Minutes of brain storming session on air pollution load carrying capacity of atmosphere of satna rewa - kvmore region

1. /
Minutes of Brain storming session on Air Pollution Load Carrying Capacity of
Atmosphere of Satna - Rewa - Kvmore Region held at India International Centre
Lodhi Road New Delhi on Sunday 27th
August 2000.
EIPL has been entrusted with the task of assessing the Air Pollution Load Carrying
Capacity of Satna - Rewa - Kymore Region. This region is rich in limestone and has
several large cement plants, besides scores of lime kilns and stone crushers. As a part
of this project EIPL collected detailed meteorological data starting August 1999, and
extensive air quality data during the winter, spring and summer seasons and also
generated source emission inventory. The meteorolog:. information collected
included continuous SODAR ecograms, wind speed, win J ...action and sigma theta
values at two heights (10 & 105 m ) temperature profile d&u- upto 105 meter height.For
this temperature sensors were installed at 10 m, 40 m, 60 m, 85 m and 105 m heights
and Wind Monitor at 10 and 105m Wind speeds measurements were also done at 60 m
height for some periods.
* The air quality monitorings were done for 24 hrs. duration as well as for short
V durations of 4 hrs or 12 hrs. Measurements were done for Pm10, SPM, S02l NOx
and CO. The collected dust was also analysed for LOI and calcium content for
appropriate samples.
* The emission inventory was compiled for existing sources like elevated sources,
mining areas, stone crusher areas etc. Road lifted dust & vehicular tail pipe
emission loads on major roads were also estimated.
Important findings from the data collected
* Nocturnal inversion layer forms in the region, in all seas:..s, and seems to often
persist for several hours in the morning.
* The height of the ground based layer remains within 100 i|f| ( varying between 60 -
100 m ) while the conditions above 100 m remain neutral// unstable almost all the
time.
V ' .
* Air quality data indicated that there are several pock^o in the region where dust
concentrations exceed even 500 ng/m3
most of the time.
* Preliminary surveys indicate that the air quality in these pockets has been affected
by a combination of the following sources.
(i) Small and medium scale industrial activities such as brick-kilns and stone crushers
generating emissions within a few meters from ground level. Such sources are
found in many pockets.

2. (ii) Fugitive emissions from material handling and mining operations of the cement
plants cause significant impacts for some pockets.
(iii) The conditions of the vehicles and the roads in the region are quite poor and as
such vehicular sources cause significant impact in the urban pockets.
(iv) Some areas have significant semi-rural population who,. ,^ad conditions are very
bad and even kachcha roads are existing. These roaco vvere found to be a major
source of dust pollution.
There was neither established methodology available to quantify such sources nor
guidelines to model impact on air quality by the various individual sources. As such an
effort was made to evolve a practical approach to quantify such sources and thwr
impact on the air quality in the region, and also to develop the approach to model the
impact of the elevated industrial stack emissions under the prevailing meteorological
conditions.
With the above objectives a "Brain Storming Session" was planned where following
were invited
1. Shri D.K. Biswas, (Chairman CPCB, Delhi)
2. Dr. B. Sengupta ( Member Secretary C.P.C.B. Delhi)
3. Shri. V.K. Jain(Chairman M.P.P.C. Board Bhopal)
4. Mr. J.S. Kamoitra (Incharge Air Lab C.P.C.B Delhi)
5. Dr. P Gargava ( Scientist,C.P.C.B. Delhi)
6. Dr. R. N Gupta ( Director'lMD New Delhi)
7. Dr. B.P. Murthy (• Ex. Prof School of Environment New Delhi)
8. Dr. P. Goyal ( Centre for Atmospheric Sciences l.l.T. Delhi)
9. Dr. Mukesh Khare ( Environment Engg. Group Civil Engg. Dept. l.l.T. Delhi)
10. Dr. I.M. Misra (Prof. & Head Chemical Engg. De^u. University of Roorkee)
11. Dr. J. Moitra (EMTRC Delhi)
12. Dr. Prateek Sharma ( Prof Indra Prastha University New Delhi)
13 Dr. S.P. Singhal ( Ex. Head,Accoustics Division NPL New Delhi)
14. Dr. B.P. Swadas ( Director,PGIST, Anand Gujrat)
15. Mr. Sudhir Dubey (Research Student,Civil Engg. Department l.l.T Delhi)
16. Mr. M.P. Kaushik ( Research Student, Civil Engg. Department l.l.T. Delhi)
17. Dr. G.D. Agrawal (Advisor; Envirotech New Delhi)
18. Mr. Rakesh Agrawal ( Envirotech New Delhi )
19. Mr. S.K. Gupta ( Envirotech New Delhi)
20. Dr. R. Prasad ( Envirotech New Delhi )
Dr. B.P. Swadas and Shri J.S. Kamoitra could not cipate in this
meeting due to some urgent works.

