Literature Review & Sampling Techniques

1. STATE LEVEL WORKSHOP
ON
QUALITY RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCES
ISSUES AND INNOVATIONS
Dr. M. R. Patil
Principal
Vidya Prabodhini College,
Porvorim, Goa
At
NirmalaInstituteOf Education, Altinho, Panaji- Goa.
27th
April, 2019

2. SESSION 2
•Literature Review
•Sampling Techniques

3. Review of Literature
Shortcomings
 Lack of Knowledge about the Benefits of Literature
Review.
 Poor Knowledge about how to do Review of
Literature.
 Quick and Shortcut Method of Review.
 Taking any Research Paper for Review.
 Taking Abstract of the Paper as Review.
 Taking Conclusion of the Paper as Review.
 Taking Reviewed Research Paper as it is as Review

4. Review of Literature
Scientific Review of Research Paper
 Researcher has to be very clear about his / her research Problem and research
Questions.
 Search for Previous Studies in the Light of Current Research Problem / Research
Questions.
 Make a decision about the Research Paper for Review.
 Read thoroughly the chosen Research Paper right from the title till to the conclusion
and references.
 Understand clearly the Research paper.
 Start the process of review.
 Rewrite and revise to make it precise and perfect.

5. Observe the Following Reviews
Kifle Tesfamarian et al (2012) examined the overall efficiency of Rural
Savings and Credit cooperatives in providing financial services and
products in Tigrai region of Ethiopia. Out of the total 793 rural
societies operating in all 36 districts of the Tigrai region, only 329
societies were chosen for the study. The necessary data for the Year
2012 was collected from the Annual Financial Statements and Annual
reports of the Federal Cooperative Agency (FCA) and Regional
Cooperative Promotion Agency. Input and output variables were used to
assess the efficiency of these societies. Interest on deposits, wages to
employees, share capital and voluntary and compulsory savings were
taken as input variables. Loans and total income were taken as output
variables. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and stochastic Frontier
Analysis tools were used to evaluate relative efficiency of SACCOs.
Results showed that only 18 (5.5 %) of the total societies were
identified as relatively efficient with a maximum efficiency score of one
and the technical efficiency of the societies varied across geographical
location and size of the cooperatives
Identify Research Gaps / Limitations / Short comings

6. Sampling
“It is a process of selecting a part of the
aggregate which represents whole of the
aggregate”. It is the technique of selecting a
representative part of population for the purpose
of determining the characteristics of the whole
population”.

7. Sampling Plan Calls For 3 Decisions
Sampling Unit: Who is to be Surveyed.
Sample Size: How many people should be
Surveyed?
Sampling Technique: How should the respondents
be chosen?

8. Probability Sampling Techniques
A Sampling in which every member of the population
has a calculated and non-zero probability of being
included in the sample.
1. Simple Random Sampling
It is a sampling process in which each element in the
target population has an equal probability of inclusion in
the sample.

9. Probability Sampling Techniques
2. Systematic Sampling
It is an improved over random sampling
method. It involves the selection of
units/respondents from a list using a skip interval.
This method is popularly used in cases where a
complete list of the population from which a
sampling is to be drawn is available.

10. Probability Sampling Techniques

11. Probability Sampling Techniques
From 1st
to 5th
one item to be selected at
random. Suppose a researcher chooses 3, then he
needs to go on adding 5 and obtain desired
number of sample. It means he/she has to choose
like 8th
13th
18th
and so on.

12. Probability Sampling Techniques
3. Stratified Random Sampling
It is the process of grouping members of the
population into relatively homogeneous sub-
groups. Then, a sample may be taken from each
group with the help of simple random sampling
method.

13. Probability Sampling Techniques
4. Multi-stage Sampling
This method refers to a sampling procedure
which is carried out in several stages.
Suppose a researcher desires to take a
sample of 200 households from the State of Goa.

14. Probability Sampling Techniques
At the First Stage
State may be divided into number of talukas.
At the Second Stage,
Each taluka may be divided into number of
villages and sample of villages may be taken at
random.
At the Third Stage,
Number of households may be selected from each
of the select village.

15. Non-Probability Sampling Techniques
These involve selection of the units based on
factors other than random chances. These
methods are also known as deliberate and
purposive sampling.
1.Convenience Sampling
Selection of the respondents/units from the
strata/universe/population based on their easy
availability and accessibility to the
researcher/investigator.

16. Non-Probability Sampling Techniques
2. Quota Sampling
In this method, the whole universe may be
segmented into mutually exclusive groups or
categories. The number of respondents (quota) that
are to be drawn from each group is decided in
advance. The final selection of respondents is left
to the researcher who proceeds till the quota for
each category is filled.

17. Non-Probability Sampling Techniques
3. Judgment Sampling
Selection of respondents/units from the
target group/population will be based on the
judgment of an experienced researcher or an
expert. An investigator exercises his/her
judgment in the choice of sample respondents.

18. Non-Probability Sampling Techniques
4. Snowball Sampling
This involves selection of respondents based
on referrals/recommendations of initial
respondents. This sampling technique is used in
case of rare population. This will be employed in
case where the defined universe/strata from
which the sample can be drawn is not available.