Animal Nutriton Series by Dr Dharmesh Tewari.

1. CARBOHYDRATE & ITS
CLASSIFICATION
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2O
H
H
H
H
OH
O
Dr. Dharmesh Tewari
Assistant Professor
College of veterinary Science & A.H.
ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (UP)
ANIMAL NUTRITION
SERIES

2. INTRODUCTION
The term saccharide is derived from the Latin word "saccharum" from the
sweet taste of sugars.
The name "carbohydrate" means a "hydrate of
carbon."
The term “Carbohydrate” was coined by “Karl Schmidt”.

3. Based upon corbohydrate digestibility and solubility:
 Soluble carbohydrates: They are called nitrogen free extract
(NFE) and include simple sugar, starch and hemicellulose, which
are easily digestible in the body.
 Insoluble carbohydrates: They include hard fibrous substance
like crude fibre, cellulose and lignin. They are less digestible by
non-ruminants and easily digested in ruminants by rumen
microflora and microfauna.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
SUGAR NON-SUGAR
MONOSACCHARIDE
(1saccharide unit )
OLIGOSACCHARIDE
(3-10 saccharide unit)
POLYSACCHARIDE
(more than 10 saccharide unit)
COMPLEX
CARBOHYDRATE
• GLYCOLIPID
• GLYCOPROTEIN
TRIOSE - Glyceraldehyde
TETROSE - Erythrose
PENTOSE – Ribose ,Xylose ,Arabinose
HEXOSE – Glucose ,Fructose ,Galactose
HEPTOSES – Sedoheptose
OCTOSE – Gluoctose
NONOSE - Sialic acid
DISACCHARIDE -
Sucrose, Lactose
Maltose, Isomaltose
.
TRISACCHARIDE –
Raffinose
TETRASACCHARIDE -
Stachyose
HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDE - HETEROPOLYSACCHARID
E
Glucans -cellulose,starch,glycogen,dextrin
Xylans
Frutans- inulin,levan
Arabinans
Chitin
Hemicellulose
Pectic substances
Gum and Mucilages
Hyaluronic acid
Heparin
Lignin
Depending Upon Number of Saccharide Units
Depending upon no of carbon atoms

5. Monosaccharides
Number of
Carbon
Atoms
Aldoses
(Aldehyde-CHO)
Ketoses
(Ketone -
C=O)
3
Triose
Aldo Triose
Glyceraldehyde
Keto Triose
Di
HydroxyAcet
one
4
Tetrose
Aldo Tetrose
Erythrose
Keto
Tetrulose
Erythrulose
5
Pentose
Aldo Pentose
Ribose, Xaylose, Arabinose
Keto
Pentulose
Ribulose,
Xylulose
6
Hexose
Aldo Hexose
Glucose, Galactose ,Mannose
Keto
Hexose
Fructose
7
Heptose
Aldo Heptose
SedoHeptose
Keto
Heptulose
SedoHeptulo
se
Aldose
(e.g., Glucose) have an aldehyde
group at one end.
Ketose
(e.g., Fructose) have a ketone
group, usually at C2.

6. Glucose(Dextrose)
 Blood sugar
 Primary fuel for body
 Most abundant monosaccharide
 Present in fruits, vegetables, corn syrup, and honey.
 Normal blood glucose levels are 70-110 mg/dL.
 Excess glucose is stored as the polysaccharide glycogen or as fat
 Insulin (a protein produced in the pancreas) regulates blood glucose
levels by stimulating the uptake of glucose into tissues or the formation of
glycogen.
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
H
H
H
OH
O
Glucose
Monosacharides

7. Fructose
 Sweetest carbohydrates.
 Present in fruit juices and honey (fruit sugar).
 Bind with glucose and form sucrose (a disaccharide known
as table sugar)
Galactose
 Combines with glucose in lactose (a disaccharide and a
sugar in milk).
 Has a similar structure to glucose except for the -OH on Carbon 4.
 Cannot find in the free form in nature.
 Exist in the cellular membranes of the brain and nervous system.

