1. Ventilation Problems in Heritage
Buildings

2. What is
ventilation?
Proportion of air in enclosed
space continuously replaced by
fresh air

3. Preservation of oxygen content in the air.
Removal of carbon dioxide.
Control of humidity.
Prevention of heat concentrations.
Prevention of condensation.
Dispersal of concentration of bacteria.
Dilution and disposal of contaminants.
Provision of freshness.

4. Mechanical
ventilation
Natural
ventilation

5. Flow of external air to
an indoor space due to
the difference
between the internal
and external air
pressures
Depends on wind
and air pressure
/ stack effect

6. 1. Wind and air effect-windows and doors are the
mostly used
2. Stack effect-hot air move upwards and outer air
enters building

7. • the role played by the property in
history, architecture or cultureHistoric
significance
• originality of a property’s historic
identityHistoric
integrity
• information that the property
carries with itself about the history
of the community, region or nation.
Historic
context

8. Ming Wa
Calabash shell
window
Made with thin
piece of shell
windows by
hand grinding
process
Zhizhai
window
The upper part
could be tilted
Lower part
could be
removed
Wall window
Excavate a hole
or reserve a hole
on a part of the
wall,
decorations are
added around
the perimeter.
Mullioned
window
Arrange the
vertical timber
wood within the
door frame then
add horizontal
timber wood in
the middle

9. Symmetry
production
• Threading is
screwed with cap
iron nail
• Timber plank need
to be flattened
• Made of hardwood
Ban men
• Bearing stone as
center shaft
• Door frame is fixed
with door pin
Arched door
• Built up with bricks
• Some openings have
door panels
Sliding door
• Consist of window
frame, external
frame, skirting and
sash ring plate
• Installed between
hypostyle column
and eave column

10. Clerestory
High section wall with
arranged windows
Some are operable to allow
hot air out
Stained windows
Handcraft works of art
Visually attractive
Limits amount of passable
light

11. Oak door
Made of 5 vertical oak
planks and held together
with 3 horizontal battens
and iron straps
Ventilating lamp
Lamp is connected to the
outside air in the form of
chimney

12. Aesthetic purpose
Does not have visible
duct penetrations
Energy/Cost efficient
Uses natural elements
Reduced electricity bill
Highly adaptable
Could function all year
Minimal maintenance
Airflow is retained as
stack energy is utilized
Low cost
Strategic position of
doors and windows

13. Disadvantages
Openings
must be
constantly
altered
Large
unobstructed
surrounding
land space

15. Palace of the
Chinese emperors
from 1420-1912
Located in Beijing,
China
Home to emperors
Used as ceremonial
and political
purposes
Constructed in 1406
with 980 buildings,
covering 180 acres
Declared as World
Heritage Site in 1987
UNESCO
Largest collection of
preserved ancient
wooden structures

16. Unable to retain
heat
Heat loss problem
during winter
Not properly
sealed
Big event halls
High ceiling
Stack effect
Light penetration
Access difficulty
Solid timber door
Withstand high
impact and
extreme weathers
Heat loss problem
during winter

17. Big windows
and wide pillars
• Allow sunlight in
• Ventilation
purposes
• Low privacy
• Emperor’s relaxing
area

19. Saint Peter
Collegiate Church
Located in
Westminster,
London
Traditional place
of burial and
coronation
Built in 960
Function for
tourist purposes
Event hall for
some royal events
Gothic abbey
church

20. Ventilation ducts
• Air circulation
• Works with a ventilation fan
Windows on the top and ground floor
• Allows sunlight in
• Natural ventilation
• Stack effect
Ventilation shafts
• Consistent air flow
• Emergency exit route

21. Moulds and Mildews
• Condensation
• Peeling of wallpaper
• Affects structural
integrity
• Suitable cleaning
product
Termites attack
• High moisture level
• Poor ventilation
• Building may
collapse
• Moisture sensor
and termites
detection radar

22. Rusting of metal components
• Caused by condensation process
• Weakens strength of metal components
Excessive heat / cold
• Summer- Trapped heat in building
• Winter- Unable to trap heat
• Causes discomfort
Existence of musty odour
• High humidity level
• Poor ventilation
• Air freshener and air purifies
Diseases transmission
Respiratory and pulmonary diseases

23. Solar
Chimney
Control
cooling
effect and
heating
effect
Uses solar
energy to
warm up
rising air
Increases
stack effect

24. Amount of ventilation depends on size and placement of openings
Increase installations of openings between rooms
Enhances cross ventilation
Place windows at high and low level
Stack effect
Place corridors and chimneys

25. Passively ventilate attic
spaces in hot climates
Prevent overheating
Turbine, gable, and ridge
vents
Stack ventilation
Operable windows or
ventilation louvers
Controlled by thermostats

26. • External sun-screens
• Reduce solar heat
• Sun-shading
Indoor climate cooling
• Intake air radiator
• Intake air convector
• Pre-heat intake air upon entry
Intake air via external walls

27.  Through this report we learned that due to lack of
technology , natural ventilation has been used in heritage
buildings.
 Till recent decade, natural ventilation has proved to be a
good way to prevent Sick Building syndrome by creating a
comfortable environment.
 However due to global warming problems that we are
currency facing everywhere in the world, the efficiency of
ventilation system must be increased in buildings.
 After lots of research and studies, mechanical ventilation
has been approved as a potential solution.