This slide presents different types of love, its addiction and different therapeutic approach.

1. Dr Akhila Kumar Pan
LOVE , CREATIVITY AND
QUEST OF HUMAN HAPPINESS
DR AKHILA PANDA
LOVE , CREATIVITY AND QUEST
FOR HUMAN HAPPINESS
Speaker:
Dr Akhila Kumar Panda

2. Love??
 What an interesting phenomenon love is!
Almost everybody can relate to a state of
“being or falling in love” even though it is
difficult to define love.

3. What is love?
Attachment, commitment,
intimacy, passion, grief upon
separation, and jealousy are
but a few of the emotionally-
loaded terms used to describe
that which love represents

4.  Romantic love
 Maternal love
 Eternal love

5. TYPES OF ROMANTIC LOVE
Primary Type
EROS (passionate love)
LUDUS (game-playing love)
STORGE (friendship love)
Secondary Type
PRAGMA (practical love)
MANIA (possessive, dependent
love)
AGAPE (altruistic love)
Tertiary Type (Mixed of above
two)
Journal of Personal and Social Relationships, 15, 147-159.

6. EROS(PASSIONATE LOVE)
 Feels strong physical and emotional
connection through the relationship
 Begins with a partner who is a stranger
and evokes immediate excitement
 May be exclusive but not possessive
 Seeks early sexual adventure, variety
and technique
 Is ready for love and its risks

7.  Erotic lovers choose their lovers by intuition or
"chemistry." They are more likely to say they fell in
love at first sight than those of other love styles.
 Erotic lovers view marriage as an extended
honeymoon, and sex as the ultimate aesthetic
experience. They tend to address their lovers with
pet names, such as "sweetie" or "sexy’’.
 The erotic lover wants to share everything with and
know everything about their loved one, and often
thinks of their partner in an idealized manner.
 3rd Year MBBS

8. LUDUS
 Ludus, meaning "game" in Latin, is used by
those who see love as a desiring to want
to have fun with each other
 Ludic lovers want to have as much fun as
possible. When they are not seeking a
stable relationship, they rarely or never
become overly involved with one partner
and often can have more than one partner
at a time.
 They don't reveal their true thoughts and
feelings to their partner, especially if they
think they can gain some kind of
advantage over their partner.
 Facebook friend
LUDUS

9. STORGE
Storge grows slowly
out of friendship and
is based more on
similar interests and a
commitment to one
another rather than
01
Storge is familial love.
There is a love between
siblings, spouses,
cousins, parents and
children. Storge
necessitates certain
familial loyalties,
02
Is not looking for love
but is ready if
encountered
Quietly possessive but
not overly jealous
Believes love comes
friendship but not a goal
03

10. MANIA
 Anxious about falling in love and
has expectations of pain
 Quickly becomes overwhelmed
by thoughts of their partner
 Forces partner into showing
affection and emotion
 Is easily frustrated and does not
enjoy sexual intimacy
 Is very possessive and jealous
 The back benchers loves most
beautiful girl of the class

11. PRAGMATIC
 Pragmatic lovers have a notion of being of service
which they perceive to be rational and realistic.
 They tend to select and reject partners
accordingly based on what they perceive
desirable, compatible traits.
 Pragmatic lovers want to find value in their
partners, and ultimately want to work with their
partner to reach a common goal.
 Begins a relationship with an already familiar
person
 Believes a loving relationship is desirable for a
happy life
 Expects reciprocation of feelings.
 ARRANGED MARRIAGE

12. AGAPE
 The purest form of love, derives its definition of
love from being altruistic towards one's partner
and feeling love in the acts of doing so.
 The person is willing to endure difficulty that arises
from the partner's circumstance.
 It is based on an unbreakable commitment and
an unconditional, selfless love, that is all giving.
 It is an undying love that is full of compassion and
selflessness.
 Agape love is often referenced with religious
meaning
 Vachaspati Mishra & Bhamati

13. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 237 (2017) 203 – 208
7th International Conference on Intercultural Education “Education, Health and ICT for a
Transcultural World”, EDUHEM 2016, 15-17 June 2016, Almeria, Spain
The romantic ideal of men and women involved in the relationship
of friends with benefits
Herenia García & Encarnación Soriano*
University of Almeria, Spain
Abstract
This study provides a descriptive analysis of some beliefs or myths of romantic love that maintain individuals involved in the sexual
relationship called friends with benefits (FWB). These beliefs generate dissatisfaction in the couple, perpetuate gender inequalities
and are in the genesis and maintenance of gender violence. The myths under study have been jealousy, exclusivity, fidelity, true
love, the sudden onset of love, powerful love, and binomial sex-love. The sample was made up of 119 adults. An online
questionnaire validated in our context by judges has been used as a tool for data collection. Participants were asked to indicate
whether or not they identified with a particular myth of romantic love. The results indicate that most of these beliefs, though
weakened, remain despite the pragmatic, superficial and liberal nature of these relationships. Some gender stereotypes persist, men
are still heavily biased by tilting sex, while women remain significantly claiming the exclusivity of the relationship. In conclusion,
friends with benefits do not get rid of a romantic imaginary that generates emotional and sexual inequalities between men and
women and is the source of problems in the couple.
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of EDUHEM 2016.
Keywords: Friends with benefits; myths of romantic love
1. Love and sexuality: myths of romantic love
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of EDUHEM 2016.

