2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Diversity is most important for the earth i.e. for all
the biotic and abiotic means.
The diversity means the variety and variability among
the living and non living being on the earth.
Biodiversity is differ from diversity, biodiversity
means the variety and variability among the living
being on the earth.
In the above ground diversity the living parts are
plants, animals, insects, birds and different types of
microbes.
3. In the above ground diversity the nonliving parts are
altitude, latitude, mountain slops, temperature etc.
In the below ground diversity mainly the soil microbes
includes.
Other then soil microbes the soil arthropods,
nematodes, annelids etc.
Abiotic diversity components under the soil are soil
chemistry, soil physical activities etc.
4. ABOVEGROUND DIVERSITYABOVEGROUND DIVERSITY
Plants exhibit a broad range of traits that provide
direct and indirect protraction against aboveground
herbivory.
Direct defence traits are morphological structure like
glands, trichomes, thorns and sometime certain
toxins.
The plants secretes some secondary metabolites
which attract the insects.
Plants provide the habitat and food to insects.
5. Plants provide nectar to the birds, bees so the
pollination mechanism takes place.
Microbes are also associated with the above
ground diversity.
Micro-organisms diverse and widespread role in
plant-hebivore interactions.
Indirect effect of microbes is changing the
nutritious quality of the plants.
6. BELOWGROUND DIVERSITYBELOWGROUND DIVERSITY
In belowground diversity include the plants parasitic
nematodes, herbivorous insects and soil
microarthropods feed on plants roots.
These biota are predated by a large number of
antagonists.
In detritus based food webs there is strong potential
for ‘top-down effect’ at low trophic levels and
‘bottom-up effect’ at high trophic levels.
Soil pathogens affect the natural plants communities.
7. The species of Phytophtora and Pythium play a
major role in seedling mortality.
Soil pathogens are less efficient than
aboveground pathogens.
Soil pathogens have less special scale, but the
microarthropiods and other burrowing organisms
facilitate the dispersal of soil pathogens.
Microbial parts is also important under the soil.
8.
9. Nutritive compounds as aboveground–Nutritive compounds as aboveground–
belowground linksbelowground links
Root-feeding insects enhance the nutritious quality of
aboveground plant tissues, whereas aboveground insect
herbivores reduce carbohydrate availability to root-
feeding insects.
The interactions between the below and above ground
compartments are even more complex.
The production of both direct and indirect plant defences
is dependent on nutrient uptake by the roots.
N-level in the soil is not restricted to N-based defensive
compound.
10. Morphological defences can also be affected by N-
fertilization.
The indirect defence interactions between plants and
aboveground biota depend upon the plant nutritions.
At low N-level plant produce lower amount of volatiles,
so herbivores attraction hamper.
Mycorrizal fungi affect the aboveground belowground
multitrophic interactions.
Mycorrizal fungi also directly or indirectly associated
with other pathogenic fungi.
11. Relation Between Aboveground andRelation Between Aboveground and
Belowground DiversityBelowground Diversity
Basic interaction scheme of above- and belowground multitrophic
interactions. Straight lines are direct effects; dashed lines are
indirect effects. Question marks refer to effects that are largely
unknown.
13. ConclusionConclusion
Diversity has been thought to be a prerequisite for
the maintainanse of stability, resistance and
resilience for ecosystem properties.
Plants characteristic strongly influenced by
interactions with aboveground and belowground
trophic levels.
Aboveground and belowground interactions can
significantly alter plant productivity and diversity.
Plants are the major intermediate between
aboveground and belowground diversity.
14. ReferencesReferences
Deyn G.B.D., and Putten W.H.V. (2005) Linking aboveground and
belowground diversity. TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution Vol.20
No.11.
Putten W.H.P., Vet L.E.M., Harvey J.A. and Wäckers F.L. (2001)
Linking above- and belowground multitrophic interactions of plants,
herbivores, pathogens, and their antagonists. TRENDS in Ecology &
Evolution Vol.16 No.10
