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CORSO AVANZATO DI
CHIRURGIA ARTROSCOPICA DI GINOCCHIO
AREZZO 19/20 SETTEMBRE 2014
Dott. Massimo De Zerbi
Dott. Nicolò Zarantonello
Divisione di Ortopedia e Traumatologia
Domus Nova - Ravenna
Villa Erbosa - Bologna
LCA:
QUALE PRELIEVO
RICOSTRUZIONE LCA
SCELTA DELL’INNESTO
V. Putti - 1919: fascia lata +/- semitendinoso
E.W. Hey Groves - 1919: fascia lata e bendelletta ileo-tibiale
G. Filippi - 1935: tecnica di Putti
F. Delitala - 1935: tecnica di Hey-Groves, di Putti, di Galeazzi
I. Palmer - 1934: suture in acuto, bendelletta ileo-tibiale
D. O’Donoghue - 1950: suture
Pochi casi
Molti insuccessi
Lunghe immobilizzazioni
Sutura/Ricostruzione
1960 - 1970
O’Donoghue DH (1973): recontruction for medial instability
of the knee: technique and results in sixty cases
JBJS Br 55-A:941-954
Nicholas JA (1973): The five one recontruction for antero
medial instability of the knee
JBJS Br 55-A: 899-922
Hugston JC, Eilers AF (1973): The role of the posterior
Oblique ligament in repair of acute medial ligament tear of
The knee
JBJS Br 55(5): 923-940
Lemaire M (1967): Ruptures anciennes du ligament croise’
anterieur. Frequence-clinique-traitement
J Chir 93: 311-320
Lemaire M (1975): Instabilite’ chronique du genou. Technique
et resultat des plasties ligmentaires en traumatologique
Sportive
J Chir 110: 281-294
ANTEROLATERAL TENODESIS
WITH FASCIA LATA
Matti H 1918
Bennet GE 1926
Bosworth DM, Bosworth BM 1936
MacIntosh DL, Darby CA 1976
Jager M, Wirth CJ 1978
Losee RE, Johnson TR, Southwick WO 1978
Ellison AE 1979
Muller W 1983
Andrew JR, Sanders RA 1983
ANTEROLATERAL TENODESIS
WITH FASCIA LATA
* + posteromedial imbrication + cast immobilization
POOR RESULTS
* Isolated anterolateral tenodesis with fascia lata
Early quite good results
Subsequent degenerative changes
Albert Trilliat Patellar Tendon
Jones
Erikson
Brukner
Insall, MacIntosh
Mc Cullogh (MacIntosh II)
Mc Cullogh
(MacIntosh III)
Marshall - MacIntosh
NEED TO RECONTRUCT THE ACL
Fascia Lata
Pre-Patellar Tendon
Pre-Patellar Tendon +
Syntetic Ligament
1980 - 2000
K Franke
1st meeting of the International Society of the Knee
Lyon - 1978
PATELLAR TENDON
GOAL STANDARD FOR ACL GRAFTS
•Plus Hoffa’s ligament
•Plus lateral tenodesis
•K-wires + extrarticular screws
•Interference screws
•Arthroscopic procedure
TECHNICAL PROBLEMS
*Passage of the bone blocks into the femoral tunnel
*Femoral tunnel outside-in vs inside-out
*Isometric femoral tunnel vs pseudo-isometric point
*Bone block dimension
*Intra-operative patellar fracture
COMPLICATIONS
*Secondary patellar fractures
*Patellar tendinitis
*Anterior Knee Pain
HAMSTRINGS GRAFT
Lipscomb AB, Jonhston RK, Synder RB, Warburton MJ, Gilbert PP
(1982)
Evaluation of Hamstring strength following use of semitendinosus and gracilis
tendons ton reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament
Am J Sports Med 10:340-342
R. Galeazzi 1934
H. Macey 1939
K. Cho 1975
Puddu JC 1980
HAMSTRINGS GRAFT
*Free or attached at its distal end
*Single (2 strands) – double (4 strands) – semitendinosus triplicate
*Graft fixation techniques
Marcacci M et al. (1998)
Arthroscopic intra and extra articular anterior cruciate ligament
reconstruction with gracilis and semitendinosus
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 6:68-75
AFTER 2000
Pivot Shift test + up to 25%
Chambat P et al. 2008
Resultat des reconstructions du ligametn croisè anterieur sous
Controle arthroscopique avec un recul superieur a 15 ans
In: Chambat P, Neyret P, Le genou et le sport du ligament al prothese.
