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Lecture.7 DNA Translation

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Basic Processes of Molecular Biology

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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS Basic Processes of Molecular Biology Translation 7th Lecture Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
The genetic Codon Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Translation: Clover Leaf tRNA Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Unusual nucleotides found in the tRNA Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Amino acid Activation Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Aminoacyl-tRNA linkage Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Translation of the genetic code Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Amino acid incorporation Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Hydrolytic RNA Editing Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Comparison of the structures of procaryotic and eucaryotic ribosomes Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
A Ribosome and binding sites Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
RNA-binding sites in the ribosome Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Translating an mRNA molecule Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Elongation of a polypeptide chain Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Mechanism of Peptidyl transferase activity present in the large ribosomal subunit Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Initiation phase of protein synthesis in eucaryotes Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Final phase of protein synthesis Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
A polyribosome Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
The translational frameshift that produces the reverse transcriptase and integrase of a retrovirus Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Inhibitors of Protein or RNA Synthesis Inhibitor Specific Effect Acting Only on Procaryotes* Tetracycline blocks binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to A-site of ribosome Streptomycin prevents the transition from initiation complex to chain-elongating ribosome and also causes miscoding Chloramphenicol blocks the peptidyl transferase reaction on ribosomes Erythromycin blocks the translocation reaction on ribosomes Rifamycin blocks initiation of RNA chains by binding to RNA polymerase (prevents RNA synthesis) Acting on Procaryotes and Eucaryotes Puromycin causes the premature release of nascent polypeptide chains by its addition to growing chain end Actinomycin D binds to DNA and blocks the movement of RNA polymerase (prevents RNA synthesis) Acting Only on Eucaryotes Cycloheximide blocks the translocation reaction on ribosomes Anisomycin blocks the peptidyl transferase reaction on ribosomes a-Amanitin blocks mRNA synthesis by binding preferentially to RNA polymerase II *. The ribosomes of eucaryotic mitochondria (and chloroplasts) often resemble those of procaryotes in their sensitivity to inhibitors. Therefore, some of these antibiotics can have a deleterious effect on human mitochondria. Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Protein folding Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Hsp70 family of molecular chaperones Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Hydrophobic regions of a protein: Protein Quality control Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Ubiquitin regulated degradation of the proteins Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Triggering sister chromatid separation Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
Thank YOU………….

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Lecture.7 DNA Translation

  • 1. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS Basic Processes of Molecular Biology Translation 7th Lecture Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 2. The genetic Codon Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 3. Translation: Clover Leaf tRNA Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 4. Unusual nucleotides found in the tRNA Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 5. Amino acid Activation Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 6. Aminoacyl-tRNA linkage Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 7. Translation of the genetic code Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 8. Amino acid incorporation Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 9. Hydrolytic RNA Editing Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 10. Comparison of the structures of procaryotic and eucaryotic ribosomes Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 11. A Ribosome and binding sites Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 12. RNA-binding sites in the ribosome Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 13. Translating an mRNA molecule Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 14. Elongation of a polypeptide chain Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 15. Mechanism of Peptidyl transferase activity present in the large ribosomal subunit Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 16. Initiation phase of protein synthesis in eucaryotes Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 17. Final phase of protein synthesis Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 18. A polyribosome Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 19. The translational frameshift that produces the reverse transcriptase and integrase of a retrovirus Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 20. Inhibitors of Protein or RNA Synthesis Inhibitor Specific Effect Acting Only on Procaryotes* Tetracycline blocks binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to A-site of ribosome Streptomycin prevents the transition from initiation complex to chain-elongating ribosome and also causes miscoding Chloramphenicol blocks the peptidyl transferase reaction on ribosomes Erythromycin blocks the translocation reaction on ribosomes Rifamycin blocks initiation of RNA chains by binding to RNA polymerase (prevents RNA synthesis) Acting on Procaryotes and Eucaryotes Puromycin causes the premature release of nascent polypeptide chains by its addition to growing chain end Actinomycin D binds to DNA and blocks the movement of RNA polymerase (prevents RNA synthesis) Acting Only on Eucaryotes Cycloheximide blocks the translocation reaction on ribosomes Anisomycin blocks the peptidyl transferase reaction on ribosomes a-Amanitin blocks mRNA synthesis by binding preferentially to RNA polymerase II *. The ribosomes of eucaryotic mitochondria (and chloroplasts) often resemble those of procaryotes in their sensitivity to inhibitors. Therefore, some of these antibiotics can have a deleterious effect on human mitochondria. Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 21. Protein folding Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 22. Hsp70 family of molecular chaperones Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 23. Hydrophobic regions of a protein: Protein Quality control Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 24. Ubiquitin regulated degradation of the proteins Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com
  • 25. Triggering sister chromatid separation Qurat-ul-Ain, B. Pharm., M. Phil., Ph.D., qurat.fophu@yahoo.com