This document provides an overview of the PEQ 202 Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties course taught by Prof. Adel M. Salem. The course covers fundamental properties of reservoir rocks and fluids, including porosity, permeability, fluid saturation, capillary pressure, and fluid properties. Students will learn laboratory and field measurement techniques, and will interpret rock and fluid data to characterize reservoirs. The course aims to help students integrate multidisciplinary data and better understand reservoir description. It consists of lectures, exercises, and labs over 3 credit hours. Students will be evaluated based on assignments, exams, and a final written exam.

1. Reservoir Rock and Fluid
Properties
( PEQ 202)
By
Prof. Adel M. Salem
Prof. of Petroleum Engineering
Head of Pet. Engineering, Suez University
Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Engineering,
Qena Branch
Fall 2022

2. Title and Credit Hours and Description
Title and Credit Hours:
PEQ 202: Reservoir Rocks and Fluids Properties
Credit Hours:3
Pre-requisites: ****
Description:
Basic petrophysical properties of reservoir rocks including porosity, permeability,
fluid saturation, electrical conductivity, capillary pressure, and relative
permeability. Laboratory measurement of the reservoir rock characteristics
mentioned above.
Lecture Hours 3 Exercise/Lab 2
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 2

3. December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 3

4. Course Learning Objectives
1) Students will explore the techniques employed in acquiring reservoir rock data.
2) Familiarize the students with the basic theories of the conventional and special reservoir rock analysis.
3) Evaluate and interpret measurements for lithology, porosity, permeability, saturations …etc.
4) Define the coefficient of isothermal compressibility of reservoir rock and describe methods for
determining values of compressibility;
5) Understand the capabilities, limitations and uncertainties of the different measurements and evaluation
methods.
6) Integrate reservoir rock data with wireline logging and formation evaluation methods for depth
matching, formation lithology, porosity, permeability and reserve evaluations.
7) Develop an understanding of the importance of reservoir rock property interpretations as a macroscopic
tool of reservoir description.
8) Use core and fluid data to quality control reservoir characterization methods.
9) Calculate net pay, reservoir volumes, hydrocarbons in place, and reserves.
10)Learn about procedures, equipment, and costs for safely conducting reservoir rock property
measurements.
11) Students should be able to interpret and integrate reservoir rock data within both reservoir static and
dynamic models using state of the art software.
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 4

5. COURSE Objectives _ Continue
1) Students will explore the techniques employed in acquiring reservoir fluid data.
2) Familiarize the students with the basic theories of the conventional and special reservoir fluid analysis.
3) Evaluate and interpret measurements viscosity, API, FVF, GOR, PVT, etc… estimates.
4) Define the coefficient of isothermal compressibility of reservoir fluids, and describe methods for
determining values of compressibility;
5) Understand the capabilities, limitations and uncertainties of the deferent measurements and evaluation
methods.
6) Integrate reservoir fluid data with wireline logging and formation evaluation methods for fluid behavior
and reserve evaluations.
7) Develop an understanding of the importance of reservoir fluid property interpretations as an important
tool of reservoir description.
8) Use fluid data to quality control reservoir characterization methods.
9) Calculate hydrocarbons in place, and reserves.
10)Learn about procedures, equipment, and costs for safely conducting reservoir fluid property
measurements.
11)Students should be able to interpret and integrate reservoir fluid data within reservoir dynamic models
using state of the art software.
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 5

6. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
By completion of PEQ 202 course, students will be able to:
1. Understand the basic rock and fluid analysis methods and how they complement each other.
2. Appreciate the importance of rock and fluid data for good petroleum engineering and reservoir modeling
3. Use the macroscopic scale of reservoir characterization provided by rock and fluid analysis.
4. Recognize the difference between reservoir and surface conditions when evaluating rock and fluid physical
properties.
5. Apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering.
6. Correlate between various methods of rock and fluid analysis to build a more certain understanding of the different
results.
7. Identify, formulate, and solve rock and fluid properties related problems.
8. Follow the relations, developments and indications of rock and fluid data.
9. Calculate the initial, reserve and movable hydrocarbons in the reservoir.
10. Analyze, design and conduct data interpretation scenarios and adaptations.
11. Deal with the high level of uncertainty in rock and fluid data in problem definition and solution.
12. Integrate in multidisciplinary team approach to solve the reservoir heterogeneity challenges.
13. Gain knowledge and experience in lab evaluation of the reservoir rock and fluid properties by conducting experiments
and using commercial software.
14. Demonstrate capability to perform calculations relating to all concepts above.
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 6

7. ILO: Intended Learning Outcomes _
Continue
By completion of PEN 202 course, students will be able to:
1) Understand the basic fluid analysis methods and how they complement each other.
2) Appreciate the importance of reservoir fluid data for good petroleum engineering and reservoir modeling
3) Recognize the difference between reservoir and surface conditions when evaluating fluid physical
properties.
4) Correlate between various methods of fluid analysis to build a more certain understanding of the
different results.
5) Identify, formulate, and solve fluid properties related problems.
6) Follow the relations, developments and indications of fluid data.
7) Calculate the initial, reserve and movable hydrocarbons in the reservoir.
8) Analyze, design and conduct data interpretation scenarios and adaptations.
9) Deal with the high level of uncertainty in fluid data in problem definition and solution.
10)Integrate in multidisciplinary team approach to solve the reservoir heterogeneity challenges.
11)Acquire knowledge and experience in lab evaluation of the reservoir fluid properties by conducting
experiments and using commercial software.
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 7

8. Reservoir Rocks and Fluids
Properties
Prof. Adel M. Salem
Fall 2022

9. Course Contents
December 18, 2022
Part I: Rock Properties
CH. 1:
Introduction to the Course
Basic Petrophysical Properties of Res. Rocks
CH. 2:
Porosity
Fluid Saturations
Ch. 3:
Permeability
Relative Permeability
Ch. 4:
Wettability and Capillary Pressure
Ch. 5:
Electrical Conductivity
PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 9
Part II: Fluids Properties
Ch 6: Phase Behaviour :
Single Components, Two-
components, Three-component
Systems, and Multi-component
Systems,…
Ch. 7: Properties of Gases:
[gas deviation factor, ideal & perfect
gas, gas viscosity, gas solubility,
gas compressibility, gas formation
volume factor]
Ch. 8: Properties of Oil:
[oil viscosity, oil compressibility, oil
formation volume factor, total
volume factor]

10. Chapter I
Introduction to the Course
Definition of Reservoir Rocks
Prof. Adel M. Salem
Fall 2022

11. Chapter I Outline
Introduction
Petroleum Geology and its Origin
Petroleum Geology
Coring Operations
Types of Coring Operations:
1. Convention Coring
2. Side wall Coring
Core Handling, Sampling, and Preservation
Core Handling at the Wellsite
Coring Operation and Core Analysis
Routine and Special Core Analysis (SCAL)
References
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 11

12. Chapter II
Reservoir Rock Properties:
Porosity () and Saturations (S)
Prof. Adel M. Salem
Fall 2022

13. Chapter II Outline
December 18, 2022
Introduction
Accumulation of Petroleum
Properties of Reservoir Rocks:
I. Porosity
1) Primary Porosity
2) Secondary Porosity
Factors Governing the Magnitude of Porosity
Properties of Reservoir Rocks: Porosity
Porosity Determination Methods
Measurement of Porosity
Direct Methods
1) Bulk Volume
2) Grain Volume
3) Pore Volume
Indirect Methods
1) The Sonic (Acoustic) Log
2) The Density Log
3) Neutron Logs
4) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: CMR and
MRIL
II. Fluid Saturations
Saturation Definition
Fluid Saturation Measurements
1) Dean Stark
2) Retort
3) Centrifugal Method
Quantitaive Use of Porosity & Saturations
Appendix A: Problems
Textbooks
PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 13