Sauramps Medical; pp 147-152
AFTER 2000
“Anatomic ACL Reconstruction is defined as the
functional restoration of the ACL to its native
dimensions,collagen orientation and insertion sites”
AFTER 2000
Double Bundle Technique
Yasuda K et al, 2004
Anatomic reconstruction of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles
of the anterior cruciate ligament using hamstrings tendon grafts
Arthroscopy 20: 1015-1025
AFTER 2000
… and after a long period of failure
with artificial ligaments
- Bad material
- Bad textile structure
- Bad surgical technique
AFTER 2000
LARS ligament
Good material
*Terephtalate polyestere
Good structure
*Multifilament between knitted ends
ALLOGRAFT
Almqvist et al.
A long term study of anterior cruciate ligament allograft
reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2009; 17: 812-822
50 patients – 10.5 year follow-up
IKDC score 97
Graft failure rate 5.45% (all due to new significant trauma)
GRAFT CHOICE TODAY
*BPTB
*HAMSTRINGS
*ALLOGRAFT
*ARTIFICIAL LIGAMENT LARS
GRAFT CHOICE TODAY
• Biology properties
• Mechanical properties
• Fixation
• Rehabilitation
• Complication
GRAFT CHOICE TODAY
• Biology properties
• Mechanical properties
• Fixation
• Rehabilitation
• Complication
L’inserzione di un tendine o di un legamento all’osso è diretta o
indiretta:
- L’inserzione diretta è rappresentata da un’interfaccia a quattro
strati di tendine, fibrocartilagine, fibrocartilagine mineralizzata e
osso (questo è già presente in un trapianto di Rotuleo)
- L’inserzione indiretta è rappresentata da fibre di Sharpey legate
al periostio
Tendine Rotuleo
In uno studio su ratti è stato descritto un’incorporazione del trapianto prima delle
6 settimane con un ristabilirsi dei 4 strati di inserzione tra i 6 ed i 9 mesi
Schiavone et al. 1993
St e Gr
In modelli animali la formazione di un’inserzione indiretta con aderenza del
trapianto al muro del tunnel con fibre di Sharpey avveniva in 6 settimane
Mediante test alla trazione si osservava che il tendine non cedeva dopo
le 12 settimane
Blickenstaff et al. 1997
BIOLOGIA
BIOLOGIA
L’integrazione sembra più corta per l’interfaccia osso-osso (6 settimane)
che per quella osso-tendine (8 settimane)
Jomha et al. 1993
Kurosaka et al. 1997
Kohn et al. 1994
Lambert et al. 1983
Il destino degli autotrapianti
4 stadi di ligamentizzazione:
• Primi 2 mesi: stadio iniziale di ripopolazione cellulare (fibroblasti e
morfologia attiva nucleare)
• Successivi 10 mesi: rapido rimodellamento (aumento marcato dei
fibroblasti, neovascolarizzazione)
• Successivi 2 anni: stadio della maturazione della matrice collagene
• Dal 3^ anno l’innesto è ligamentizzazto in tutti gli aspetti istologici
esaminati
Rougraff et al 1993
• Biology properties
• Mechanical properties
• Fixation
• Rehabilitation
• Complication
GRAFT CHOICE TODAY
Confronto tra rigidità del LCA,
Rotuleo di 10 mm e ST-Gr
PROPIETA’ MECCANICHE
PROPIETA’ MECCANICHE
Confronto fra i massimi carichi dei vari tessuti
PROPIETA’ MECCANICHE
LCA
Resistenza: 2160 N
Rigidità: 242 N/mm
Woo et al 1993
Tendine Rotuleo
Resistenza: 2977 N
Rigidità: 455 N/mm
Cooper et al 1993
ST- Gr
Resistenza: 4140 N
Rigidità 807
Hammer et al. 1999
PROPIETA’ MECCANICHE
Sebbene questi innesti dimostrino di essere biomeccanicamente addirittura più
validi del LCA nativo, i moderni mezzi di fissazione conferiscono minore rigidità e
resistenza
… la resistenza ultima dell’innesto dipende dalla scelta del sistema di fissazione
e dall’effetto dei carichi ciclici
