heredity and inheritance

1. 1
Quarter 3 : Week: 4 Competency Code: (S10LT-llld-37)- (S10LT-llle-38)
Competencies:1. Explain how protein is made using information from DNA 2. Explain how mutations may cause
changes in the structure and function of a protein.
PROJECT CLAID (Contextualized and Localized Activities Intended for Distance Learning)
Name : ___________________Date:____________Score:__________
SCIENCE 10
Quarter 3 – Week 3
Competencies:
Explain how protein is made using information from DNA ( S10LT-llld-37)
Explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of a
protein (S10LT-llle-38)
Lesson: HEREDITY: INHERITANCE AND VARIATION
Objective/s: After you have performed the following activities, you should be able to:
1. describe the complementary structure of nucleic acid and the role of it in
protein synthesis;
2. explain the Central Dogma of nucleic acid; and
3. determine the changes in amino acids due to mutation and their effect on the
development of organisms.
You learned in Grade 9 that many genes in
plants and animals behave differently than the
genes that Mendel studied in peas, where
dominant and recessive genes do not entirely
control traits. You also learned how the genes in
your deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) influence your
characteristics.
Now you will work on activities to assess
your understanding of the structure of the DNA,
explain how DNA replication takes place, how
ribonucleic acid (RNA) is made using the
information from DNA, how information in some
genes is translated into proteins, and how
mutations may cause changes in the structure and
function of a protein.

2. 2
Quarter 3 : Week: 4 Competency Code: (S10LT-llld-37)- (S10LT-llle-38)
Competencies:1. Explain how protein is made using information from DNA 2. Explain how mutations may cause
changes in the structure and function of a protein.
Comparison between DNA and RNA
Directions: Fill in the comparison table below.
Basis of Comparison DNA RNA
1.Number of strands 1. 6.
2. Location in the cell 2. 7.
3.Type of sugar 3. 8.
4.Nitrogenous base 4. 9.
5.Function 5. 10.
Guide Questions:
What are the components of the DNA and RNA molecule?
How is the structure of DNA differ from RNA?
Why is RNA different in DNA in terms of nitrogenous bases?
Concept
Nucleic acids are complex organic molecules that store important
information in the cell. The two most important types of nucleic acids are DNA and
RNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, stores information essential for almost all cell
activities, including cell division. Ribonucleic acid, or RNA, stores and transfers
information that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins.
The repeating subunits in both DNA and RNA are nucleotides. The DNA molecule
consists of two long strands of helix, a nucleotide chain and found within the
nucleus. Each nucleotide has three parts: a five-carbon sugar molecule called
deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and nitrogen bases. These bases are adenine,
guanine, thymine, and cytosine, which are linked by hydrogen bonds. The first two
bases, adenine and guanine, belong to a class of organic molecules known as
purines. The second two bases, thymine and cytosine, are pyrimidines. Like DNA,
RNA consisting of nucleotide and is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm. However,
the RNA molecule consists of only one strand of nucleotides and does not entwine
in a double helix, has ribose as its five-carbon sugar, and has the nitrogen
base uracil instead of thymine.
ACTIVITY NO.1

3. 3
Quarter 3 : Week: 4 Competency Code: (S10LT-llld-37)- (S10LT-llle-38)
Competencies:1. Explain how protein is made using information from DNA 2. Explain how mutations may cause
changes in the structure and function of a protein.
Concept
The Central Dogma is the process by which the instructions in DNA are
converted into a functional product. The first part of Central Dogma is the replication.
The process of the duplication of a DNA molecule. DNA replication involves the
following steps: 1. Unwinding and unzipping. The old strands that make up the parent
DNA molecule are unwound. The hydrogen bonds that link A and T and G and C are
broken, resulting in the unzipping of the middle's molecule. 2. Complementary base
pairing. Free nucleotides in the surrounding medium are positioned through the
process of complementary base pairing-free adenines with thymine, and free
cytosines with guanines. The elongation process using free nucleotide is led by two
enzymes (DNA polymerases). 3. Joining. The complementary nucleotides join to form
new strands. Two new DNA molecules, each with a parent strand and a new daughter
strand, are formed. After DNA replication, two daughter molecules are formed. Each
molecule consists of an old strand and a new strand.
Transcription refers to the process by which genetic information in DNA is
transferred to an mRNA molecule. This genetic information has to be copied from
DNA by messenger RNA. Transcription begins when the enzyme, RNA polymerase,
binds to a region of DNA called a promoter. Once bound to a promoter, the RNA
polymerase unwinds the double helix and separates a section of the two DNA strands,
RNA polymerase moves along one strand of the DNA. As it proceeds, complementary
base pairing takes place between DNA strands and nucleotides. RNA polymerase
binds these nucleotides one right after the other, forming a chain of single-stranded
RNA. This process continues until a specific “stop” sequence in DNA is reached. The
polymerase then detaches from DNA, and RNA strands are released. After
transcription, mRNA passes out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, then
translation proceeds.
The translation is the process of assembling protein molecules from
information encoded in mRNA. First, a small ribosomal unit of rRNA is attached to
mRNA carrying the codon. A codon is composed of a sequence of three nucleotides
in mRNA. Each tRNA has an anticodon-a sequence of three nucleotide bases that
can base-pair with a specific mRNA codon. When tRNAs anticodons bind with their
mRNA codons at a ribosome, the amino acids are properly lined up according to the
order dictated by DNA. When this stop signal enters the ribosome, tRNA releases
the completed polypeptide, a chain of amino acids that make up a protein.

