Blood

1. BLOOD
-DR-TARANNUM NAFIZALAM DHATTURE
I year PG

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 PROPERTIES
 COMPOSITION
 FUNCTION
 PLASMA PROTIEN
 Hematopoiesis
 RBC
 Hemoglobin
 WBC
 PLATELETS

3. INTRODUCTION
 Blood-connective tissue in fluid form
 Fluid of life
 Fluid of growth
 Fluid of health

4. PROPERTIES OF BLOOD
 Color: Red in color
 Arterial blood: Scarlet red color
 Venous blood: Purple red
 Volume:adults:male-5l
Females:4.5l
NEW born:450ml
 Ph:7.4
 Specific gravity:
 Specific gravity of total blood:1.052 to 1.061
 Specific gravity of blood cells:1.092 to 1.101
 Specific gravity of plasma:1.022-1.026
 Viscosity:5 x water

5. COMPOSITION
Blood
Bl00d
Cells
Red blood
cells
White
blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

8. FUNCTIONS
 Nutritive function
 Respiratory function
 Excretory function
 Regulation of body temperature
 Transport of hormones and enzymes

9.  Regulation of acid base balance
 Regulation of water balance
 Storage function
 Defensive function

10. Plasma Proteins
Serum albumin
Serum globulin
fibronogen

11. PLASMA PROTEINS
 Origin
 Embryo: Mesenchymal cells
 Adults: reticuloendothelial cells
Albumin – liver
Fibrinogen – liver
Globulin – (a) Tissue macrophage
(b) Plasma cells
(c) Lymphocytes

12. FORMS

13. VARIATIONS IN PLASMA PROTEIN
CONCENTRATION
 Total Proteins:
-Increase
 Dehydration
 Hemolysis
 Acute infections
 Respiratory Distress Syndrome
 Leukemia
 Rheumatoid Arthritis
 Alcoholism

14.  Total Proteins:
-Decrease
 Diarrhoea
 Haemorrhage
 Burns
 Chronic infections
 Pregnancy
 Malnutrition
 Prolonged starvation

15.  Albumin:
-Increase
 Dehydration
 Excess of glucocorticoids
 Congestive Cardiac Failure

16.  Albumin:
-Decrease
 Malnutrition
 Cirrhosis of liver
 Burns
 Hypothyroidism
 Excessive intake of water

17.  Globulin:
-Increase
 Cirrhosis of liver
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Chronic infections

18.  Globulin:
-Decrease
 Emphysema
 Acute hemolytic anemia
 Glomerulonephritis

19.  Fibrinogen:
-Increase
 Acute infections
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Myocardial infarction
 Stroke
 Trauma

20.  Fibrinogen:
-Decrease
 Liver dysfunction
 Use of anabolic steroids

21.  A/G Ratio:
-Increase
 Hypothyroidism
 Excess of glucocorticoids
 Intake of high carbohydrate or protein diet

22.  A/G Ratio:
-Decreases
 Liver dysfunction
 Nephrosis

23. Hematopoiesis

24. RED BLOOD CELLS
 General Characteristics:
 non-nucleated formed elements in the blood
 disk shaped and biconcave
 Central portion is thinner and periphery is thicker

25.  NORMAL SIZE
 Diameter : 7.2 µ (6.9 to 7.4 µ)
 Thickness : At the periphery it is thicker with 2.2 µ and at the center it is
thinner with 1 µ
 Surface area : 120 sq µ
 Volume : 85 to 90 cu µ
 LIFESPAN : 120 days

26. Normal value
Male : 5-6 million/mm3
Female : 4.5-5.5 million/mm3
Infant : 6-7 million/mm3

27. ERYTHROPOIESIS

28. Stages of erythropoiesis

29. FATE OF RBC

30. HEMOGLOBIN
 iron containing porphyrin
 chromoprotein
 iron in haem is in the ferrous (Fe2+) form
 globin is a protein built from 4 polypeptide chains, two α and β two chains

31. STRUCTURE:

32. NORMAL VALUE
 At birth : 25 g/dL
 After 3rd month : 20 g/dL
 After 1 year : 17 g/dL
 From puberty onwards : 14 to 16 g/dL
 In adult males : 15 g/dL
 In adult females : 14.5 g/dL

33. FUNCTIONS
 Transport of Oxygen
 Transport of Carbon dioxide
 Buffer action

34.  Hemoglobin is of two types
1. Adult hemoglobin_-HbA
2. Fetal hemoglobin-Hbf
 In adult hemoglobin,the globin contains 2 alpha and 2 beta chains.
 In fetal hemoglobin there are 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains
Types of normal hemoglobin

35. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
General Characteristics:
 White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes are the colorless and nucleated
 Have a role in defense mechanism of body and protect the body from invading
organisms

36. CLASSIFICATION
 Granulocytes
 Agranulocytes

37. LEUKOPOIESIS

38. VARIATIONS

40. PLATELETS
 General Characteristics:
 formed elements of blood
 Size of Platelets
Diameter : 2.5 µ (2 to 4 µ) Volume : 7.5 cu µ (7 to 8 cu µ)
 Life span: 8-12 days

41. NORMAL COUNT & VARIATIONS
 Normal platelet count is 2,50,000/cu mm of blood (2,00,000 - 4,00,000/cu
mm)
 PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
 1. Age: Platelets are less in infants (1,50,000 to 2,00,000/cu mm) and reaches
normal level at 3rd month after birth
 2. Sex: In females, it is reduced during menstruation
 3. High altitude: Platelet count increases
 4. After meals: After taking food, the platelet count increases

42. THROMBOPOIESIS

43. FUNCTIONS
 Role in blood clotting
 Role in clot retraction
 Role in hemostasis
 Role in repair of ruptured blood vessel
 Role in defense mechanism