To et al. 1999, Giurea et al. 1999
• Biology properties
• Mechanical properties
• Fixation
• Rehabilitation
• Complication
GRAFT CHOICE TODAY
• Biology properties
• Mechanical properties
• Fixation
• Rehabilitation
• Complication
GRAFT CHOICE TODAY
A tutt’oggi non esistono differenze nel protocollo riabilitativo collegate
alla scelta di questi innesti. Tuttavia va sottolineato che:
I problemi riabilitativi possono derivare da problemi collegati al sito donatore
* Dolore anteriore di ginocchio con ST-Gr: 3-21%
* Dolore anteriore di ginocchio con Rotuleo: 12-40%
* Non problemi collegati alla flessione usando St e Gr
* Lesioni Iatrogene del nervo Safeno più frequenti con ST – Gr
Liposome et al 1982
Innesto di ST – Gr richiede minore supervisione con minori complicanze gravi come
l’artrofibrosi o il dolore persistente
Di contro la più rapida incorporazione dell’innesto di rotuleo nei tunnel
potenzialmente garantisce meno problemi con la riabilitazione precoce
Bartlett et al. 2001
La forza del quadricipite dopo ricostruzione del LCA con rotuleo
è oggetto di dibattito
• Significativa riduzione (Rosenberg et al. 1992, Simonian et al. 2000, Shelbourne
et al 2000)
• E’ attribuita al prelievo dell’innesto (Rosenberg et al 1992)
Non differernza significativa di riduzione della forza del quadricipite utilizzando
auto-graft o allo-graft
Lephart et al 1993, Strimghan et al 1996
• Biology properties
• Mechanical properties
• Fixation
• Rehabilitation
• Complication
GRAFT CHOICE TODAY
COMPLICATIONS
GRAFT FAILURES
Surgical technique: 77% - 95% Wetzler et al. 1998
Scepsis et al 1995
• Wrong tunnel position 70 – 80% Getelman et al. 1998
• Insufficient graft strain
• Insufficient graft fixation
Wojtys 1994
Vergis et al. 1995
Getelman et al. 1998
Wetzler et al. 1998
Levy et al 1998
Petsche et al. 1999
Biologyc failure: 0.3% Williams et al. 1997
COMPLICATIONS
GRAFT FAILURES
Traumatic Failure
* Early traumatic failure - aggressive rehabilitation
- post-op stifness
* Late traumatic failure due to an efficient trauma after
complete graft healing (5-43%)
Getelman et al 1999
(consider technical mistakes)
COMPLICATIONS
GRAFT FAILURES
Patellar Fractures
Technical surgical mistakes
Early fracture (intra-op)
Late fracture (during rehab.)
Christen et al. JBJS 1992. Vol 74-B, No 4; 617-619
490 cases in 10 years
- 6 early fractures
- 3 late fractures
COMPLICATIONS
GRAFT FAILURES
Unknown or underestimated associated lesions
* LCM
* LCL
* PAPI
* PAPE
* Varus knee
* Meniscal lesions/suture
GRAFT HARVESTING
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
BPTB
Frequent Surgical Mistakes
* Bone block fracture
* Underdimensioned
bone blocks
*Patellar Fracture
GRAFT HARVESTING
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
HAMSTRINGS
Infrapatellar branch of Safeno nerve
Medial branch of Safeno nerve
BPBT
ADVANTAGES
• Stiffness
• Rigid bone fixation
• Long term follow-up
DISADVANTAGES
• Loss of motion
• Extensor deficit
• Morbidity (anterior Knee pain)
• Risk of patellar fracture
• Risk of patellar tendon lesion
McCarrell 1983
Bonomo 1984
Johnson 1984
Tibone 1988
Sachs 1989
Rosemberg 1992
Re 1993
Lephart 1993
Aglietti 1994
Callaway 1994
Friedman 1997
HAMSTRINGS
ADVANTAGES
• Ease of harvesting
• Ease of tunnel passage
• Low morbidity
• Less compromise of knee function
• Versatility in combined lesions
• Ease of rehabilitation
• Adolescent
DISADVANTAGES
• Soft tissue fixation
• Int rotation weakness
• Small if single strand?
