Physiology of excretion. Kidney functions. Urine Formation
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This document summarizes the physiology of excretion and kidney functions. It describes the mechanisms of urine formation including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. It explains the structure and types of nephrons, and how countercurrent mechanisms concentrate urine. Key kidney functions are excretion of waste, homeostasis maintenance through regulating electrolytes and fluid balance, and endocrine roles like producing renin and vitamin D. The kidneys play an important role in osmoregulation by regulating water reabsorption and antidiuretic hormone levels in response to changes in plasma osmotic pressure.
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Physiology of excretion. Kidney functions. Urine Formation
- 1. PHYSIOLOGY OF EXCRETION. KIDNEY FUNCTIONS. MECHANISMS OF URINE FORMATION.
- 2. lungs Skin- sweat glands liver Organs & tissues kidney GIT blood Excretory system lungs - СО2, Н2О vapour, ethers, chlorophorm Sweat glands- Н2О, salts, urea, uric acid, creatinin. Liver – bile pigments, products of haemoglobin break down GIT - Н2О, salts Kidney is the main organ of excretion
- 4. KIDNEY
- 5. NEPHRON
- 6. Different types of nephrones Cortical Jucstar-medullar
- 7. TYPES OF NEPHRONS Cortical – main nephrons allowing urine formation (60-70%). Jucstar-medullar – have long Henle loops, enable urine concentration. (10-20%) Superficial – have short Henle loops, play the role of shunts (20-30%)
- 8. MECHANISMS OFMECHANISMS OF URINE FORMATIONURINE FORMATION FILTRATION REABSORPTION SECRETION
- 11. GLOMERULA FILTER
- 12. GLOMERULA FILTER 1 –capillary endothelium 2 – basal membrane 3 – podocyte 4- pores in the endothelium 5 – fissura in podocyte membrane
- 14. F = Р h. – Р оn. – Р f.= 70-30-20=20 mm Hg І Blood hydrostatic pressure (Р h.) -70 mm Hg ІІ Blood oncotic pressure (Р оn.) - 30 mm Hg ІІІ Ultrafiltrate hydrostatic pressure (Р f.) - 20 mm Hg
- 15. Factors influencing filtration pressure Increase in hydrostatic pressure Increase in hydrostatic pressure Decrease in oncotic pressure Increase in oncotic pressure
- 16. Factors determining high hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus Short renal artery starts right from the abdomenal aortha Vas afferens is twice wider than vas efferens
- 19. OBLIGATORYOBLIGATORY REABSORPTIONREABSORPTION Na+ , K+ , Ca+2 , Mg +2 , Cl-- , SO4 2-- , HPO4 2-- , HCO3 -- , vitamins - diffusion Amino acids, glucose – secondary active transport urea, uric acid – diffusion H2O - оsmosis 2/3 of filtrated urine is reabsorped
- 21. Urea role in urine concentration Reabsorption – 1/3 of filtered urea is reabsorped in PCT; it increases Рosm.of parenchime & helps to reabsorb water in DCT. secretion Urea Uric acid
- 22. Regulation of obligatory reabsorption Sympathetic nervous system, cateholamines, glucocorticoids Intracellular messengers Metabolism in epithelial cells (energy formed) Substances transport
- 24. Facultative reabsorptionFacultative reabsorption • Sodium, chlorine – is regulated by aldosterone & natriuretic peptide; • Calcium - is regulated by parathormone, calcitonin & Vit D3 . Regulated reabsorption of water under the influence of ADH (vasopressin)
- 25. Aldosterone diuresis influence Adrenal glands Sodium decrease aldosterone Collecting duct DCT
- 27. Regulation of calcium reabsorption Parathormone, Vit D3 increases Calcitonin inhibits
- 28. АDH effect on water reabsorption in the collecting ducts Basilar membrane Apical membrane V2receptor GS-protein, Gyanile nucleotide adenylatecyclase АDH c-АМP PROTEINKINAZE Proteins phosphorilation Н2О Н2О
