This presentation includes nice xray images with labelling. This help alot for radiology resident and radiographers. This image collection is very helpful for beginners of radiolgist. Thanks

1. Xray Anatomy
Dr Pradeep Kumar

28. Shenton-Menard Line
A line traced along the medial aspect of the femoral neck and the superior border of the obturator foramen normally forms a
smooth, unbroken arc called the Shenton Menard line (Fig. 2.20
Hilgenreiner Line (Y-Line)
The Hilgenreiner line (fig. 2.19) is a horizontal line drawn across the lowest points of both iliac wings, tangent to
the inferolateral edge of the ilium above the triradiate cartilage. It serves as a reference line for various measurements used in the
detection and classification of hip dysplasia.
Perkins-Ombredanne Line
The Perkins-Ombredanne line (see Fig. 2.19) is drawn perpendicular to the Hilgenreiner line and passes through the most lateral point of the
acetabular roof. It is used to determine various parameters for evaluating hip
Calve line
is a curved line drawn along the lateral border of the iliac wing, the superior acetabular rim to the femoral neck. It
should form a smooth uniform arc.

33. Lateral C-Spine X-ray
When reading any radiograph the clinician should establish a process or order they follow each time.
 Make sure you can see all 7 cervical spinous process
 Make sure pre-vertebral soft tissue is < 7 mm in thickness in front of C2 (or < 50% of the width of C2 vertebral
body) and < 22 mm in front of C6 (or no more than width of C6 vertebral body
 Evaluate the orientation of the epiglottis, hyoid bone, tracheal shadow and check for any foreign bodies
 Check the anterior vertebral line (anterior longitudinal ligament line)
 Check the posterior vertebral line (posterior longitudinal ligament line)
 Check the spinolaminal line

34.  Check the spinous process line Inspect each vertebral body, pedicle, lamina and spinous
process from C1 - C7
 Clivus should be pointing toward the odontoid (the clivus lies at the base of the skull is made
from the surface of the a and sphenoid bones)
 Check that the intervertebral spaces are uniform at each level
 Make sure the atlantodens interval (ADI; or pre-dental space) is < 3 mm in adults or < 5 mm in
children
 Make sure the basion-dens space is < 12 mm
 Make sure the C2 ring is smooth and continuous and that C2 does not appear "fat" (i.e.,
vertebral body that is wider than C3)
 Scan the mandible and base of the skull

35. cervical-spine-radio
gram-human-anato