Lipscomb 1982
Marder 1991
Moyer 1992
Cross 1992
Rosemberg 1997
Marcacci 1999
Erikkson 1999
Over-the-top technique
with hamstring graft (attached single strand)
in adolescent
ALLOGRAFT
• Achilles Tendon
• Tibialis anterior or posterior
• BPTB
• Hamstrings
• Fascia Lata
• Peroneus Longus
Accurate steps in tissue procurement
• Donor Screening
• Aseptic processing
• Sterilization
• Storage
Certified
Tissue Bank
Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute
Tissue Bank
Fresh Frozen
Stored at – 80 °C
ALLOGRAFT
ADVANTAGES
• Reduce op. time
• No joint morbidity/smaller incisione
• Different sizes
• (Easy available)
• Ease of rehabilitation
• Less post-op pain
• Quick strength recovery
• Reinnervation
Shino 1988
Lephart 1993
Harner 1996
Noyes 1996
Jackson 1997
Fu 1997
Siebold 2003
Dillingham 2004
Mandelbaum 2004
Poehling 2005
ALLOGRAFT
DISADVANTAGES
• Immunoreaction
• Costs
• Desease transmission
• Remodelling
• Loosening at long follow-up
• Positive culture/no infection
• Higher failure rate
Shino 1988
Lephart 1993
Harner 1996
Noyes 1996
Jackson 1997
Fu 1997
Siebold 2003
Dillingham 2004
Mandelbaum 2004
Poehling 2005
- Immunoresponse in 35% with no clinical symptoms
- Viral/Bacterial infections
(2 Clostridium Sordellii complications in 2001)
Harner 2003
- Positive Culture does not correlate with clinical infections
Lubowitz 2006
Graft Incorporation
- Follow similar course to autograft tissue
- Cellular repopulation, revascularization and collagen remodelling more
slowly
Jackson 1994 Arnoczky 1986 Lee 2004 Scheffer 2006
ALLOGRAFT CLINICAL RESULTS
LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP
Slightly increased laxity at 14 years
Westerbride 2002
Comparable results at 8-10 years
Almqvist 2006
Comparable results at 8-14 years
Harner 2006
ALLOGRAFT COST
•Significantly less expensive then autograft
•Reduce operative room time
•Reduce hospitalization
4622 $
ALLOGRAFT
5694
AUTOGRAFT
Cole 2005
Synthetic Ligament
L.A.R.S.
Develop wich ideally have:
• No risk
• No donor morbidity
• No desease transmission
• Long shelf-life
• Simple storage
• Quick rehabilitation
First and Second generation
- Early Breakage
- Elongation
- Wear, fraying
- Wear debris and
catastrophic synovitis
Leeds-Keio
Dacron
Proflex
Ligastic
- Bad material
- Bad textile structure
- Bad surgical technique
Third generation
L.A.R.S.
The third generation of synthetics have different indications from conventional
graft choice.
The design rationale is that the synthetic is used to augment the healing of a
freshly injured ACL.
… The results of first and second generation ligaments are not applicable to
third generation ligaments due to a substantial re-design
Shaerf et al. 2014
Overall failure in 675 LARS ACL reconstruction: 2.5%
Synovitis only in one case
Newman et al. 2013
220 cases of LARS ACL reconstruction
3 infection (1.4%)
9 ligament ruptures (4.1%)
Returne to full sports 83%
Dericks 1995
159 cases LARS ACL reconstruction
94% of patients achieved IKDC grade A or B
Re-rupture rate 1.9%
Gao et al. 2010
CONCLUSIONS
BPBT HAMSTRINGS ALLOGRAFT L.A.R.S.