14. NEUROBIOLOGY OF LOVE

15. DEFINITION OF ROMANTIC LOVE
 Romantic love is a complex emotion that includes, and
cannot be easily separated from, other impulses such as
physical desire and lust, although the latter can be loveless
and therefore distinguishable from the sentiment of romantic
love.

16. BRAIN AREAS IN LOVE

17. NEUROCHEMISTRY LOVE
Vision
Orbitofrontal cortex

18. BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE
NEUROCHEMISTRY OF
LOVE
• The areas that are involved
• The medial insula,
• Anterior cingulate,
• Hippocampus
• Nucleus accumbens, which together
constitute core regions of the reward system
• The passion of love creates feelings of
exhilaration and euphoria, of a happiness that
is often unbearable and certainly
indescribable.

20. NEUROCHEMISTRY OF
LOVE
Areas that are activated in response to romantic
feelings are largely contain high concentrations
of dopamine,associated with reward, desire,
addiction and euphoric states.
Like two other modulators that are linked
to romantic love, oxytocin and
vasopressin, dopamine is released by the
hypothalamus, a link between the nervous
and endocrine systems
These same regions become active when exogenous opioid
drugs such as cocaine, which themselves induce states of
euphoria, are ingested. Release of dopamine puts one in a
‘‘feel good’’ state, and dopamine seems to be intimately
linked not only to the formation of relationships but also to
sex, which consequently comes to be regarded as a rewarding
and

21. NEUROCHEMISTRY
OF LOVE
 An increase in dopamine is coupled to a decrease in
another neuro-modulator, serotonin which is linked to
appetite and mood.
 Studies have shown a depletion of serotonin in early
stages of romantic love to levels that are common in
patients with obsessive-compulsive disorders.
 Love, after all, is a kind of obsession and in its early
stages commonly immobilizes thought and channels
it in the direction of a single individual.
 The early stages of romantic love seem to correlate as
well with another substance, nerve growth factor,
which has been found to be elevated in those who
have recently fallen in love compared to those who
are not in love or who have stable, long- lasting,
relationships.
 Moreover, the concentration of nerve growth factor
appears to correlate significantly with the intensity of
romantic feelings.

22. CORTICAL DE-ACTIVATIONS AND THE MADNESS OF LOVE

23. FACTS:
 Why Dhritarasthra did not identify any fault of Duryodhan?
 Who is given importance Yashoda or Devaki as Krishna’s
Mother?
 Why one mother can not love equally to other’s children?

24. BRAIN CONCEPTS
OF MATERNAL &
ROMANTIC LOVE
Hypothalamus not activated
Oxytocin more produced
Suspension of judgement as
like romantic love

25. Maternal & Romantic Love

26. LOVE AND BEAUTY
 A beautiful person, as is
commonly known, is
perhaps the surest way of
evoking the sentiment of
love. Throughout history,
from the days of Plato
onwards, the path to love
has been described as
being through beauty

27. LOVE AND BEAUTY
 The Lord Krishna ‘‘steals the mind’’ with his beauty
 Majnun, in his love for Leila, is obsessed by her beauty, even if she does not seem beautiful to
others. ‘‘To see her beauty’’, he declares, ‘‘you must borrow my eyes’’.
 Beauty and love are themselves never far from erotic desire, since the most intense love is strongly
coupled to sexual desire and the two faculties share common areas in the brain.
 It is not surprising to find therefore that an attractive face and sexual arousal, as well as the
experience of visual beauty, engage a part of the brain known as the orbito- frontal cortex.

29. Treatment of love addiction;
Current status and perspectives

30.  LA, also called pathological love, can be defined as a pattern of behavior characterized
by a maladaptive, pervasive and excessive interest towards one or more romantic
partners, resulting in lack of control, the renounce of other interests and behaviors, and
other negative consequences
 Although its prevalence in the U.S. population is estimated at around 3%, studies
addressing specific populations, such as young college students, point to rates as high
as 25%
LOVE ADDICTION

31.  current evidence suggests that LA may correspond to an independent
disorder, with features distinct from the regular ‘‘falling in love’’ experience
 According to this approach, in addition to the elevated degree of
psychological suffering and functional impact associated with LA, that
condition would contrast with ‘‘normal’’ love due to other features such as its
lack of control, its pervasive nature, and its negative life consequences.