- 29. Secretion –Secretion – substances transportsubstances transport from blood to urinefrom blood to urine urea, weak acids & bases, ammonium, ammonia (diffusion) Organic acids & bases, penicilinum (active transport) Sodium, potassium, аmonia, urea
- 31. Types of epithelium in canaliculli
- 34. SCHEME OF PROCESSES IN FINAL URINESCHEME OF PROCESSES IN FINAL URINE FORMATIONFORMATION FILTRATION REABSORPTION SECRETION EXTRUSION WITH FINAL URINE
- 35. Filtration Reabsorption Secretion Filtration& reabsorption Filtration& Secretion inulin Glucose (normally) K Urea, glucose in hyperglucemia Diodrast
- 36. Non-threshold substances Non-threshhold substances – are substances which are excreted with final urine regardless of their concentration in blood
- 37. Velocity of glomerular filtration -Velocity of glomerular filtration - clearensclearens Velocity of glomerular filtration (Velocity of glomerular filtration (clearens)clearens) is a volume of blood plasma which was filtrated via kidney in certain time. Filtrometric substances are used toFiltrometric substances are used to define clearensdefine clearens (инулин, креатинин), they are non-threshold substances which are neither secreted nor reabsorped In man – 125 ml/min In woman -110 ml/min
- 38. CLEARENS DETERMINATION Рcr. х F = Ucr. х VРcr. х F = Ucr. х V Рcr.Рcr. Creatinin concentration in blood plasma; U cr.U cr. Creatinin concentration in final urine; FF –volume of primary urine; VV- volume of final urine. Ucr. х VUcr. х V Рcr.Рcr. F=F=
- 39. Threshold UBSTANCES Threshold SUBSTANCES – are substances which have threshold of elimination & are excreted with final urine only if their concentration in blood is above threshold
- 40. KIDNEY FUNCTIONS CONNECTED WITH URINE FORMATION
- 41. EXCRETION OF: End products of metabolism (urea, uric acid, creatinin) Pigments which are formed at haemoglobin breakdown (urobilin, urochrome) Metabolites of hormones & other biologically active substances Drugs & substances which enter with food
- 42. HOMEOSTASIS MAINTENANCE due to excretion of threshold substances Ionic content of blood(Na, Cl, K, SO4,) Osmotic pressure (Na & H2O) Q (volume of blood in circulation) & BP (due to regulation of water excretion) Glucose & amino acids level Blood pH regulation (due to regulation of H+ , bicarbonate, sulfate, phosphate anions excretion)
- 43. KIDNEY FUNCTIONS NOT CONNECTED WITH URINE FORMATION
- 44. ENDOCRINE FUNCTION: Renin-angiotensine-aldosterone system Vit D3 Erithropoetins Anticoagulating system factors (urokinase, heparine,antithrombines) Prostaglandines (A2, E2) Kinins (bradikinin, kallikrein)
- 46. METABOLIC Protein metabolism (fermentative hydrolysis of proteins with amino acids formation and their release into the blood stream) Carbohydrates metabolism (glucose reabsorption & gluconeogenesis) Lipids metabolism (tryacilglicerides &phospholipids formation)
- 48. Salt-water balance regulation Isotonic solution, food intestines v. portae liver Physiological swelling (up to 30%) Hepatic osmoreceptors hypotalamus АDH Н2О reabsorption diuresisQ
- 49. Kidney in osmotic pressure regulation Decrease in ADH secretion Increase in ADH secretion Increased water reabsorption in kidney decreased water reabsorption in kidney Decrease in plasma osmotic pressure Decrease in plasma osmotic pressure
- 50. Osmotic pressure regulation Роsm blood Hypothalamus osmoreceptors SO & PV nn. Posterial pituitary АDH Н2О reabsorption diuresis Q Роsm Adrenal glands aldosterone Na+ reabsorption
- 51. OSMOTIC PRESSURE REGULATION РOSM Hypothalamus osmoreceptors SO & PV nn Posterior pituitary АDH Н2О reabsorption diuresis Роsm Nauretic hormone выделение Na+
- 52. Q REGULATION Q threshold 350 ml BP Volume receptors of hypothalamus Volume receptors of atrium АDH SO & PV nn. Н2О reabsorption diuresis Q
- 54. Q REGULATION Q Volume receptors of hypothalamus АDH Н2О reabsorption diureisRight atrium Na-uretic hormone Na+ excretion Q