Good data to support all of them
BPBT: donor site morbidity/graft stability and return high level sports
Hamstrings: fewer donor site morbidity/versatility
Allograft: higher re-ruptires rate/Costs/multiligament deficiencies/revision
surgery no donor site morbidity
LARS: recent good results/no donor site morbidity/multiligament reconstruction/
Costs/timing surgery
CONCLUSIONS
Graft choice
after an educated discussione with the patient
Requirements and expectations
Donor morbidity
Speed of rehabilitation
Surgeons personal experience
Surgical units experience
Access to graft options
Inform the patient of the difference and our personal results
with each graft options
CONCLUSIONS
my personal choice
ACL LESION
HAMSTRINGS WITH ENDOBUTTON OR BIOTRANSFIX FEMORAL
FIXATION AND INTERFERENCE SCREWS + 1 STAPLE FOR TIBIAL
FIXATION
REVISION OR COMBINED LESIONS
HAMSTRINGS AND/OR ALLOGRAFT
LCA innesto

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LCA innesto

  • 1. CORSO AVANZATO DI CHIRURGIA ARTROSCOPICA DI GINOCCHIO AREZZO 19/20 SETTEMBRE 2014 Dott. Massimo De Zerbi Dott. Nicolò Zarantonello Divisione di Ortopedia e Traumatologia Domus Nova - Ravenna Villa Erbosa - Bologna LCA: QUALE PRELIEVO
  • 3. V. Putti - 1919: fascia lata +/- semitendinoso E.W. Hey Groves - 1919: fascia lata e bendelletta ileo-tibiale G. Filippi - 1935: tecnica di Putti F. Delitala - 1935: tecnica di Hey-Groves, di Putti, di Galeazzi I. Palmer - 1934: suture in acuto, bendelletta ileo-tibiale D. O’Donoghue - 1950: suture Pochi casi Molti insuccessi Lunghe immobilizzazioni Sutura/Ricostruzione
  • 4. 1960 - 1970 O’Donoghue DH (1973): recontruction for medial instability of the knee: technique and results in sixty cases JBJS Br 55-A:941-954 Nicholas JA (1973): The five one recontruction for antero medial instability of the knee JBJS Br 55-A: 899-922 Hugston JC, Eilers AF (1973): The role of the posterior Oblique ligament in repair of acute medial ligament tear of The knee JBJS Br 55(5): 923-940
  • 5. Lemaire M (1967): Ruptures anciennes du ligament croise’ anterieur. Frequence-clinique-traitement J Chir 93: 311-320 Lemaire M (1975): Instabilite’ chronique du genou. Technique et resultat des plasties ligmentaires en traumatologique Sportive J Chir 110: 281-294 ANTEROLATERAL TENODESIS WITH FASCIA LATA
  • 6. Matti H 1918 Bennet GE 1926 Bosworth DM, Bosworth BM 1936 MacIntosh DL, Darby CA 1976 Jager M, Wirth CJ 1978 Losee RE, Johnson TR, Southwick WO 1978 Ellison AE 1979 Muller W 1983 Andrew JR, Sanders RA 1983
  • 7. ANTEROLATERAL TENODESIS WITH FASCIA LATA * + posteromedial imbrication + cast immobilization POOR RESULTS * Isolated anterolateral tenodesis with fascia lata Early quite good results Subsequent degenerative changes
  • 8. Albert Trilliat Patellar Tendon Jones Erikson Brukner Insall, MacIntosh Mc Cullogh (MacIntosh II) Mc Cullogh (MacIntosh III) Marshall - MacIntosh NEED TO RECONTRUCT THE ACL Fascia Lata Pre-Patellar Tendon Pre-Patellar Tendon + Syntetic Ligament
  • 9. 1980 - 2000 K Franke 1st meeting of the International Society of the Knee Lyon - 1978 PATELLAR TENDON GOAL STANDARD FOR ACL GRAFTS •Plus Hoffa’s ligament •Plus lateral tenodesis •K-wires + extrarticular screws •Interference screws •Arthroscopic procedure
  • 10. TECHNICAL PROBLEMS *Passage of the bone blocks into the femoral tunnel *Femoral tunnel outside-in vs inside-out *Isometric femoral tunnel vs pseudo-isometric point *Bone block dimension *Intra-operative patellar fracture COMPLICATIONS *Secondary patellar fractures *Patellar tendinitis *Anterior Knee Pain
