Fertilizer induced pollution, oil spills, fluoride, acid rain

1. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
Lecture no. 4 and 5
Fertilizer Induced pollution
Detrimental Effects of Excess Use of fertilizers
NO3-N health hazard/Methemoglobinemia,
Oil spills/Environmental Impact/Clean-up
Dr. AB Jadhav, Asstt. Prof. of SSAC, AC, Pune

2. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
Detrimental Effects of Excess Application of Fertilizers
NO3-N Pollution through ground water
Pollution of drinking water
Accumulate in fodder crops
More than 10 ppm causes methamoglobimia
Eutrophication
PO4 – Leaching Causes eutropohication
Cadmium Contamination of soil through SSP
Fertilizers for intensive agriculture is partly responsible for environmental
impacts like
Impairment
Reduction in size
Splitting up
Destruction of natural biotrophs
Excess use of fertilizer than required by the crop causes nutrient
imbalance that causes either deficiency or toxicity
Leafy veggies and root crops accumulate larger quantity of heavy metals
as against grains

3. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
NO3-Pollution
Ground water/drinking
water/fodder crops/
Eutrophication
PO4 leaching/
Eutrophication
SSP: Cd
Nutrient imbalance: Either
deficiency/toxicity and
affects nutrient availability
Soil microbial population
growth either restricted or
inhibited
Accumulation of heavy
metals in tuber/leafy
which causes lethal effects
Detrimental Effects of Excess Application of Fertilizers

4. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
Nitrate Nitrogen: Health Hazard
1 As per the WHO’s standard > 50 mg NO3 or 11.6 mg NO3-N/lit concentration in
drinking water can cause a disease “Methemoglobinema” or oat hay poisoning or
blue baby disease in infants or below six month age.
2 This disorder is also recorded in animals fed with herbage containing high NO3-N
3 The fodder crops receiving heavy dressing of N-fertilizers contain high concentration
of NITRATE in vegetative parts of plants which are mostly fed to cattles
4 NO3-N is as such not toxic to animals, as it is reduced to NO2-N in rumen which is toxic
5 It is reported that NITRITE oxidizes ferrous iron of haemoglobin to FERRIC state
producing a brown pigments (methamoglobin) which is incapable of transporting O2
to body tissue
6 Fe3+ of haemoglobin to Fe2+ methamoglobin

5. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune

6. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune

7. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune

8. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
Fluoride-is present in varying
amount in
soil/water/vegetation/animal
tissue
20-25 million Indians Severally
affected states are
Rajasthan/AP/Punjab/Haryana
Arid and semiarid regions of
Rajasthan soils have higher F in
soil hence it comes food grains
cultivated in such soils
Cattles grazing on fluoride pollution
sources like ceramic work, phosphate
fertilizer plants or aluminum factories
develop fluorosis
Fluoride is not absorbed in
blood, it has an affinity for Ca
and get accumulated in bones
Fluorosis
Staining of teeth/ Stiffened bone
joints/molting and deformation of
teeth/crippled legs
Fluoride Pollution

9. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune

10. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
Name of the organization Desirable limit (mg/L)
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) 0.6-1.2
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) 1.0
The Committee on Public Health Engineering Manual
and Code of Practice, Government of India
1.0
World Health Organization (International Standards for
Drinking Water)
1.5
Permissible Limit of Fluoride in Drinking Water Prescribed by
Various Organizations
According to W.H.O. fluoride concentration below 0.5 ppm over a period of 5-10 years may
result fluorosis

11. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
Crippled legs as per the age Source: thethirdpole.net

12. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
Oil spills
Accidental release of a
liquid petroleum
hydrocarbon into
environment especially
in marine areas
Oil spillage may be from
tankers, offshore, platform,
drilling rigs and well as well as
spills of gasoline, diesel
Oil spill at sea are damaging than
those on land because this can spread
hundred nautical miles in a thin oil
slick which can cover beaches with a
thin coating of oil.
Pollution intensity depends on
how, why, where and when it
it occurs .
No any clear relationship
between the amount of oil in
the aquatic environment

13. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
Effect of Oil Spills: Impacts
Oil spill can cause an immediate fire hazard
Oil fires produced air pollution causes respiratory distress.
Death of workers in oil rigs/wells/deep mines
Spilled oil can also contaminate drinking water
Contamination can have an economic impact on tourism and marine resource
extraction industries.
Fishing business affected drastically
Aquatic life disturbance
If oil spill on roads causes accidents.

14. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
Effect of Oil Spills: Environmental Impacts
Pollution intensity impacts depend on HOW,WHEN,WHY and WHERE it
takes place
There is no clear relationship between the amount of oil spill in the
aquatic environment and the likely impact on biodiversity
A small spill at the wrong time/wrong season and in a sensitive
environment may prove much more harmful than a larger spill at
another time of the year in another or even in the same environment
Oil spill penetrate into structure of the plumage (feathers) of birds and
the fur of mammals, reducing its insulating ability and making them
more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less buoyant
(flying ability or floating on water) in the water
Animals who rely on scent to find their babies or mothers can not due to
the strong scent of the oil. This causes a baby to be rejected and
abandoned leaving the babies to starve and eventually die.
Oil can impair a birds ability to fly/float preventing it from foraging or
escaping from predators

15. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
Effect of Oil Spills: Environmental Impacts….continue
As birds preen (cleaning of feathers with beak) birds may ingest the oil
coating their feathers, irritating the digestive tract, altering liver function
and cause kidney damage.
Birds exposed to petroleum also experiences changes in the their
normal balance, metabolic balance and protein synthesis
Oil can also blind animals leaving it defenseless.
Animals can be poisoned and may die from oil entering the lungs and
liver.

16. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
Mauritius calls for urgent help to prevent oil spill disaster | Oil spills

17. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune

18. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune

19. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
A
• Bioremediation: Use of microbes or biological agents to break down or
remove oil. Three types of oil consuming bacteria- sulphate reducing
bacteria, acid producing (anaerobic) and some aerobic bacteria
• Bioremediation accelerator: Oleophillic and hydrophobic chemicals which
bonds chemically and physically to both soluble and insoluble hydrocarbons
B
• Controlled burning: Effectively reduce the amount of oil in water if done
properly. But it can only be done in low wind and which cause air pollution
• Dispersants: Use to separate the oil but these may toxic
C
• Watch and wait
• Dredging: Scoop up mud or object from the surface of water
• Skimming: Remove substances from the surface of water
• Solidifying composed of tiny, floating, dry ice pellets which can adsorb and
absorb
• Equipments used: Booms: large floating barriers
• Skimmers/Sorbents/ Vacuum/ Shovels etc.
Methods to Cleanup- Oil Spills

20. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
General effects
of industrial
effluents
Soil physical
properties
Soil
biological
properties
Soil
Chemical
properties
Soil
biochemical
properties

21. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
Acid Rain
Caused by the
emission of SO2
and NO2
Defined as deposition
of a mixture from wet
[rain/ steel/snow/
cloud/ water] etc
acidic components
Normal rain has an acidic
[5.7] pH due to
CO2 PLUS H2O== H2CO3
When rain water
having pH less than
5.7 it is considered as
acid rain

22. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
Soil physical, biological
and chemical properties
seriously affected
Soil/microbes and
enzymes are get either
killed or denatured
Ca and Mg are leached
from soil due to acid rain
Aquatic fife get affected
Forest/fresh
water/insects
Impact of Acid Rain

23. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune

24. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
Low pH
High BOD
High CO3
High organic and inorganic
material
Also contains N,P, K, S and Ca
Enhances
EC/OC/Exch.Na/N/P/K/S
Affects germination
Seedling emergence/growth
Depletes aerobic microbes
Nutrient imbalance
Features of distillery and paper mill effluents and its
impacts

25. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
Preventive Control Measures
Optimum use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
• INM/Use of organic manures/biofertilizers
• Biological pest control measures
Reduce, Recycle, Reproduce and Reuse
• Management of natural resources
• Forestation
Activated carbon/gypsum/pyrite application
• Drainage improvement
• Industrialization should follow stringent laws

26. Dr.AB Jadhav,SSAC,AC, Pune
THANK YOU