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Morphological properties of nanocrystalline silicon.pdf
1.
RESEARCH ARTICLE www.ms-journal.de Morphological Properties
of Nanocrystalline Silicon from p-Type Bulk Silicon Ahmed K. Al-Kadumi* and M. AL-Baghdadi In this paper, the topography properties as layer thickness, porosity, and shape are studied for porous silicon prepared by using electro-chemical etching method from p-type bulk silicon like one side mirror with hydrofluoric acid (39%–43%) and ethanol (99.9%) (2:1), the etching time is (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) min, with potential (6 V DC), the porosity and layer thickness can determine by using gravimetric method and SEM image to study the comparison between the image for different etching time. 1. Introduction In the last years, the searchers interested in the quantum con- finement effect, this is because of that effect gives new mate- rials with deferent properties which have a wide application in technology,[1,2] porous silicon is one of this branches which make nanosilicon from crystalline bulk silicon, this causes a new mate- rial deferent from bulk silicon as a new electrical properties and new optical properties, one can note the deferent solar cell from bulk silicon and solar cell from porous silicon,[3,4] the properties of porous silicon related with the prepare conditions of porous silicon as the etching time or electrical current, electrolyte so- lution concentration, etc., layer thickness one of properties of porous silicon which causes variables applications in technology like gas sensor, ideal electrical diode,[5,6] one of the important properties of the porous silicon is the porosity, which is mean the number of air pores with respect the area which make the walls of nanocrystalline silicon where the quantum confinement effect appear, this effect can be a good base for multi-application and make nanocomposite by mixture between two or more mat- ters to improve the characteristics of this new matters,[7,8] in the present work the porous silicon prepared from bulk silicon and the porosity and layer thickness were determine according to the conditions prepared and one can see the effect of the concentra- tion and the etching time on the morphology porous silicon. A. K. Al-Kadumi, M. AL-Baghdadi Department of Physics College of Education for Pure Sciences University of Kerbala Karbala 56001, Iraq E-mail: ahmedkalkadumi@gmail.com The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.202100306 DOI: 10.1002/masy.202100306 2. Experimental Section In this work, the samples were prepared by using electrochemical etching for bulk sili- con p-type, one like a mirror with resistiv- ity (1-10 Ω cm) and orientation (100) made in England, cutting the bulk silicon into pieces with (1.3 × 1.6) cm and every sam- ple dealing with HF and ethanol (1:10) to re- move any oxidation and dirty, by using elec- trochemical etching method to prepare the samples with different etching time (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) min, Figure 1 shows the system- atic which assisted prepared the samples. After making porous silicon, the sample rinsed with deionized water and put in the plastic container with ethanol. 2.1. The Measurements The morphology of porous silicon can be discovered by two branches: (a) scanning electron microscope: the topography for porous silicon can be discovered by taking SEM image for the samples, in the present work the SEM took for the samples in the Tehran University, from these images one can know about the behaviour of the nanocrystalline for silicon and the shape for the porosity and layer thickness for porous silicon. (b) porosity and layer thickness: the porosity P of porous silicon can be deduced by the relation[9] : P = m1 − m2 m1 − m3 (1) where m1 is the weight of the sample before electrochemical etching, m2 the weight after making the porous silicon layer on the sample, and m3 is the weight after removing the porous sili- con layer. The layer thickness L can be determined by using the relation[7] : L = m1 − m3 𝜌∗S (2) where 𝜌 is the density of silicon (2.3 g cm−3 ), and S is the etched surface area in the present work (0.7546 cm2 ). The ratio between layer thickness and etching time which called the etching rate can be calculated by[10] C = L t (3) where C is etching rate and t is etching time. Macromol. Symp. 2022, 401, 2100306 © 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH 2100306 (1 of 4)
2.