14. Chapter III
Reservoir Rock Properties:
Fundamentals of Fluid Flow (K and Kr)
Prof. Adel M. Salem
Fall 2022
Permeability (K)

15. Chapter III Outline
Types of Fluids:
Incompressible Fluids:
Slightly Compressible Fluids
Compressible Fluids:
Flow Regimes:
Steady-State Flow
Unsteady-State Flow
Pseudosteady-State Flow
Reservoir Geometry
Radial Flow
Linear Flow
Spherical and Hemispherical Flow
Permeability Concepts
Factors Affecting the Magnitude of
Permeability
December 18, 2022
Permeability – Porosity Relationships
Kozeny Correlation
Permeability Equations
Linear Flow
Linear Flow of Incompressible Fluids:
Linear Flow Compressible Fluids:
The Klinkenberg Effect
Radial Flow
Radial Flow of Incompressible Fluids
Radial Flow of Compressible Fluids
Spherical Flow
Spherical Flow of Incompressible Fluids:
Spherical Flow of Compressible Fluids:
PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 15

16. Chapter III Outline, …
December 18, 2022
Multiple-Permeability Rocks
Layered Reservoir without Crossflow (Parallel Layers)
Linear Flow Systems
Radial Flow Systems
Composite Reservoir (Series Layers)
Linear Flow Systems
Radial Flow Systems
Permeability of Channel and Fractures
Channel Systems
Fractures Systems
Directional Permeability
Relative Permeability
References
PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 16

17. Chapter IV
Reservoir Rock Properties:
Wettability and Capillary
Pressure
Prof. Adel M. Salem
Fall 2022

18. Chapter IV Outline
Wettability
Definition
Wettability-Contact Angle
Evaluation of Wettability
Direct Method : Contact Angle
Indirect Methods:
• The Amott method
• The USBM
• The combined Amott-USBM method
• The spontaneous imbibition method
Effects of Wettability on Oil
Recovery
Effects of Wettability on Relative
Permeability:
Surface and Interfacial Tension
Capillary Pressure
Capillary Pressure of Reservoir Rocks
Capillary Forces
Uses of Capillary Pressure Data
Laboratory Measurements of Capillary Pressure
1. Porous Diaphragm or Semipermeable Disk
Measurement
2. Mercury Injection
3. Centrifuge Method
4. Dynamic Method
Comparison of Methods of Measurement
Capillary Pressure Hysteresis
Converting lab data to reservoir conditions
Pc to (h) height above Free-water level
Factors Affecting Capillary Pressure
J-Function
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 18

19. Chapter V:
Formation Resistivity and
Water Saturation
Prof. Adel M. Salem
Fall 2022

20. Chapter V Outline
Introduction
Electrical Conductivity
Formation Resistivity and Water Saturation
Formation Resistivity Factor
Resistance and Resistivity
Definition of Rw
Definition of Ro
Definition of Rt
Rw, Ro, and Rt
Formation Factor, F
Formation Factor and Porosity
Cementation Exponent, m
Water Saturation
Saturation Exponent, n
Example Problem
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 20

21. Part II: Fluid Properties
Prof. Adel M. Salem
Fall 2022

22. Part II content
Chapter II-1: Phase Behaviour : Single Components, Two-components,
Three-component Systems, and Multi-component Systems,…
Chapter II-2: Properties of Gases: [gas deviation factor, ideal & perfect
gas, gas viscosity, gas solubility, gas compressibility, gas
formation volume factor]
Chapter II-3: Properties of Oil: [oil viscosity, oil compressibility, oil
formation volume factor, total volume factor]
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 22

23. Reservoir Fluids properties
Fundamentals of Petroleum Chemistry
Phase Behaviour
Prof. Adel M. Salem
Fall Semester 2021
Chapter 6

