2. Objectives:
• The students should know the normal
anatomy of the tooth under dental
radiograph.
• The students should interpret the pathology
of the tooth under dental radiograph.
3. What is dental radiograph ?
Dental radiography :
It is the art of producing an image or picture for
intra-oral or extra-oral structures on a dental
film using X-rays.
4. Dental radiographic views
• Intra oral :
-Peri-apical
-Bitewing
-Occlusal
• Extra oral :
-OPG
-Cephalometry
-Sialography
6. • Periapical radiograph:
It is the most frequently used intra-
oral view radiograph, which shows the
entire tooth and surrounding
structures on the film.
7. Need for prescribing peri-apical
dental radiograph
• Extent of carious involvement in the tooth
• Interproximal decay under the contact point
• Periapical pathological changes
• Traumatic injuries to dento-alveolar process
• Periodontal diseases
8. • Dental anomalies
• Occult diseases
• Prognostic assessment during treatment planning
• Post obturation assessment of endodontic therapy
• Working length measurement during root canal
therapy
• Implants
11. • ENAMEL
Most radiopaque structure
• DENTINE
Slightly lighter than enamel
• PULP CAVITY
Radiolucent lines within the tooth
12. • ALVEOLAR CREST
Gingival margin of the alveolar process appear as a
radiopaque line
• PDL SPACE
Narrow radiolucent line around tooth surface
• LAMINA DURA
Radiopaque line representing tooth socket
14. Interpretation :
• Step by step analytical process that provides
an exact idea of the clinical problem and helps
to achieve the final diagnosis of any particular
lesion.
15. The importance of interpretation:
• Radiographic interpretation is an essential
part of the diagnostic process. The ability to
evaluate & recognize what is revealed by a
radiograph enable us to detect diseases,
lesions & conditions which can’t be identified
clinically.
16. Steps of interpretation
• Localization.
• Observation.
• General consideration.
• Interpretation.
• Correlation.
18. Observation:
• All shadows, other than the localized shadows
of the normal landmarks must be observed.
• For example: shadows in crowns, cervical
area, roots, restorations, size of root canals,
periodontal membrane space, periapical area,
alveolar crest, foreign bodies, integrity of
bone
19. General consideration:
• A radiograph shows only 2 dimensions of a 3
dimensional object (width and height but not
the depth)
• Cervical burnout: usually appears as cervical
Radiolucency and misinterpreted by caries;
this occurs due to less density and more
penetration of rays.
• Pulp exposure: never to be determined from
radiograph but only the proximity to the pulp.
20. Interpretation:
• Studying the features of teeth and bone:
Teeth
Study the whole tooth,(crown, root, enamel,
pulp), number of teeth and finally supporting
structures, (Periodontal membrane space,
lamina dura , alveolar crest)
21. Bone:
Changes in bone may include:
1- Changes in density.
2 Changes in the margin
3 Changes inside the lesion.
4Effect on surrounding tissues.
5- Changes in structure
22. Correlation:
• The final step is to correlate all of the
radiographic features to reach a radiographic
differential diagnosis.
• Then to draw a final diagnosis, we have to
correlate other data as case history, clinical
examination, and other diagnostic aids with
the radiographic differential diagnosis
32. Pulp:
• Calcification of the pulp: appears as a localized
area of radiopacity, if the calcification is
generalized it appears as a generalized area of
radiopacity
35. • Cementoma: appears at the apex of the tooth
as a radiolucent area in its early stages and
converted into radiopaque at the terminal
stages
36. PDL space:
• Normally appear as radiolucent line surround
the root surface
• Widening of the space as a result of osteolytic
process e.g, osteolytic osteoma
• Narrowing of the space as a result of
osteoblastic process e.g, scleroderma
38. Lamina dura:
• Normally appear as radiopaque clear
continuous band covers the alveolar bone i.e,
lining the socket and covers the crest of the
alveolar bone
• Discontinuity of the lamina dura indicate
pathological changes
40. Alveolar bone:
• Bone resorption either horizontal or vertical
• Bone loss:
Alveolar bone height
Alveolar bone health
Generalized v/s localized alveolar bone loss
47. • OPG radiographs:
An Extra-oral technique which produces a
radiograph with wide view of the maxilla and
mandible.
It's also known “pantomography” “Rotational
panoramic radiography”
48. Indications for OPG radiographs:
• Gross caries
• Pain related to a whole quadrant
• Orthodontic assessment
• Pre-operative assessment
• Mandibular fractures
