with gopitta , dmana in moosha.

42. HARITALA SATWAPATANA
पलालकं रवेदगषनधैर्दषनमेकं पवमदषयेि् ।
क्षक्षप्त्वा र्ोडशिका िैले शमश्रनयत्वा िि​: पचेि् ॥
अनाव​ृृि प्रदेिे च सप्ि यामावश्रध ध्रगवम्।
तवाङ्गिीिम् अधतथं च श्वेिं सत्वम् समाहरेि् ॥
र र स – ३ /८४-८५
Mardana : 1 pala Sudha haritala with arka ksheera – for 1 day. Mixture is placed in 1
karsha tila taila . Mouth of the bottle should be kept opened. Time period is 7 yama / 21
hours. After swangaseetha we can obtain white coloured satwa from the bottom of the vessel
(Bottle).

43. MANASHILA SATWAPATANA
अष्टटमांिेन कक्टेन गगडगगनगगलग सपपषर्ा ।
कोष्ट्यां रु्वा द​ृृढं ्मािं सत्वं मगञ्चेत्मनशिला ॥
र र स – ३ /९८
Sudha manasila – 1part ,
mandura- guda-guggulu sarpi – 1/8 part
Done mardana in khalwa, and dhmana in koshti relieves
satwa of manasila.

44. ANJANA SATWAPATANA
मनोनवसत्ववि् सत्वमञ्जनानां समाहरेि् ।
राजाविषकवत्सत्वं ग्रानयं स्रोिोऽञ्जनादपप ॥
र र स – ३ /११०
Extraction of anjana satwa – similar to manasila satwa patana
Extraction of srotoanjana satwa – similar to rajavarta satwpatana

45. IMPORTANT FACTS IN UPARASA SATWAS
GAIRIKA SATWA PRODUCT- LOHA
UNITES WITH PARADA
TUVARI SATWA IMPORTANT IN KRAMANA SAMSKARA
HARITALA SATWA SWETA

46. RASA & UPARASA -SODHANA -SATWAPATANA
सूयाषविषक: कदली वन्ध्या कोिािकी च दगरदाशल
शिग्रगश्च वज्रकन्धदो च नीरकणा काकमाची च
आसामेकरसेन िग लवण क्षाराम्ल भापविा बहगि​:
िग्यस्न्धि रसोपरसा ्नाि मगञ्चस्न्धि सत्वानन र र स -३।१२१-१२२
• Step 1 – Bhavana – with swarasa of any of the above mentioned drug-
Sooryavart- kadali- vandhya karkoti – koshataki- devadaali- sigru – vajrakandha
(Soorana) – jalapippali kakamachi, together with lavana and kshara .
No: of bhavana – 21 ( as per commentators)
• Step 2 – for satwapatana – dhamana in moosha.

47. SATWAPAATANA OF SADHAARANA RASAS

48. GAURIPAASHAANA SATWAPATANA
िालवि् ग्राहयेि् सत्वं िगद्धं िगभ्रं प्रयोजयेि् ।
र र स -३।१३०
• Method – similar to haritala satwapatana
Mardana : 1 pala Sudha haritala with arka ksheera – for 1 day. Mixture is
placed in 1 karsha tila taila . Mouth of the bottle should be kept opened.
Time period is 7 yama / 21 hours. After swangaseetha we can obtain white
coloured satwa from the bottom of the vessel (Bottle).

49. HINGULA SATWAPAATANA
दरद​: पािनायन्धत्रे पानििाश्च जलाश्रये ।
िि सत्वं सूिसङकािं जायिे नाऽत्र संिय​: ॥ (र र स -३।१४७)
Method: Patana in Patana yantra, with the help of water condensation.

50. IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT SADHARANA RASA SATWA
ORE/ MINERAL PRODUCT CHEMICALLY
GAURIPAASHANA SATWA SUBHRA VARNA SATWA
HINGULA SATWA SOOTA SANKAASHA MERCURY

51. SADHAARANA RASA SATWA -SAMANYA SODHANA
साधारण रसा सवे मािगलगङगाद्रषकाम्बगना ।
त्रत्ररात्रं मर्दषिा: िगष्टका भवेयगदोष्टवस्जषिा ॥
यानन कानन च सत्वानन िानन िग्यन्धत्यिेर्ि​:।
्मािानन िगद्श्रधवगेण शमलस्न्धि च परतपरम्॥ (र र स -३।१५०- १४१)
Method – Bhavana in matulunga rasa and ardraka swarasa.
Duration : 3 days

52. SAMANYA SODHANA OF SATWA
यानन कानन च सत्वानन िानन िगद््यन्धत्यिेर्ि​:।
्मािानन िगद्श्रधवगेण शमलस्न्धि च परतपरम्॥(र र स ३।१५१)

53. EXAMPLE FOR SATWA SODHANA
अथ सत्वकणांतिांतिग क्वाथनयत्वाम्लकास्ञ्जकै ैः ।
िोधनीयगणोपेिं मूर्ाम्ये ननरु्य च ॥
सम्यनद्रगिं समाहृत्य द्पववारं प्रधमेद्घनम् ।
इनि िगद्धं भवेि् सत्वं योज्यं रसरसायने॥
र र स २ / ३४-३५

54. • Drugs required : Amla kaanjika , Sodhaneeyagana kwatha
Step 1 : Boiling abhraka satwa in amla kanjika and Sodhaneeya gana kashaya.
Step 2: Heating the boiled product in moosha with Mitra panchaka for 2
times.
By this process abharaka melts and its satwa kana combine together.
Use : in jarana

55. DISCUSSION
• Both in modern metal extraction and satwapatana , oxidative and reductive
methods are used.
• Apart from Thermal and Hydrometallurgic method modern metallurgy
adopts electrometallurgy.
• Usage of catalyst like mitrapanchaka in satwapatana clearly shows the
knowledge of our acharyas in metal extraction.
• Usage of organic substances as catalysts helps in maintaining the property
of the satwa or increase the therapeutic efficacy of satwas.

56. CONCLUSION
• Extractive metallurgy and Satwapatana carries same principle .
• Here a desired metal from a ore or mineral is separated using various
techniques .
• The final product (Satwa) obtained from Satwapatana is considered to be the
active part of the ore.
• Where modern extraction gives more importance to the yield of metal to be
extracted, by satwapatana gives importance to a therapeutically active metal.

57. REFERENCES
1. Acharya Sidhinandan misra. Sidhipradha vyakhya on Rasaratnasamuchaya..
Varanasi. Chaukambha orientalia; 2011.
2. Agnihotri Pradeep et al. Chemistry of Satwapatana. International journal of
Applied Ayurveda Research. 2015; 1(10): 10-14.
3. Sri Sadananda sarma, Rasatarangini, English translation . Dr Ravindra Angadi.
Varanasi. Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashan.chapter 21.41-41.
4. The free dictionary by farlex. Cited The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd
Edition (1970-1979). © 2010. Refining of metals