24. Chapter 6: Content
Fundamentals of Petroleum Chemistry
Introduction
Chemical Composition of Hydrocarbon
Reservoir Fluids
Petroleum Hydrocarbon Classifications
Phase Behaviour:
1. Fundamentals of Hydrocarbon Phase
Behavior:
2. Single-component Systems
P-V Diagram
Two-Component Systems
 P-V Diagram for Two-Component
Systems
 P-T Diagram For Two-Component
Systems
December 18, 2022
Three-Component Systems
 Multicomponent Systems
 Typical P-T Diagram for a Multicomponent System.
 Multicomponent Systems: Definitions
Classification of Reservoirs and Reservoir Fluids
I. Oil Reservoirs
1. Ordinary Black Oil
2. Volatile Oil (Low-Shrinkage Oil)
3. Volatile Crude Oil (High-Shrinkage
Oil)
4. Near-critical Crude Oil
II. Gas Reservoirs
1. Retrograde Gas Reservoirs
2. Near-Critical Gas-Condensate
Reservoirs
3. Wet Gas Reservoirs
4. Dry Gas Reservoirs
PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 24

25. Properties of Dry Gases
Prof. Adel M. Salem
Fall Semester 2021
Chapter 7

26. Chapter 7 Content
Standard Conditions;
Gas Formation Volume Factor;
The Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Gas;
Isothermal Compressibility & Compressibility Factor ;
The Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of an Ideal Gas;
Pseudoreduced Compressibility;
The Coefficient of Viscosity of Gas;
Viscosity of Pure Hydrocarbon Gases;
Viscosity of Gas Mixtures;
Gas Viscosity at High Pressure;
Appendix:
Heating Value;
Joule-Thomson Effect.
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 26

27. Reservoir Fluids Properties:
Properties of Black and Volatile Oils
Prof. Adel M. Salem
Fall 2022
Chapter 8

28. Chapter 8 Content
Introduction
Black Oil Properties:
1. Specific Gravity of a Liquid
2. Formation Volume Factor of Oil
3. Solution Gas-Oil Ratio
4. Total Formation Volume Factor
5. The Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Oil
i. Pressures Above the Bubble-Point Pressure
ii. Pressures Below the Bubble-Point Pressure
6. Coefficient of Viscosity of Oil
7. The Coefficient of Isobaric Thermal Expansion of a Liquid
8. Interfacial Tension
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 28

29. General: PEQ 202
Course Types :Lecture (3 Cr.) / Online
Instructor(s) :Prof. Adel M. Salem
Duration :3 Cr. hr.
Location : FACE TO FACE AND ONLINE
When : TBA
An updated lecture schedule is available.
Grading System and Examination:
The final grade will be determined by a final written examination in
addition to two midterm exams and semester’s year’s works (30%,
70%, respectively). The assignments, participation, quizzes, reports,
class activities, and attendance, will be included in the year’s work
grades.
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 29

30. Exams Dates and Assignments Rules
System of Examinations
The final mark of a given course is composed of the sum of
semester's year's work and the final exam marks, as follows;
Final Exam : 140 Marks
Semester's work : 60 Marks , which is composed as follows:
 Two written exams at the end of the first term (Fall 2022), and
the second MD will be in the middle of the second semester
(Spring 2023).
 Quizzes.
 The oral and practical exams, if exists.
 Student's performance and their capability for understanding and
participation.
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 30

31. Assignments Grading System
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 31

32. Student Attendance _ TA
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 32

33. Attendance Lectures
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 33

34. Quizzes Grades
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 34

35. Reports Grades
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 35

36. Final Exam Date and Time
AL-Azhar Uni.
Online
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 36

37. FINAL Grades
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 37

38. My Assistants: TA’s for This Course
Eng. Moustafa Elkady
XXXX@yahoo.com
XXXXXX@gmail.com
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 38

39. Thank You For
Your Attention
December 18, 2022 PEQ 202: Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties_ Qena_ Prof. Adel Salem _ Fall 2022 Class 1: 39