2. What is Bibliography?
Bibliography is related to the task of collecting data
about new arrivals of books, periodicals and other
objects, sorting all of these new arrivals, sorting
them and categorizing them all based on specific
criteria, storing them appropriately in order to make
access by both the librarians as well as their clients
using their services and products, easy and quick.
3. What is Bibliographic data?
Bibliographic data is also about the detail
information about the library collection or items and
when required sharing all that information with
other libraries or individuals. Basic data elements
about an item are:
title proper
date of publication
extent
size
4. What is Bibliographic description?
Bibliographic description is a set of bibliographic
data record to identify a publication, i.e., the
description that begins with the title proper and
ends with the last note.
5. The description must always include the following
elements, regardless of the completeness of the
information available:
title proper
date of publication
extent
size
Also include other elements of description as set out in a
compatible cataloguing rules, if available and appropriate
to the chosen level of description.
6. Compatibility of cataloguing rules is as essential as
compatibility of formats. While formats govern the
structure of metadata (to offer a facility to assign tags or
annotations to the items), cataloguing rules govern its
content.
7. What is Bibliographic standard?
It is obvious that the magnitude of bibliographic data
/description is too huge to be maintained and managed
manually. This means all of these details need to be
saved and stored for easy retrieval on computerized
systems, or in other words, on machine related systems
following some compatible criteria or standardized
mechanisms.
8. Bibliographic standard is referred to the compatible
criterion or the benchmark of the quality of the
computerization of bibliographic details, the indexing
systems, the speed and ease of retrieval of bibliographic
details and so on, acceptable for cooperative programs
for bibliographic control (of the collections nationally or
internationally)
9. Objectives of Bibliographic description
Bibliographic description is governed by compatible of
cataloguing rules and compatibility of formats with the
following primary objectives:
1. Users must be able to distinguish clearly among
different manifestations of an expression of a work
The ability to distinguish among different manifestations of
an expression of a work is critical to the user tasks of
identifying and selecting bibliographic resources. In
general cataloging codes like AACR2, it is assumed that
abbreviated and normalized transcription is sufficient to
distinguish among manifestations.
10. 2. Users must be able to perform most identification and
selection tasks without direct access to the materials
Users of rare materials frequently perform identification
and selection tasks under circumstances that require
the bibliographic description to stand as a detailed
surrogate for the item (e.g., consultation from a distance,
limited access due to the fragile condition of the item,
inability to physically browse collections housed in
restricted areas, etc.). Accuracy of bibliographic
representation increases subsequent efficiency for both
users and collection managers. The same accuracy
contributes to the long-term preservation of the materials
themselves, by reducing unnecessary circulation and
examination of materials that do not precisely meet users’
requirements.
11. 3. Users must be able to investigate physical processes
and post-production history and context exemplified in
materials described
Users of rare materials routinely investigate a variety of
artifactual and post-production aspects of
materials. For example, they may want to locate
materials that are related by printing methods,
illustration processes, binding styles and structures,
provenance, genre/form, etc. The ability of users to
identify materials that fit these criteria depends upon
full and accurate descriptions and the provision of
appropriate access points.
12. 4. Users must be able to gain access to materials whose
production or presentation characteristics differ from
modern conventions
In order to distinguish among manifestations, general
cataloguing codes like AACR2 rely on explicit
bibliographic evidence presented in conventional form
(e.g., a formal edition statement on the title page or its
verso). In rare materials, such explicit evidence will
often be lacking or insufficient to distinguish among
different manifestations. That which is bibliographically
significant may thus be obscured.
13. The IFLA objectives
1. To locate entities in a file or database as the result of a
search using attributes or relationships of the entities:
1a. To find a singular entity- that is, a document (finding
objective)
1 b. To locate sets qf entities representing
All documents belonging to the same work
All documents belonging to the same edition
All documents by a given author
All documents on a given subject
All documents defined by "other" criteria;11
14. 2. To identify an entity (that is, to confirm that the entity
described in a record corresponds to the entity sought
or to distinguish between two or more entities with
similar characteristics)
3. To select an entity that is appropriate to the user's
needs (that is, to choose an entity that meets the user's
requirements with respect to content, physical format,
and so on or to reject an entity as being inappropriate to
the user's needs)
15. 4. To acquire or obtain access to the entity described (that
is, to acquire an entity through purchase, loan, and so
on or to access an entity electronically through an online
connection to a remote computer);
5. To navigate a bibliographic database (that is, to find
works related to a given work by generalization,
association, and aggregation; to find ;attributes related
by equivalence, association, and hierarchy).
16. These objectives are referred to, respectively, as the
finding, collocating, choice, acquisition, and navigation
objectives. Collectively they constitute the objectives of
a full-featured bibliographic system. Though care has
been taken in their formulation, they are still not
without problems, as the following sections show.