3. Proceedings of the session
1: At the start of the session at 10 AM Mr. S.K. Gupta welcomed all participants,
provided an overview of the assignment and conveyed that EIPL treats the
entire study as a challenging research project, where detailed meteorology,
emissions and air-quality data have been genera_ J and now appropriate
methodology is required for the dispersion mc:! J'.i.ig and asessment of the
carrying capacities.
2 This was followed by a presentation by Dr. R. Prasad on the details of field
data collection. Details of the 105 m high ABBL universal cables tower where
the meteorological instruments were installed .._;e highlighted. During the
presentation of Sodar data, Dr. R.N. Gupta pointed out that for the night time,
inversion heights need to be reported instead of mixing heights. Dr. B.P.
Murthy also supported this and said that during night time, mixing heights
should be considered as zero. Dr. R.N. Gupta also enquired about the scale
and the north orientation of the map shown. Dr. Prasad provided the scale
and the marking of north on the map. Dr. Prasad also showed locations of
meteorology •• monitoring instruments, location of cement plants and other air
polluting sources like stone crushers, mining areas, lime kilns, brick kilns,
major roads and major human settlements in the entire study area on the
map. Satna town and near by areas were also shown on different micro scale
maps to give a feel of the typical environmental setting of the area.
3. Dr. B.P. Murthy asked how the air shed boundari:. ..are decided. Dr. Prasad
indicated the basis of air shed selection. Topog.^phy of the area was the
major consideration in deciding boundaries of the aif sheds. Dr. P. Goyal and
Dr. I.M. Mishra enquired the size of the area for which the generated
meteorological data are planned to be used. Dr. Prasad conveyed that the
generated data shall be used for about 50 km radius around Satna Town,
where the measurements have been concentrated. To confirm their validity it
is planned to carry out some parallel meteorological measurements at Kym^.e
in Air -shed II
4. Immediately after this Mr. Rakesh Agrawal presented some of the special
findings on various aspects studied at Satna.
Special Findings of Meteorological Studies at Satna
(A) Wind Speed :
* Wind speed is normally expected to increase wit,.! .aight. A power law is thus
used to scale up and estimate elevated wind speeds from observed speeds

4. for a reference height. At Satna, surface (10m) and tower data indicate that
for several hours of the day the surface (10 m) wind speeds exceeded the
wind speeds measured at 105, contrary to expectations.
* Wind speed data for intermediate height of 40 m also showed similar
contradictions during some periods when compared to the 105 m wind-
speeds.
* These contradictions indicated stratification in the atmosphere with non-
conformity at 80-90 m.
(B) Wind Direction :
Wind direction measurements at the two heights ( 1 0 m and 105 m ) were also not
identical. During several hours of the day, collected data showed wide variations.
* Wind direction at 10 m was within +/-20° of the wind direction at 105 m for
only 60% of the time.
* During convective / neutral conditions, 10 m directions were within +/- 20° of
the directions at 105 m, over 80% or more periods.
* During stable conditions 10 m wind directions were more than 40° different
from the direction at 105 m for 40% of the time, and for almost 20% of the
time were 90% or even more off.
* Such difference again indicate strong stratification particularly during stable
conditions and create an anomaly as to what directions to use in modelling.
( C ) Siqma-theta :
* Sigma-theta or wind direction fluctuation on hourly basis was only sparingly
below 10° during the entire monitoring period.
* The two heights data indicated that the layer near surface is more turbulent
than the upper layer.
* Seasonal data indicated that during spring and summer seasons, the
atmosphere is significantly more turbulent as compared to the winter periods.
(D) Lapse Rates :
* Upper layer (above 85 m ) appeared to remain super adiabatic/ unstable all
through.
* Ground inversions were seen in the early night hours.
* During stable periods lapse were found highly inverted over long periods.
(E) SODAR Data :
* Sodar data indicated ground based inversion layer to form early in the
evening and to persist till late in the morning.