www.advancedsciencenews.com www.ms-journal.de Power supply The sample
as the anode electrode HF and ethanol between platen and sample Platen electrode Teflon container Figure 1. The systematic for samples preparation. Table 1. The etching rate during prepare the samples. Etching time [min] Etching rate [cm s−1] 2 6.6355*10−7 4 4.7396*10−7 6 0.12323*10−7 8 9.9664*10−7 10 9.4793*10−7 3. Result and Discussion Many researchers deal with porous silicon properties as an im- portant new materials speciality in the last years, which improve many devices related to these properties’ solar cells gas sensor, etc. The etching rate for the electrochemical etching process can be shown in Table 1, from this table one can see the fluctuation for the values because of the unstable reaction between the acid and the silicon, one can see in the time etching 6 min, there is a polishing occur which makes shot down in the reaction. Because of that may be the acid has a few reaction charges due to make shot down in etching rate, this fluctuation can be seen in many papers because it is the black box for the properties of porous silicon.[11] The relation between porosity and etching time is shown in Figure 2, which shows the increase in the porosity for 2 and 4 min because the formation of porous silicon and then the bulk sili- con become contains from air pores when the time increases the porosity decreases gradually, this occurs because of the air pores will be opened between them and make tranches, this causes start to remove the porous silicon layer and start to make another new layer, the porosity of porous silicon is very important, and many researchers study these properties as new materials.[12–14] Figure 3 shows the layer thickness of porous silicon as a func- tion of etching time, from this figure one can recognize the for- mations layer thickness and after that can see the polishing of that layer the short time between these two states may be because the high concentration of the acid HF/ethanol (2:1), which make strong reaction between the acid and bulk silicon which make the layer thickness of porous silicon and gradually decreases because of the polishing occurs, after that the reaction between the acid and bulk silicon become slow because the depletion in the reac- tion charge and this cause increased in the new layer thickness bigger than the first, the layer thickness and this result can be shown in many types of research.[15–17] Figure 2. The relation between the porosity and etching time. Macromol. Symp. 2022, 401, 2100306 © 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH 2100306 (2 of 4)
3.
www.advancedsciencenews.com www.ms-journal.de Figure 3.
The relation between layer thickness and etching time. Figure 4. a) SEM image for the sample at etching time 2 min. b) SEM image for the sample at etching time 6 min. c) SEM image for the sample at etching time 10 min. Macromol. Symp. 2022, 401, 2100306 © 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH 2100306 (3 of 4)
4.
www.advancedsciencenews.com www.ms-journal.de Due to
the importance of the SEM images in the determina- tion of the morphology,[18–27] therefore the SEM for the samples can be seen in Figure 4a–c, these figures show the porous silicon as preparation with etching time 2, 6, and 10 min, respectively, from Figure 4a one can see the porous silicon formation which can show the air pores and nanocrystalline silicon that is in the beginning, (Figure 4b) sample under etching time 6 min shows the removing porous silicon layer and the shot down on the reac- tion charges, which affect on the etching rate and layer thickness and then on the porosity, after removing layer thickness the layer thickness makes a new porous silicon layer but with new reac- tion, which makes new energy levels between the acid and bulk silicon due to quantum confinement effect, this results can be shown in many papers.