  • 11. HAMSTRINGS GRAFT Lipscomb AB, Jonhston RK, Synder RB, Warburton MJ, Gilbert PP (1982) Evaluation of Hamstring strength following use of semitendinosus and gracilis tendons ton reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament Am J Sports Med 10:340-342 R. Galeazzi 1934 H. Macey 1939 K. Cho 1975 Puddu JC 1980
  • 12. HAMSTRINGS GRAFT *Free or attached at its distal end *Single (2 strands) – double (4 strands) – semitendinosus triplicate *Graft fixation techniques Marcacci M et al. (1998) Arthroscopic intra and extra articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with gracilis and semitendinosus Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 6:68-75
  • 13. AFTER 2000 Pivot Shift test + up to 25% Chambat P et al. 2008 Resultat des reconstructions du ligametn croisè anterieur sous Controle arthroscopique avec un recul superieur a 15 ans In: Chambat P, Neyret P, Le genou et le sport du ligament al prothese. Sauramps Medical; pp 147-152
  • 14. AFTER 2000 “Anatomic ACL Reconstruction is defined as the functional restoration of the ACL to its native dimensions,collagen orientation and insertion sites”
  • 15. AFTER 2000 Double Bundle Technique Yasuda K et al, 2004 Anatomic reconstruction of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament using hamstrings tendon grafts Arthroscopy 20: 1015-1025
  • 16. AFTER 2000 … and after a long period of failure with artificial ligaments - Bad material - Bad textile structure - Bad surgical technique
  • 18. LARS ligament Good material *Terephtalate polyestere Good structure *Multifilament between knitted ends
  • 19. ALLOGRAFT Almqvist et al. A long term study of anterior cruciate ligament allograft reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2009; 17: 812-822 50 patients – 10.5 year follow-up IKDC score 97 Graft failure rate 5.45% (all due to new significant trauma)
  • 21. GRAFT CHOICE TODAY • Biology properties • Mechanical properties • Fixation • Rehabilitation • Complication
  • 22. GRAFT CHOICE TODAY • Biology properties • Mechanical properties • Fixation • Rehabilitation • Complication
  • 23. L’inserzione di un tendine o di un legamento all’osso è diretta o indiretta: - L’inserzione diretta è rappresentata da un’interfaccia a quattro strati di tendine, fibrocartilagine, fibrocartilagine mineralizzata e osso (questo è già presente in un trapianto di Rotuleo) - L’inserzione indiretta è rappresentata da fibre di Sharpey legate al periostio Tendine Rotuleo In uno studio su ratti è stato descritto un’incorporazione del trapianto prima delle 6 settimane con un ristabilirsi dei 4 strati di inserzione tra i 6 ed i 9 mesi Schiavone et al. 1993 St e Gr In modelli animali la formazione di un’inserzione indiretta con aderenza del trapianto al muro del tunnel con fibre di Sharpey avveniva in 6 settimane Mediante test alla trazione si osservava che il tendine non cedeva dopo le 12 settimane Blickenstaff et al. 1997 BIOLOGIA
  • 24. BIOLOGIA L’integrazione sembra più corta per l’interfaccia osso-osso (6 settimane) che per quella osso-tendine (8 settimane) Jomha et al. 1993 Kurosaka et al. 1997 Kohn et al. 1994 Lambert et al. 1983 Il destino degli autotrapianti 4 stadi di ligamentizzazione: • Primi 2 mesi: stadio iniziale di ripopolazione cellulare (fibroblasti e morfologia attiva nucleare) • Successivi 10 mesi: rapido rimodellamento (aumento marcato dei fibroblasti, neovascolarizzazione) • Successivi 2 anni: stadio della maturazione della matrice collagene • Dal 3^ anno l’innesto è ligamentizzazto in tutti gli aspetti istologici esaminati Rougraff et al 1993