8. Disaccharide Trisacchraide Tetrasaccharide
Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose, G.L=α-1,2 G.B
(non reducing sugar)
Lactose/Milk sugar =
Maltose =
Isomaltose = 2 Glucose , G.L=α-1,6 G.B
Glucose + Galactose , G.L= β-1,4 G.B
Glucose + Glucose , G.L= α-1,4 G.B
Raffinose =
( Glucose+ Fructose + Galactose)
Stachyose =
2Gala+ Glu+ Fru
H2O
H2O
OLIGOSACHARIDES

9. NON SUGAR
Polysaccharide Complex
carbohydrate
Glycolipids
Glycoproteins
Homopolysaccharide
(only one type of mono)
Heteropolysaccharide
(more than 2 type of mono)
Glucans = Unit Linkage B/UB
Cellulose(plant)= β-Glucose β-1,4 UB
Starch (plant) = α-Glucose α-1,4 ,α-1,6 B
Glycogen (Animal starch)= α-Glu α – 1,4 , 1,6 B
in liver & muscles
Dextrin(intermediate)= α- Glu α- 1,4 ,1,6 B
Frutans =
Inulin= Fructose β-1,2 UB
Levan
Arabinans
Chitin (arthropods & fungi) = NAG β-1,4 UB
-
Xylans
Hemicellulose= (β-1,4)
Pectic substances
Gum and Mucilages
Hyaluronic acid
Heparin
Lignin

10. Derrivatives of monosacharide
 Phosphoric Acid Ester = Amino sugar
 Glucosamine = Chitin
 Glactosamine = Cartilage
 Di-oxy sugar = (Bi-oxy Ribose Sugar)
 Sugar Acids = gluconics acid , glucoronic acid glucanic acid
 Sugar Alcohol = sarbital & mannitol
 Glycosides = Esterification or condensation with Alcohol or Phenol.
eg. Linamarin in Lin Seed. Amygdalin in Almond. Dhurrin in Shorghum.
0ligo-saccharides
Disaccharides – ( Sucrose, maltose & lactose).
 Sucrose
 one molecule α-d glucose & molecule of B-D fructose
 Non- reducing sugar
 Lactose / milk Sugar
 One active reducing group
 Milk Sugar
 At 175°C lactose change into lacto caramel .

11. Homopolysaccharides (or Homoglycans)
Starch
 Present in plant as reserve Carbohydrate.
 Mixture Amylose Amylase & Amylopectin.
 Amylose is A linear str. of D- glucose with α,1-4 linkage .
 Amylopectin has bush like str. Containing α,1-4 & α,1-6 B/w glucose unit.
 Starch is Present in the form of granule & when Heated the granules in water it change into gelatin &
Process ง Called gelatinisation
 On gelatinisation Potato starch granules swell gradually & burst while Cereals starch Swell but Can
not Brust.
Glycogen
 Prsent in animal & micro-organism.
 In animal tissue k/as animal starch.
 Analogous to Amylopectin.
Dextrin
 Intermediate Product of starch & glycogen Hydrolysis
Cellulose
 Most Abundant Plant Kingdom.
 Purest form of cellulose is Cotton .
 In Plant cellwall cellulose is closely associated with Hemicellulose & lignin.
Polysaccharides

12. Heteroglycans (Heteropolysaccharides)
Pectin
 It is Contains linear chain of glucoronic Acid.
 Pectic acid is similar to Pectin but devoid of ester group.
 Present in cell wall
Hemicellulose
 Alkali cell wall Polysaccharides.
 Composed of glucose, galactose manose, xylose & Arabinose they also contain Uronic
Acid.
 β-1,4 linkage.
Gum & Mucilage
 Excudate gum produced from bark and leaves.
 Salf of (Ca) & (Mg)& hydroxyl gp

13. Hyaluronic Acid & Chondroitin sulphate
They are the two polysaccharides consist of Amino Sugar (glucosamine &
galactosamine).
 Hyaluronic Acid
 Contain Acetyl-D- Glucosamine present in skin. Synovial fluid & Umbilical
cord
 Viscous in nature so Play imp. role in lubrication of joint .
 Chondroitin sulphate
Same as Hyaluronic Acid , But Contain galactosamine.
Major stra Components of Cartilage, tendons & Boner.
Lignin
 Closely associated with corbohydrate
 Give chemical & Biological resistance to cell wall & mechanical strength to the
pant.
 Polymer of three derivatives of Phenyl Propene
Coumaryl alcohol (R₁ =R=H)
Coniferyl Alcohol (R=H , R₁ = OCH3)
Sinapyl Alcohol ( R₁= R = OCH3)OH

14. THANK
YOU