[28–30] 4. Conclusion By this paper, the increase in the HF rate concerning ethanol makes the change in the reaction function, and this makes the formation of porous silicon fast and the change in etching time effect the morphological properties like porosity and layer thick- ness due to the reaction between the bulk silicon and the acid, from that this case effect on the many application on the technol- ogy, and from that one can conclude this case make new energy levels effective from the quantum confinement effect. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the cor- responding author upon reasonable request. Keywords layer thickness, nanocrystalline bulk silicon, nanosilicon, porous silicon Received: August 16, 2021 Revised: September 22, 2021 [1] Z. Xie, X. Li, R. Li, S. Lu, W. Zheng, D. Tu, Y. Feng, X. Chen, Nanoscale 2020, 12, 17113. [2] L. Liang, L. Shi, F. Wang, H. Wang, P. Yan, Y. Cong, L. Yao, Z. Yang, W. Qi, Appl. Catal., A 2020, 599, 117618. [3] S. Srivastava, S. Singh, V. K. Singh, Opt. Mater. 2021, 111, 110687. [4] M. K. Abood, M. Fayad, H. A. Al Salihi, H. A. Salbi, Mater. Today: Proc. 2021. [5] T. Thomas, Y. Kumar, J. A. Ramos Ramón, V. Agarwal, S. Sepúlveda Guzmán, R. Reshmi, S. Pushpan, S. L. Loredo, K. C. Sanal, Vacuum 2021, 184, 109983. [6] R. Ramadan, R. J. Martín-Palma, Energies 2020, 13, 2165. [7] L. Canham, Handbook of Porous Silicon, Springer 2014. [8] X. Men, T. Wang, B. Xu, Z. Kong, X. Liu, A. Fu, Y. Li, P. Guo, Y.-G. Guo, H. Li, X. S. Zhao, Electrochim. Acta 2019, 324, 134850. [9] C. Vinegoni, M. Cazzanelli, L. Pavesi, Silicon-Based Material and De- vices, Elsevier 2001, pp. 123–192. [10] C. Chiappini, X. Liu, J. R. Fakhoury, M. Ferrari, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 2231. [11] V. Torres-Costa, R. J. Martín-Palma, J. Mater. Sci. 2010, 45, 2823. [12] X. Sun, P. Sharma, G. Parish, A. Keating, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2021, 312, 110808. [13] N. Arad-Vosk, A. Yakov, A. Sa’ar, J. Appl. Phys. 2020, 127, 164304. [14] X. Li, D. Yao, K. Zuo, Y. Xia, Y.-P. Zeng, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2021, 169, 120985. [15] X. G. Zhang, S. D. Collins, R. L. Smith, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1989, 136, 1561. [16] N. M. Al-Rahime, H. I. Salman, A. K. Al-Kadumi, Mater. Today: Proc. 2021. [17] M.d.A. Rashed, A. S. Alkorbi, F. A. Harraz, Mater. Lett. 2021, 293, 129734. [18] M. A. Alheety, A. Raoof, S. A. Al-Jibori, A. Karadağ, A. I. Khaleel, H. Akbaş, O. Uzun, Mater. Chem. Phys. 2019, 231, 292. [19] M. A. Alheety, S. A. Al-Jibori, A. H. Ali, A. R. Mahmood, H. Akbaş, A. Karadağ, O. Uzun, M. H. Ahmed, Mater. Res. Express 2019, 6, 125071. [20] M. A. Alheety, S. A. Al-Jibori, A. Karadağ, H. Akbaş, M. H. Ahmed, Nano-Struct. Nano-Objects 2019, 20, 100392. [21] I. Q. Abdulah, F. S. Abdulazeez, M. A. Alheety, A. R. Mahmood, Mater. Today: Proc. 2020, 20, 517. [22] L. A. Jasem, A. A. Hameed, M. A. Al-Heety, A. R. Mahmood, A. Karadağ, H. Akbaş, Mater. Res. Express 2019, 6, 0850f9. [23] A. H. Majeed, D. H. Hussain, E. T. B. Al-Tikrity, M. A. Alheety, Chem. Data Collect. 2020, 28, 100450. [24] N. F. Alheety, A. H. Majeed, M. A. Alheety, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2019, 1294, 052026. [25] A. R. Mahmood, I. Q. Abdallah, M. A. Alheety, H. Akbaş, A. Karadağ, AIP Conf. Proc. 2019, 2144, 020003. [26] N. F. Alheety, M. A. Hamad, A. Z. Kalif, M. A. Alheety, M. Y. Mo- hammed, H. Akbaş, Mater. Today: Proc. 2021, 43, 2076. [27] A. Adil, L. Jassim, M. A. Alheety, A. Raoof, Kirkuk Univ. J. Sci. Stud. 2019, 14. [28] T. Pu, H. Shen, C. Zheng, Y. Xu, Y.e Jiang, Q. Tang, W. Yang, C. Rui, Y. Li, Energies 2020, 13, 4890. [29] H. Jia, et al., Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 1. [30] M. Pavlenko, V. Myndrul, G. Gottardi, E. Coy, M. Jancelewicz, I. Iat- sunskyi, Materials 2020, 13, 1987. Macromol. Symp. 2022, 401, 2100306 © 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH 2100306 (4 of 4)
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