4. DNA RNA
 Genetic material  Protein synthesis
 Deoxyribose sugar  Ribose sugar
 Adenine, Guanine,  Adenine, Guanine,
Cytosine, and Thymine Cytosine, and Uracil
 Double-stranded  Single-stranded
 Helical form  Linear form

6.  First proposed by Francis Crick (1958)
 He said that the sequence involved in the
expression of hereditary characteristics is:
DNA
to
RNA
to
Protein

8.  The Central Dogma involves three major
players, namely DNA, RNA, and proteins.
 It also involves three processes, namely
DNA replication, transcription, and
translation through protein synthesis.
 It forms the basis of storage, transmission,
and expression of hereditary
information.

9. DNA
Replication
Transcription
Translation
Protein
Synthesis

10. A Re p lication
DN
• It is part of DNA
Synthesis.
• It is the process
of duplication of
new DNA
molecule with
the same base
sequence as the
original DNA
molecule.

11.  It is SEMICONSERVATIVE
or the 2 old strands will
serve as the template
for the formation of 2
new strands.
 It is SEMIDISCONTINOUS
or the new strands
formed are attached by
fragments (Okazaki
fragments).

12. 2 old
strands
SEMICONSERVATIVE
and
SEMIDISCONTINOUS
2 new
strands
5’

13. 5’ 3’
Guanine Cytosine
Thymine Adenine
3’ 5’

15. 5’ TAC CGG AAT GCA ATG CAT ATG 3’ OLD
3’ ATG GCC TTA CGT TAC GTA TAC 5’ OLD
5’ TAC CGG AAT GCA ATG CAT ATG 3’ OLD
3’ ATG GCC TTA CGT TAC GTA TAC 5’ NEW
5’ TAC CGG AAT GCA ATG CAT ATG 3’ NEW
3’ ATG GCC TTA CGT TAC GTA TAC 5’ OLD

16. DNA
Replication
Transcription
Translation
Protein
Synthesis

17.  It is the process by which genetic
information from DNA is transferred into
RNA. DNA sequence is enzymatically
copied by messenger RNA (mRNA) to
produce a complementary nucleotide
transfer RNA (tRNA) strand.
 One significant difference between RNA
and DNA sequence is the presence of
Uracil in RNA instead of the Thymine of
DNA.

18. An mRNA
transcribing a DNA
strand

19. An mRNA transcribing a DNA strand

20. TAC CGG AAT GCA ATG CAT ATG DNA
AUG GCC UUA CGU UAC GUA UAC
mRNA

21. TAC GAT ACT GGA CCA CAT CAG Old DNA
ATG CTA TGA CCT GGT GTA GTC New DNA
UAC GAU ACU GGA CCA CAU CAG mRNA

22.  It is the process of translating RNA
message (from mRNA) into proteins with
the help of transfer RNA (tRNA).
 This uses an mRNA sequence as a
template to guide the synthesis of a
chain of amino acids that forms proteins.
 Translation occurs in the cytoplasm
where the ribosomes are located.

23. 1. Initiation - A ribosome attaches to the
mRNA and starts to code at the FMet
codon (START codon: AUG, GUG or UUG).
2. Elongation - tRNA brings the corresponding
amino acid to each codon as the ribosome
moves down the mRNA strand.
3. Termination - Reading of the final mRNA
codon (STOP codon: UAA, UAG, UGA),
which ends the synthesis of the peptide
chain and releases it.

24.  Specifically, the code
defines a mapping
between tri-nucleotide
sequences called
codons and amino
acids.
 Every triplet of
nucleotides in a
nucleic acid sequence
specifies a single
amino acid.

25. AUG GCC UUA CGU UAA GUA UAU mRNA
UAC CGG AAU GCA AUU CAU AUG tRNA
Start Arg Asp Ala Ile His Tyr Protein

27. DNA
Replication
Transcription
Translation
Protein
Synthesis

28.  Protein synthesis is
the process by
which cells build
proteins.
 Proteins are large
organic compounds
made of amino
acids arranged in a
linear chain and
joined together by
peptide bonds.

29.  Act as enzymes that catalyze biochemical
reactions and are vital to metabolism
 Structural or mechanical functions, such as
actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins
in the cytoskeleton
 Cell signaling, immune responses, cell
adhesion, and the cell cycle
 Animals' diets, since animals cannot
synthesize all the amino acids they need and
must obtain essential amino acids from food

30. Three possible representations of the
three-dimensional structure of the protein
triose phosphate isomerase (TPI)

32.  A mutation is a permanent change in
the DNA sequence of a gene. Mutations
in a gene's DNA sequence can alter the
amino acid sequence of the protein
encoded by the gene.
 Most mutations are neutral or harmless.
These are called silent mutations.
However, when mutations affect the
composition of a gene they can cause
illness or even death.

33. Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethisha
t.
The sun was hot but the old man did not
get his hat.
This sentence represents a gene. Each
letter corresponds to a nucleotide base,
and each word represents a codon. What
if you shifted the three-letter "reading
frame”?

34. Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethisha
t.
T hes unw ash otb utt heo ldm and idn otg
eth ish at.
Or
Th esu nwa sho tbu tth eol dma ndi dno tge
thi sha t.

35.  Mutations are usually due to mistakes that
are made when cells copy their DNA
before dividing and that are not detected
by the cell’s repair mechanisms.
 Other mutations may be caused by outside
mutagenic agents such as ultraviolet rays
and other forms of radiation, chemicals,
toxins, and drugs.

36.  Mutations that happen in body cells
may cause an illness like cancer.
Breast cancer cell BRCA1 gene

37.  Only mutations that
happen in germ
cells (egg or sperm
cells) are passed
from parent to
offspring.
 In this case, the
mutation will be in
every cell of the Down Syndrome
offspring.