5. + Sodar Data further showed rising layer and fumigation conditions forming
during 7 to 10 am on many mornings.
* Inversion depth estimated using Lapse rate data and Sodar echograms were
found to be comparable and compatible.
( F ) Atmospheric Stability :
* Atmospheric stability classes compiled using various approaches like Turner
table, Lapse rate, SODAR and Sigma- theta gave different stability
distributions,
* Reasonable similarities were often found in the stability classes as given by
Turner, Lapse and SODAR methodologies.
* Atmospheric stabilities given by Sigma-theta did not agree with the stabilities
given by the other methods most of the time .
* This indicates different levels of turbulence in the vertical and horizontal
planes.
Ambient-Air-Quality in Study-area
Air Quality data generated during winters and summers showed that
• Back ground dust levels in winter season for SPM was 135 + 15 p.g/m3
and
for RPM was 65 + 15 jag/m3
• Concentration of gaseous pollutants were significantly low and do not
appear to be influenced by the type of activities in the area.
• All urban-area-locations showed higher dust levels both in terms of SPM &
RPM .
• Traffic-intensive areas of the towns showed high dust levels ( even more
than 500 ng/m3
). Some Influence on the gaseous pollutant concentrations
was also observed on such monitoring locations specially in terms of Nox
values .
• Dust levels close to the industrial activities, like-stone crushers & lime-kilns,
were found always exceeding the standard values.
• Comparative data of dust levels for winter & spring seasons showed that
RPM concentration in urban-areas were more or less in similar range.
However SPM levels were relatively higher in Spring season, probably on
account of lower levels of moisture in the air and in soil.

6. 5. Mr. Rakesh Agrawal completed his presentation raising questions as to how
to proceed with modelling of GLC for various sources and hence to
computing pollution load carrying capacity of the atmosphere. He
emphasized the need to incorporate the observed meteorological data in the
modelling. He observed that several packages borrowed from western
countries either do not require site specific data on meteorology and either
use default values or do not use such data at all especially mixing heights.
6. Dr. S.P. Singhal made a small presentation where he explained the method
of determining mixing heights/inversion heights and stability classes using
SODAR echograms.
/
7. Dr. I.M. Mishra suggested that detailed air-quality-data for winter and
spring seasons be presented before coming to the approach of modelling for
a clear picture of the conforming & non-conforming areas of the study area.
Dr. Prasad made a small presentation on air-quality-data to elaborate the
prevailing air quality scenario of the area.
8. Dr. B. Sengupta enquired about assessment of emission loads from various
sources viz stacks, vehicles, road dust, stone-crushers and mining activities
etc. He also suggested the used published emission factors as given by EPA
in AP-42 for quantification of dust lifted from the paved and unpaved roads
and also from storage piles. All present agreed with the need to generate
emission inventory for the region as close to the real values as possible.
9. Dr. Prashant Gargava & Dr. Moitra enquired as to how often it may be
necessary to assess the emission loads by actual stack monitoring for such
predictions. All present agreed that only one time assessment of average
emission loads for an hour would be sufficient.
10. Dr. B. Sengupta further added that emission loads must be calculated on
consented emission limits if the monitored concentration is found to be less
than the standard or permissible limits.
11. Dr. B. Sengupta also stressed on assessing the emission load for dust
having size less than 20 microns for GLC prediction, as the Gaussion plume
model is only valid for dust having size less than 20 microns.
12. Dr. R.N. Gupta also supported this and once again highlighted the need for
reliable assessment of emission loads.
13. At this stage Dr. Mukesh Khare made a brief presentation about the
modelling methodology and the US EPA ISC-3 Gaussion Plume Model
chosen for use. He indicated the approach and variants to be used for
elevated, ground-level, area and line-sources.

7. 14. Dr. R.N. Gupta & Gargava suggested the use of CPCB guide-lines in these
modelling. Since this study involves extensive area-sPurce modelling in
addition to point-source modelling. Dr. Mukesh Khare agreed that while
applying this model, care shall be taken to follow CPCB guidelines, wherever
possible.
15. Details of equations of US EPA ISC-3 model and the proposed approach for
the modelling were jointly presented by Dr. Prateek Sharma and Mr. Sudhir
Dubey. The presentation by Sudhir Dubey listed the input parameters
required for the dispersion modelling. (Annexure I & II)
16. It was decided to undertake GLC predictions individually for each source and
later to super-impose the computed value to find the over all impact of the
activities. The modelling sources were to include.
Flevated Sources Stack emissions from major industries.
Area Sources - Mining emissions, stone-crushers, brick-kilns
Line Sources - Vehicular-tail-pipe emissions & road-lifted dust.
17. Dr. Prateek Sharma presented the proposed approach for plume rise
calculations where Briggs equation shall be used. He also suggested that
split sigma approach may be better for deciding dispersion coefficients.
Besides using the mixing heights given by SODAR, he proposed
that dispersion coefficient sigma if may be decided based on the stability
given by sigma theta, and dispersion coefficient sigma theta may be
decided based on the stabilities given by SODAR.
18. In general, there was an over-all consensus on the proposed approach.
However Dr. I.M. Mishra suggested the use of 3 min sigma-theta values
rather than the one hour values to get more realistic assessment of sigma-
theta which is one of the very critical parameters in such predictions.
19. For sigma-theta values, Dr. P.Goyal suggested to use either 0.8 of nocturnal
mixing height or the sigma-theta value given by P.G. curve which ever is
smaller.
20. Dr. G.D. Agrawal suggested that the values of sigma-theta and theta may
also be get printed in the computer print outs to verify these values physically
where possible or against echograms.

