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1. Seeley’s
ESSENTIALS OF
Anatomy &
Physiology
Tenth Edition
Cinnamon Vanputte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables
pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

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Chapter 7
Muscular System
Lecture Outline

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Types of Muscles
Skeletal
attached to bones
striated
voluntarily controlled
Cardiac
located in the heart
striated
involuntarily controlled

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Types of Muscles
Smooth
Located in blood vessels, hollow
organs
Non-striated
involuntarily controlled

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Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscles
Characteristics Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Body location Attached to bones
or, for some facial
muscles to skin
Walls of the heart Mostly in walls
of hollow
visceral organs
Cell shape and
appearance
Single, very long,
cylindrical, multi-
nucleate cells with
very obvious
striations
Branching chains of
cells; uninucleate,
striations;
intercalated discs
Single, fusiform,
uninucleate, no
striations
Connective tissue
components
Epimysium,
perimysium, and
endomysium
Endomysium
attached to the
fibrous skeleton of
the heart
Endomysium
Regulation of
contraction
Voluntary, via
nervous system
control
Involuntary; the
heart has pacemaker;
nervous system
control; hormone
Involuntary;
nervous system
controls;
hormones,
chemicals

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Characteristics Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Speed of
Contraction
Slow to fast slow Very slow
Rhythmic
contraction
No Yes Yes, in some

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The Muscular System
Functions
 Movement
 Maintain posture
 Respiration
 Production of body heat
 Communication
 Heart beat
 Contraction of organs and
vessels
Figure 7.1

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Properties of Muscles
Contractility
 the ability of muscle to shorten forcefully,
or contract
Excitability
 the capacity of muscle to respond to a
stimulus

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Properties of Muscles
Extensibility
 ability to be stretched beyond it normal
resting length and still be able to contract
Elasticity
 ability of the muscle to recoil to its original
resting length after it has been stretched

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Skeletal Muscle Structure1
 Skeletal muscle, or striated muscle, with its
associated connective tissue, constitutes
approximately 40% of body weight.
 Skeletal muscle is so named because they are
attached to the skeletal system.
 Some skeletal muscles attach to the skin or
connective tissue sheets.

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Skeletal Muscle Structure2
 Skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle
because transverse bands, or striations.

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Connective Tissue Coverings
 Epimysium a connective tissue sheath that
surround each skeletal muscle
 A skeletal muscle is subdivided into groups of
muscle cells, termed fascicles.
 Perimysium -surround the fascicle.
 Endomysium - surround each skeletal muscle
cell (fiber)

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Muscle Fiber Structure1
 a single cylindrical cell, with several nuclei
located at its periphery.
 It range in length 1 cm to 30 cm and are
generally 0.15 mm in diameter.
 Skeletal muscle fibers contain several nuclei
that are located at the periphery of the fiber.
 The sarcolemma (cell membrane) has many
tubelike inward folds, called transverse
tubules, or T tubules.

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Muscle Fiber Structure2
 T tubules occur at regular intervals along the
muscle fiber and extend into the center of the
muscle fiber.
 The T tubules are associated with enlarged
portions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
called the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
 The enlarged portions are called terminal
cisternae.
 T tubules connect the sarcolemma to the terminal
cisternae to form a muscle triad.

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Muscle Fiber Structure3
 Sarcoplasm it the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
which contains many bundles of protein
filaments.
 Myofibrils are bundles of protein filaments.
 Myofibrils consist of the myofilaments, actin
and myosin.

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Muscles of the Head and Neck
 Facial muscles,
 Mastication or chewing tongue
 Swallowing muscles
 Eyes muscles
 head and neck muscles

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Figure 8.14

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Facial Muscles
BUCCINATOR
 Wall of the cheeks
 flattens the cheek (as in whistling or blowing
a trumpet)
 “Kissing Muscle or Trumpeter’s muscle
 Compresses cheek to hold food teeth

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Depressor anguli oris
 Lower corners of mouth/depresses the corner
of mouth
Levator Labii superioris
 Elevates one side of the upper lip
OccipitoFrontalis
 Moves scalp, raises eyebrows, and to wrinkle
your forehead

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Orbicularis oris
 closes the mouth and protrudes the lips,
 the “kissing” muscle
Orbicularis oculi
 close the eyes, squint, blink, and wink.
Zygomaticus
 the “smiling” muscle
 elevate the upper lip and corner of the
mouth.

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Muscles of Facial Expression
and Mastication
Figure 7.16
©McGraw-Hill Education/ Christine Eckel

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CHEWING MUSCLES
1. Masseter - closes the jaw by elevating and
pushing the mandible anteriorly
2. Temporalis -elevates and draws mandible
posteriorly.
3. Pterygoid
1. Lateral- pushes the mandible anteriorly and
depresses mandible, close the jaw
2. Medial- pushes the mandible anteriorly and
elevates mandible; closes the jaw

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Tongue and Swallowing Muscles
Tongue Muscles
 Intrinsic- change the shape of the tongue
 Extrinsic- moves the tongue
Hyoid Muscles
Suprahyoid (geniohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus)
 elevates or stabilized hyoid
Infrahyoid- depresses or stabilizes hyoid

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Tongue and Swallowing Muscles
Figure 7.17

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Deep Neck Muscles
1. Neck Flexors
 originate on the anterior side of the vertebra
which flex the head and neck
2. Neck Extensor
 originate on the posterior side of the vertebra
that extend the head and neck

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Sternocleidomastoid
 Individually rotate the head; together it flex
the neck
Platysma
 pull the corners of the mouth inferiorly
Trapezius
 Extends and laterally flexes the neck

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Figure 8-13b

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Figure 8.14

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Trunk Muscles
 Vertebral column,
 Thorax,
 Abdominal wall and
 Pelvic floor.

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Trunk Muscles
Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Erector Spinae
 Extends vertebral column & maintain
posture.
 Divides in 3 column; Iliocostalis,
longissimus, Spinalis.

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Deep Neck and Back Muscles
Figure 7.18

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Deep Back Muscles
 Located between spinous and transverse
processes adjacent to vertebra
 Responsible for movement of vertebral
column including extension, lateral flexion
and rotation
 torn or stretched od these muscles cause
sprain and strain.

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Thoracic Muscles
Scalenes- elevates the ribs, during
inspiration
External intercostals- elevate ribs for
inspiration
Internal intercostals- depress ribs during
forced expiration
Diaphragm- moves during quiet breathing

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Muscles of the Thorax
Figure 7.19

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Abdominal Wall Muscles1
Rectus abdominis
 center of abdomen
 compresses abdomen
External abdominal oblique
 sides of abdomen
 compresses abdomen

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Abdominal Wall Muscles2
Internal abdominal oblique
 compresses abdomen
Transverse abdominis
 compresses abdomen