4. 4
Quarter 3 : Week: 4 Competency Code: (S10LT-llld-37)- (S10LT-llle-38)
Competencies:1. Explain how protein is made using information from DNA 2. Explain how mutations may cause
changes in the structure and function of a protein.
DNA Replicates DNA
Materials: Crayons, scissors, paste/tape, ¼ size illustration board or long size folder, and patterns of
the components of the DNA.
Directions:
1.Use, the patterns of the components of the DNA provided by your teacher. Color
code phosphate = blue, deoxyribose sugar = green and nitrogenous bases as follows:
adenine=yellow, thymine=pink, guanine=violet, and cytosine = red.
2. Cut out the shapes of each nucleotide.
3. Build a model of a strand of a DNA molecule. The strand should contain six bases
“rungs” following the given order of the nucleotides below.
Guanine
Adenine
Cytosine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
4.Tape the cut-out pattern to form the nucleotides.
5. Let this arrangement represent the left half of your DNA molecule.
6. Make a complementary strand for the first strand that you made in step 3.
7. Tape the cut-out pattern forming nucleotides for the second strand of the DNA
molecule.
8. Match the bases of the first strand and the second strand. Do not tape across bases.
ACTIVITY NO.2

5. 5
Quarter 3 : Week: 4 Competency Code: (S10LT-llld-37)- (S10LT-llle-38)
Competencies:1. Explain how protein is made using information from DNA 2. Explain how mutations may cause
changes in the structure and function of a protein.
9. Once you have made your DNA model, separate the two strands of the DNA model
down the middle so that there are now two single strands of DNA.
10. Create new double-stranded DNA by matching complementary nucleotides to the
bases on every single strand.
11. Tape and then cut out the pattern forming the nucleotides for each of the single
nucleotides.
12. When you are finished, mount the original DNA model and the DNA model with its
complementary strand in the illustration board or folder.
Guide Questions:
1. What can you say about your output? Are the strands the same or different? Why?
2. How is the genetic information in DNA is transferred to an RNA molecule?
3. Why is the anticodon of tRNA need to bind in codons of mRNA?
u
involve
Key Concepts
A change in DNA is called a mutation. Mutation can involve entire chromosomes or
specific genes. A mutation may also arise through mutagens' actions, such as ultraviolet
radiation, ionizing radiation, and various chemicals. A mutation in the body cell or somatic cell
is not passed on from one generation to the next. It affects only the organisms carrying it.
However, a mutation that occurs in a sex cell or germline, is a mutation that can be transferred
from parents to offspring. Mutation involving only one or a few nucleotide pairs that can affect
translation can be divided into base substitutions and base insertions or deletions. Base
substitution or point mutation happens when a nucleotide or base replaces another.
Depending on how the base substitution is translated, the protein may not change at all, alter
insignificantly, or transform and cause an impact on the life of the organism. The insertion or
deletion of one or more nucleotides in a gene could have a more disastrous effect. Recall that
mRNA is read as a series of nucleotide triplets during translation. Therefore, adding or
deleting nucleotides may alter the reading frame or triplet grouping and change the genetic
message. All the nucleotides that follow after the insertion or deletion will be regrouped into
different codons, creating different proteins.
A chromosomal mutation refers to a change in the chromosome structure and
chromosome number. For example, a person with Turner syndrome (XO) inherited a single
X chromosome and no Y chromosome. XO individuals are usually short, underdeveloped,
sterile females. Changes in the chromosomal structure are the result of chromosomal
translocation, inversion, deletion, and duplication. Translocation is the movement of parts of
a chromosome to another. An inversion occurs when a part of a chromosome is turned around
180 degrees, affecting the stored genetic information. A deletion occurs when a part of a
chromosome is completely deleted. An example is cri du chat (cat’s cry) syndrome, in which
a small part of chromosome 5 is deleted. Duplication happens when a chromosomal segment
is repeated within the chromosome.

6. 6
Quarter 3 : Week: 4 Competency Code: (S10LT-llld-37)- (S10LT-llle-38)
Competencies:1. Explain how protein is made using information from DNA 2. Explain how mutations may cause
changes in the structure and function of a protein.
Gene and Chromosomal Mutations
Guide Questions:
1.What are the chromosomal mutation?
2. How is mutation takes place?
3. Why is the mutation in sex cells considered potentially more harmful than in a
body cell?
References
Acosta, H.D. et al. Science Learner’s Materials Grade 10. Department of Education Republic of the
Philippines, Vibal Publishing House, Inc. (2015): 263-297.
Brianna James. Biology Lessons DNA/RNA template. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
https://www.google.com/search?q=pattern+in+making+dna+model+with+paper&sxsrf=ALeKk01WWX
L2j_vD3_-jDtnHlD9m3ql1dg:1608172736180&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjPk7Wl
ACTIVITY NO.3
Directions: Analyze the sequences of bases below and identify the gene
mutation.

7. 7
Quarter 3 : Week: 4 Competency Code: (S10LT-llld-37)- (S10LT-llle-38)
Competencies:1. Explain how protein is made using information from DNA 2. Explain how mutations may cause
changes in the structure and function of a protein.
Evangelista, E.V. et al. Science in Today’s World.SIBS Publishing House, Inc.(2016):185-200.
Zelisco, M. et al. Teaching Engineering STEM Curriculum for K-12. Regents of the University of
Colorado (2016). Retrieved on December 15, 2020.https://www.teachengineering.org
Prepared by
Norilyn F. Bulawin
Mataas Na Paaralang Neptali A. Gonzales
SDO-Mandaluyong
Editors:
Dr. Marlowe Louis F. Fabunan Dr. Marlowe Louis F. Fabunan Maribel D. Ganeb
Content Editor Language Editor Lay-out Editor
Approved:
Roxane S. Villanueva
Education Program Supervisor (Science)