8. 21. Regarding the question of extrapolation of wind speed there were significant
discussions and the view of Dr. Murthy that power law can be used for
extrapolation was supported. Since 105 meter wind speed data are available
this data may be used for prediction of GLC for elevated sources. Wind
Speed data of 10 meter height should be used for prediction of area sources
& line sources.
22. As regards the question of wind direction differences between the two
heights, Dr. Murthy explained that this is a normal phenomenon but no
empirical relations are available to find out wind directions at elevated
heights. The difference observed at Satna are significant but nothing can be
done about this in the modelling. In present scenario, he suggested to use
10 m height wind direction data for area & line sources while for elevated
sources the wind direction data of 105 m height may be used as these are
available in the present case.
23. Since the Turner-table, Lapse-rate and SODAR Stabilities data show
reasonable similarity it was agreed to use stability given by SODAR for
finding sigma theta.
24. It was also agreed to undertake predictions for selected receptor locations
in Satna area first for various type of sources one by one. The predicted
concentration may be validated by comparing predicted values with actual
monitored concentrations. Once the model and approach has been validated
it may be used for predictions in other parts of the study area.
25. The meeting concluded by Shri. V.K. Jain Chairman of M.P.P.C. Board who
proposed a formal vote of thanks to the participants and expressed a hope
that further guidance shall remain available to Envirotech and the Group of
Dr. Mukesh Khare at l.l.T. for completion of the task in the most scientific
manner.

9. "STUDY OF ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY OF AMBIENT A-rl OF SATNA CITY
USING INDUSTRIAL SOURCE COMPLEX DISPERSION MODEL"
SUMMARY REPORT
I. Study of contribution of stack emissions to the SPM concentration of Satna in
the month of January:
Input data utilised
Source data required
« Physical stack height
Stack gas exit velocity
Stack gas temperature
Inner diameter of stack at the top
Emission rate of stack gas
•. Coordinates of source
Meterological input data
Anemometer height
Wind velocity
Wind direction
Ambient air temperature
• Stability class
Mixing height
Rural condition
Receptor data utilized:
Coordinates of receptors
Height of receptor.(taken as zero since ground level concentrations are being calculated
Five discrete receptors were identified for calculation of SPM concentration. These are located at
Simariya Chowk, Barhutnagar, Biria hospital, Jagatdev talab, and Subhash chowk.
Averaging periods
4-Hourly averages
24-hourly averages
Output oblsined
1. At all the identified receptors 4-h average concentration for the whole period of January to 28'r
January was obtained.
Filename : 4hourstack (the output for each receptor has been provided separately with initials of file
indicating the receptor)
2. At all the identified receptors 24 hour average concentration for the whole period of 6t!
" to 28lr
January were obtained.
.OF '"
Filename : 24hour stack

10. II. Study of contribution of crusher emission to the SPM concentration of
Satna in the month of January:
Input data utilised
• Source physical emission height with respect to the surrounding
• Length of source
wiritri of source
• Alignment of source with respect to north.
• Coordinates of source.
Meteroiogicai input data
Anemometer height
Wind velocity
Wind direction
Ambient air temperature
Stability class
Mixing height
Rural condition
.
Receptor data required
• Coordinates of receptors
• Height of receptor.(taken as zero since ground level concentrations are being calculated
• Five discrete receptors were identified for calculation of SPM concentration. These are located 2:
Simarya chowk, Barhutnagar, BIRLA hospital, Jagatdev talab, and Subhash Chowk.
Averaging periods
4-Hourly averages
24-nourly averages
Output obtained
1. At all the identified receptors 4hourly average concentration for the whole period of 601
January rc
28ttl
January was obtained.
Filename :4hourcrusher
2. At all the identified receptors 24 hourly average concentration for the whole period of 6th
to 28:
January were obtained.
Fi lename: 24hou rcrusher
Note: The graphical presentation of the 24 hourly average SPM concentrations at ail the receptor? na,-
also been provided.
Filename: Time Series Plot- 1. Folder "Crushers" contains plots for SPM due to crushers;
2. Folder "Stacks" contains plots for SPM due to Stacks.
The detailed outputs have been provided in the floppy enclosed herewith.