  • 25. • Biology properties • Mechanical properties • Fixation • Rehabilitation • Complication GRAFT CHOICE TODAY
  • 26. Confronto tra rigidità del LCA, Rotuleo di 10 mm e ST-Gr PROPIETA’ MECCANICHE
  • 27. PROPIETA’ MECCANICHE Confronto fra i massimi carichi dei vari tessuti
  • 28. PROPIETA’ MECCANICHE LCA Resistenza: 2160 N Rigidità: 242 N/mm Woo et al 1993 Tendine Rotuleo Resistenza: 2977 N Rigidità: 455 N/mm Cooper et al 1993 ST- Gr Resistenza: 4140 N Rigidità 807 Hammer et al. 1999
  • 29. PROPIETA’ MECCANICHE Sebbene questi innesti dimostrino di essere biomeccanicamente addirittura più validi del LCA nativo, i moderni mezzi di fissazione conferiscono minore rigidità e resistenza … la resistenza ultima dell’innesto dipende dalla scelta del sistema di fissazione e dall’effetto dei carichi ciclici To et al. 1999, Giurea et al. 1999
  • 30. • Biology properties • Mechanical properties • Fixation • Rehabilitation • Complication GRAFT CHOICE TODAY
  • 31. • Biology properties • Mechanical properties • Fixation • Rehabilitation • Complication GRAFT CHOICE TODAY
  • 32. A tutt’oggi non esistono differenze nel protocollo riabilitativo collegate alla scelta di questi innesti. Tuttavia va sottolineato che: I problemi riabilitativi possono derivare da problemi collegati al sito donatore * Dolore anteriore di ginocchio con ST-Gr: 3-21% * Dolore anteriore di ginocchio con Rotuleo: 12-40% * Non problemi collegati alla flessione usando St e Gr * Lesioni Iatrogene del nervo Safeno più frequenti con ST – Gr Liposome et al 1982 Innesto di ST – Gr richiede minore supervisione con minori complicanze gravi come l’artrofibrosi o il dolore persistente Di contro la più rapida incorporazione dell’innesto di rotuleo nei tunnel potenzialmente garantisce meno problemi con la riabilitazione precoce Bartlett et al. 2001
  • 33. La forza del quadricipite dopo ricostruzione del LCA con rotuleo è oggetto di dibattito • Significativa riduzione (Rosenberg et al. 1992, Simonian et al. 2000, Shelbourne et al 2000) • E’ attribuita al prelievo dell’innesto (Rosenberg et al 1992) Non differernza significativa di riduzione della forza del quadricipite utilizzando auto-graft o allo-graft Lephart et al 1993, Strimghan et al 1996
  • 34. • Biology properties • Mechanical properties • Fixation • Rehabilitation • Complication GRAFT CHOICE TODAY
  • 35. COMPLICATIONS GRAFT FAILURES Surgical technique: 77% - 95% Wetzler et al. 1998 Scepsis et al 1995 • Wrong tunnel position 70 – 80% Getelman et al. 1998 • Insufficient graft strain • Insufficient graft fixation Wojtys 1994 Vergis et al. 1995 Getelman et al. 1998 Wetzler et al. 1998 Levy et al 1998 Petsche et al. 1999
  • 36. Biologyc failure: 0.3% Williams et al. 1997 COMPLICATIONS GRAFT FAILURES Traumatic Failure * Early traumatic failure - aggressive rehabilitation - post-op stifness * Late traumatic failure due to an efficient trauma after complete graft healing (5-43%) Getelman et al 1999 (consider technical mistakes)
  • 37. COMPLICATIONS GRAFT FAILURES Patellar Fractures Technical surgical mistakes Early fracture (intra-op) Late fracture (during rehab.) Christen et al. JBJS 1992. Vol 74-B, No 4; 617-619 490 cases in 10 years - 6 early fractures - 3 late fractures
  • 38. COMPLICATIONS GRAFT FAILURES Unknown or underestimated associated lesions * LCM * LCL * PAPI * PAPE * Varus knee * Meniscal lesions/suture
  • 40.
  • 41. Frequent Surgical Mistakes * Bone block fracture * Underdimensioned bone blocks *Patellar Fracture
  • 42. GRAFT HARVESTING SURGICAL TECHNIQUE HAMSTRINGS Infrapatellar branch of Safeno nerve Medial branch of Safeno nerve
  • 43.
