2. ALDEHYDES
Is a group of organic compounds that have 1 hydrogen atoms
attached to the carbonyl group. It has a general formula
R−CH=O. The functional group itself (without the "R" side chain)
can be referred to as an aldehyde but can also be classified
as a formyl group
Examples are:
3. KETONES
KETONE IS A GROUP OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE 2
ALKYL GROUPS (SERIES OF CARBON ATOMS) ATTACHED TO THE
CARBONYL GROUP.
IT HAS A GENERAL FORMULA R-CO-R OR
EXAMPLES OF KETONES:
4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF ALDEHYDES
ALDEHYDES ARE MEMBERS OF A CLASS OF ORGANIC
CHEMICAL COMPOSITES REPRESENTED BY THE GENERAL
STRUCTURAL FORMULA R-CHO. R MAY BE HYDROGEN OR A
HYDROCARBON REVOLUTIONARY – SUBSTITUTED OR
UNSUBSTITUTED.
NUMEROUS ALDEHYDES ARE UNPREDICTABLE, IGNITABLE
LIQUIDS WHICH AT NORMAL ROOM TEMPERATURE FORM
VAPOUR IN EXPLOSIVE ATTENTION. FIRE AND EXPLOSION
PREVENTIVES MUST BE MOST RIGOROUS IN THE CASE OF
THE LOWER MEMBERS OF THE ALDEHYDE FAMILY AND
SAFEGUARDS WITH RESPECT TO IRRITANT PROPERTIES
MUST ALSO BE MOST EXPANSIVE FOR THE LOWER MEMBERS
AND FOR THOSE WITH AN UNSATURATED OR SUBSTITUTED
CHAIN.
5. Formaldehyde is used as a detergent
and as a preservative for natural
specimens.
Aldehyde is used for silvering glasses.
Formaldehyde is used for the product of
a variety of plastics and resins.
Benzaldehyde is used in perfumery and
in the dye (colour) industry.
Uses of Aldehydes
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6. Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
and Ketones
and Ketones
and Ketones
physical properties
physical properties
physical properties
1. Physical State
Methanal is a pungent-smelling gas.
Ethanol is an unpredictable liquid.
Other aldehydes and ketones
continuing up to eleven carbon
electrons are tintless liquids while
still advanced members are solids.
2. SMELL (ODOUR)
Except for the lower carbon aldehydes, which have unwelcome
odours, all other aldehydes and ketones generally have an
affable smell. As the size of the aldehyde and ketone patch
increases, the odour becomes lower-pungent and more
ambrosial. In fact, numerous naturally occurring aldehydes and
ketones have been used in the blending of scents and spicing
agents.
7. 3. Solubility
Aldehydes and ketones up to four carbon electrons
are miscible with water. This is due to the presence
of hydrogen bond association between the polar
carbonyl group and water motes as shown below
Still, the solubility of aldehydes and ketones in water
decreases fleetly by adding the length of the alkyl
chain ( carbon chain). As a result, the advanced
members with further than four carbon electrons are
virtually undoable in water. All aldehydes and
ketones are answerable in organic detergents (like
dissolves like) similar to benzene, ether, chloroform,
and alcohol.
4. Boiling Point
The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are
more advanced than those of non-polar
composites (hydrocarbons) or weakly polar
composites of similar molecular millions. Still,
their boiling point is lower than those of
corresponding alcohols or carboxylic acids. This
is because aldehydes and ketones are polar
composites having sufficient intermolecular
(between the motes) dipole-dipole relations
between the contrary ends of carbonyl dipoles.
9. The chemical properties of aldehydes and ketones are due to the polar carbonyl group present in their
motes.
1. The reaction of aldehydes and ketones With Hydrogen Cyanide
Both aldehydes and ketones reply with hydrogen cyanide to form a
fresh product known as cyanohydrins. The Reaction of aldehydes
and ketones is carried out in the presence of an acid catalyst similar
to aluminium chloride at a high temperature.
10. 2. The reaction of ketones and aldehydes With Sodium
Bisulphite
Both aldehydes and ketones form liquid addition
composites called bisulfite adducts when treated with
an impregnated result of sodium bisulphite. The result
is boiled to drive off the redundant bisulphite and the
product is also formed.
11. 3. The reaction of aldehydes and ketones With Grignard Reagents
Aldehydes and ketones reply with a Grignard reagent to form fresh
products. When the fresh product is hydrolyzed by water, it gives alcohol.
For illustration, ethanol reacts with redundant Grignard reagent to give a
fresh product called diethyl ether. Hydrolysis of this fresh product gives
ethanol.
12. 4. The reaction of aldehydes and ketones With Alcohols
Aldehydes reply with alcohols in the presence of dry HCl
gas to give gem-dialkoxy composites. These composites
are called acetals.
14. Ketones are organic composites that have the functional group C =O and the structure R- (C =O )-R’.
These carbonyl composites have carbon-containing substituents on both sides of the carbon-oxygen double bond. The carbonyl
carbon of the ketone group is sp2 hybridized. The structure of ketones is often known as a trigonal planar centred around the
carbonyl carbon. The bond angles of this structure are approximate 1200. Since the carbon-oxygen bond makes the carbonyl group
polar (oxygen is further electron-withdrawing than carbon), ketones tend to be nucleophilic at the oxygen snippet and electrophilic
at the carbon snippet.
Ketones are mass-produced industrially for their use as detergents, medicinals, and as precursors for polymers.
Some of the important ketones are methyl ethyl ketone (usually known as butanone), acetone and cyclohexanone.
18. Propanone is used to make polymers for illustration perspex.
Ketones are used as detergents and as a starting material for the conflation of numerous
organic composites.
Acetone and ethyl methyl ketone is substantially used as artificial detergents.
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