NOTES ON UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES

1. UHV NOTES
• Ms. CHIDAMBARARANI
• ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
• DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN LANGUAGES
• SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
• RAMAPURAM, CH – 89.

2. LOVE & COMPARISON:
2 Philia
3 Pragma
4 Storge
5 Ludus
6 Agape
1 Essay on love 1 Comparative
2 Superlative
3 Equal form

3. LOVE:

4. PHILIA:
Philia (pronounced FILLee-uh) conveys a strong
feeling of attraction, with its antonym or opposite
being phobia. It is the most general form of love
in the Bible, encompassing love for fellow
humans, care, respect, and compassion for
people in need. For example, Philia describes the
benevolent, kindly love practiced by
early Quakers. The most common form of Philia is
close friendship.

5. Pragma
Although probably the least exciting type of love, Pragma is an
essential component of making relationships work in the long term. Pragma is love based on
duty, reason, and shared goals. Like Philia, Pragma is not limited to romantic partnerships,
although it is a vital part of romantic love. It is essential within families and even close
friendships. Examples of Pragma manifestation are personal sacrifices for your partner’s
benefit, making life and career choices that are best for your relationship rather than just
yourself, and carrying out the daily chores and tasks needed to maintain a happy home.
Pragma love is perhaps the most difficult to develop and maintain, as
it requires continual effort, dedication, and often selflessness. However, the results are often
extremely worthwhile in the long-term. Even arranged marriages have been sustained and
made satisfying through Pragma, and many failing relationships have been saved.

6. STORGE:
The Enhanced Strong’s
Lexicon defines storge love as "cherishing
one's kindred, especially parents or children;
the mutual love of parents and children and
wives and husbands; loving affection; prone
to love; loving tenderly; chiefly of the
reciprocal tenderness of parents and
children."

7. LUDUS:
Although ludus has a bit of the erotic eros in it, it is much
more than that. The Greeks thought of ludus as a playful
form of love, for example, the affection between young
lovers.
Ludus is that feeling we have when we go through the
early stages of falling in love with someone, e.g. the
fluttering heart, flirting, teasing, and feelings of euphoria.
Playfulness in love is an essential ingredient that is often
lost in long-term relationships. Yet playfulness is one of the
secrets to keeping the childlike innocence of your love alive,
interesting and exciting.

8. • This type of love is not the sentimental outpouring that often passes as love in our society. It has nothing
to do with the condition-based type of love that our sex-obsessed culture tries to pass as love.
• Agape is what some call spiritual love. It is an unconditional love, bigger than ourselves, a boundless
compassion, an infinite empathy. It is what the Buddhists describe as “mettā” or “universal loving
kindness.” It is the purest form of love that is free from desires and expectations, and loves regardless of
the flaws and shortcomings of others.
• Agape is the love that is felt for that which we intuitively know as the divine truth: the love that accepts,
forgives and believes for our greater good.
•
Agape:

9. COMPARATIVE:
When it comes to comparing two things, comparative
adjectives like better are better than other adjectives. For
comparisons, they’re just more useful than adjectives in their
regular form.
The real question is how to use comparative
adjectives. In this guide, we discuss everything you need to
know about comparative adjectives, from the spelling rules, to
when to use more, to clearing up the comparative-versus-
superlative-adjectives confusion. But first let’s give a more
detailed answer to the question

10. SUPERLATIVE:
A superlative is a degree of comparison used to describe the quality or
quantity of something in comparison with others. The superlative
degree denotes what is “the most” or “the least” of something, and
examples can be found in different fields, from sports and
entertainment to science and business. Heck, I even use it when
writing each day.
It’s a word or phrase that indicates the highest quality, ability, or degree
level. It points out something that is the utmost or the lowest degree of
its form. For example, when referring to people, one might use terms
like “the best” or “the most skilled.”
When referring to things, words like “the biggest” or “the fastest” might
denote excellence. Superlatives are often used in advertising,
marketing, and everyday conversation.

11. EQUAL FORM:
1 :The same measure, quantity, amount, or
number as another.
2 : identical in mathematical value or logical
denotation : equivalent.
3 : like in quality, nature, or status.
4 : like for each member of a group, class, or
society.