  • 44. BPBT ADVANTAGES • Stiffness • Rigid bone fixation • Long term follow-up DISADVANTAGES • Loss of motion • Extensor deficit • Morbidity (anterior Knee pain) • Risk of patellar fracture • Risk of patellar tendon lesion McCarrell 1983 Bonomo 1984 Johnson 1984 Tibone 1988 Sachs 1989 Rosemberg 1992 Re 1993 Lephart 1993 Aglietti 1994 Callaway 1994 Friedman 1997
  • 45. HAMSTRINGS ADVANTAGES • Ease of harvesting • Ease of tunnel passage • Low morbidity • Less compromise of knee function • Versatility in combined lesions • Ease of rehabilitation • Adolescent DISADVANTAGES • Soft tissue fixation • Int rotation weakness • Small if single strand? Lipscomb 1982 Marder 1991 Moyer 1992 Cross 1992 Rosemberg 1997 Marcacci 1999 Erikkson 1999
  • 46. Over-the-top technique with hamstring graft (attached single strand) in adolescent
  • 47. ALLOGRAFT • Achilles Tendon • Tibialis anterior or posterior • BPTB • Hamstrings • Fascia Lata • Peroneus Longus
  • 48. Accurate steps in tissue procurement • Donor Screening • Aseptic processing • Sterilization • Storage Certified Tissue Bank Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute Tissue Bank Fresh Frozen Stored at – 80 °C
  • 49. ALLOGRAFT ADVANTAGES • Reduce op. time • No joint morbidity/smaller incisione • Different sizes • (Easy available) • Ease of rehabilitation • Less post-op pain • Quick strength recovery • Reinnervation Shino 1988 Lephart 1993 Harner 1996 Noyes 1996 Jackson 1997 Fu 1997 Siebold 2003 Dillingham 2004 Mandelbaum 2004 Poehling 2005
  • 50. ALLOGRAFT DISADVANTAGES • Immunoreaction • Costs • Desease transmission • Remodelling • Loosening at long follow-up • Positive culture/no infection • Higher failure rate Shino 1988 Lephart 1993 Harner 1996 Noyes 1996 Jackson 1997 Fu 1997 Siebold 2003 Dillingham 2004 Mandelbaum 2004 Poehling 2005
  • 51. - Immunoresponse in 35% with no clinical symptoms - Viral/Bacterial infections (2 Clostridium Sordellii complications in 2001) Harner 2003 - Positive Culture does not correlate with clinical infections Lubowitz 2006 Graft Incorporation - Follow similar course to autograft tissue - Cellular repopulation, revascularization and collagen remodelling more slowly Jackson 1994 Arnoczky 1986 Lee 2004 Scheffer 2006
  • 52. ALLOGRAFT CLINICAL RESULTS LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP Slightly increased laxity at 14 years Westerbride 2002 Comparable results at 8-10 years Almqvist 2006 Comparable results at 8-14 years Harner 2006
  • 53. ALLOGRAFT COST •Significantly less expensive then autograft •Reduce operative room time •Reduce hospitalization 4622 $ ALLOGRAFT 5694 AUTOGRAFT Cole 2005
  • 54. Synthetic Ligament L.A.R.S. Develop wich ideally have: • No risk • No donor morbidity • No desease transmission • Long shelf-life • Simple storage • Quick rehabilitation
  • 55. First and Second generation - Early Breakage - Elongation - Wear, fraying - Wear debris and catastrophic synovitis Leeds-Keio Dacron Proflex Ligastic - Bad material - Bad textile structure - Bad surgical technique
  • 56. Third generation L.A.R.S. The third generation of synthetics have different indications from conventional graft choice. The design rationale is that the synthetic is used to augment the healing of a freshly injured ACL. … The results of first and second generation ligaments are not applicable to third generation ligaments due to a substantial re-design Shaerf et al. 2014
  • 57. Overall failure in 675 LARS ACL reconstruction: 2.5% Synovitis only in one case Newman et al. 2013 220 cases of LARS ACL reconstruction 3 infection (1.4%) 9 ligament ruptures (4.1%) Returne to full sports 83% Dericks 1995 159 cases LARS ACL reconstruction 94% of patients achieved IKDC grade A or B Re-rupture rate 1.9% Gao et al. 2010
  • 58. CONCLUSIONS BPBT HAMSTRINGS ALLOGRAFT L.A.R.S. Good data to support all of them BPBT: donor site morbidity/graft stability and return high level sports Hamstrings: fewer donor site morbidity/versatility Allograft: higher re-ruptires rate/Costs/multiligament deficiencies/revision surgery no donor site morbidity LARS: recent good results/no donor site morbidity/multiligament reconstruction/ Costs/timing surgery
  • 59. CONCLUSIONS Graft choice after an educated discussione with the patient Requirements and expectations Donor morbidity Speed of rehabilitation Surgeons personal experience Surgical units experience Access to graft options Inform the patient of the difference and our personal results with each graft options
  • 60. CONCLUSIONS my personal choice ACL LESION HAMSTRINGS WITH ENDOBUTTON OR BIOTRANSFIX FEMORAL FIXATION AND INTERFERENCE SCREWS + 1 STAPLE FOR TIBIAL FIXATION REVISION OR COMBINED LESIONS HAMSTRINGS AND/OR ALLOGRAFT