32. LA CAN BE CHARACTERIZED :
 a behavioral addiction, which would share several hall mark criteria with
classic substance dependence.
 LA symptoms such as decrease in the SOCIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL
interests due to excessive involvement with the romantic partner (with
reduction or abandonment of social, occupational or recreational
activities), lack of control regarding the time spent in activities directly or
indirectly related to the partner, persistent

33.  It is observed that the initial stages of any romantic relationship would
generate feeling of well-being, reward, and satisfaction.
 However, as the relationship progresses, a true dependence towards the
partner (who becomes essential for the maintenance of the patient’s
psychological equilibrium) is developed.
 The loss of (or perspective of losing) the partner is associated with
important anxiety, depressive symptoms, and despair.

34. REJECTED ROMANTIC LOVER
 When faced with the loss of the partner, these patients can either persist in trying to
reinstate the relationship or quickly shift their focus to a new partner, replacing their
source of dependence and perpetuating the dysfunctional relationship pattern.

35.  Functional MRI studies suggest that romantic passion is associ-
ated with activation of areas belonging to the brain reward system,
such as the ventral tegmental area, the striatum, the orbitofrontal
cortex, and the cingulate cortex. Individuals rejected by their
romantic partners displayed hyperactivation of the nucleus
accumbens, an area known to be hyperactive during cocaine
craving.

36. IMPULSE-CONTROL DISORDER.
 This model emphasizes the characterization of LA as an impulse control
disorder.
 Patients with LA were found to have elevated rates of trait impulsivity
(measured by the Barratt Impulsivity Scale) when compared to controls.
 The same study found higher rates of novelty seeking among patients with
LA.
 Novelty seeking is strongly associated with impulse control disorders, such as
pathological gambling and compulsive buying

37. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE SPECTRUM:
 In addition to irresistible impulses related to engage in behaviors that could
lead to a romantic involvement, patients with LA may also describe a certain
degree of thought intrusiveness in regard to their involvement and concern
about the supposed partner, despite sometimes the explicit lack of interest on
the partner’s side (morbid infatuation).

38. MOOD DISORDERS SPECTRUM
 In one study, adolescents in early stage romantic love were found to have
hypomania checklist scores similar to outpatients suffering from bipolar II
disorder.
 The authors hypothesize that some developmental experiences inherent to
adolescence, such as intense romantic love, can produce transient hypomanic-like
periods.
 Although the study in question analyzed romantic experiences characterized as
‘‘non-pathological’’, it can be hypothesized that mechanisms related to mood
instability may be involved in LA.

39. LOVE-RELATED DYSFUNCTIONAL BEHAVIORS
 as part of a broader spectrum of psychopathological findings, such as manic
states and primary psychotic disorders. For example, in the case of manic
states, an excessive interest in establishing a romantic relationship can
sometimes be observed, but usually subsides once the mood symptoms
improve.
 personality disorders, such as borderline and dependent personality disorders
often display patterns highly suggestive of LA, but those are not usually
restricted to the romantic sphere, affecting their relationships as a whole, as
well as other areas of their functioning.

40. TREATMENT
 Psychosocial interventions
 SELF HELP GROUP
 Cognitive-behavioral therapy
It has been advocated that the best results in the treatment of LA are achieved through the use
of rational self-counseling.
 Improvements in self-communication, as well as interventions aiming at enhancing the
separation between feeling and facts related to the loss are some of the possible
interventions that may be of benefit for patients with LA.

41. PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY
 No scientific data is available in regard to the efficacy and safety of
pharmacological agents in the treatment of LA
 The phenomenological similarity between obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD)
and some cases of LA suggests that antidepressants, especially selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) could be of potential benefit in the treatment of these
patients
 Normal subjects who recently fell in love were found to have decreased density of
the platelet serotonin transporter, similarly to patients with OCD but significantly
lower than controls

42.  SSRIs seem to decrease the dopaminergic transmission at the
ventral tegmental area, one of the key areas involved with reward
and motivation.
 This could bring about decreases in the feelings of romantic love
and less excitement associated with romantic relationships

43.  Prairie voles, which show a higher number of
vasopressin receptor 1a in the amygdala and
ventral pallidum, show more monogamous
behavior
 when compared to mountain voles, which usually
have multiple partners.
 Genetically engineered procedures aiming at
increasing the expression of the vasopressin
receptor 1a gene have been shown to make them
monogamous

44. Summary
of
treatment

45. GENETIC LOADING ON HUMAN LOVING STYLES.
DRD2 TaqI A genotypes and "Eros"
(a loving style characterized by a
tendency to develop intense
emotional experiences based on
physical attraction to the partner)
C516T 5HT2A polymorphism and
"Mania" (a possessive and
dependent romantic attachment,
characterized by self-defeating
emotions).

46. ETERNAL LOVE
I am He whom I love ,
and He whom I love is I
We are two spirits
dwelling in one body

47. THANK YOU
 Throughout history, people have
been fascinated and mystified by
love. Poets have tried to articulate
it and researchers have tried to
investigate it. Whilst love can be
one of the life's most satisfying
events, it also has the power to
cause immense pain and
heartbreak. When love becomes
addiction it may become
pathological