WATER AND WASTE WATER ENGINEERING- DIPLOMA - GTU

1. SANITATION
SYSTEMS
SUB : WS&SE
BY : D.D.DATTANI
CHAPTER-7

2. INDEX
• IMPORTANT DEFINATION
• SANITARY WORKS
• OBJECTS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL
• FLOW CHART OF SANITARY DISPOSAL
• METHODS OF SEWAGE COLLECTION OR SANITATION
• SEWRAGE SYSTEM
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3. IMPORTANT DEFINATION
REFUSE : WHAT IS LEFT OUT/WORTHLESS,IT MAY BE
LIQUID,SOLID,SEMI SOLID WASTE
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4. IMPORTANT DEFINATION
THEY ARE DIVIDED INTO SIX CATEGORIES
GARBAGE :
• IT indicate dry refuse.it includes decay food,vegetables,leaves,waste papers,
sweepings.etc.
• it is of combustible nature
RUBBISH :
• Rubbish indicates sundry solid waste from offices, residences and other buildings.
• It also includes, waste of building material, broken furniture, paper,rags,etc.
SUB-SOIL WATER
It is the ground water that finds its entry into sewer through leaksD.D.DATTANI 4

5. GARBBAGE WASTE RUBBISH WASTE SUBSOIL WASTE
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6. IMPORTANT DEFINATION
SULLAGE
• It includes water from bathroom, kitchen, wash basin.
• It does not create bad smell since organic matters are absent in it.
SEWAGE
• It includes liquid waste, discharge from latrines, urinals, industrial waste, storm water,
sullage water etc
STROM WATER
• It indicates rain water
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7. SULLAGE SEWAGE STROM WATER
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8. IMPORTANT DEFINATION
SANITARY SEWAGE OR DOMESTIC SEWAGE
• It is the sewage obtained from the lavatory basins, urinals and water Closets Of Residential buildings.
office buildings, theatres, and other institutions. Since IT CONTAINS human excreta and wine, it is
extremely foul in nature.
NIGHT SOIL
• It is a term used to indicate the human and animal excreta.
SEWERAGE
• The entire science of collecting and carrying sewage by water carriage through sewers, is known as
sewerage.
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9. SANITARY SEWAGE OR
DOMESTIC SEWAGE
NIGHT SOIL SEWERAGE
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10. IMPORTANT DEFINATION
Waste Water
• The term waste water is now increasingly used in place of sewage. Waste includes both organic and
mineral matter carried through liquid media.
Sewer
• An underground pipe or conduit which carries sewage is called sewer
Soil Pipe
• The pipe carrying sewage from urinals, water closets etc.
Waste Pipe
• Is the pipe carrying discharge from bath rooms, kitchens, Sinks
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11. Waste Water Sewer Soil Pipe Waste Pipe
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12. IMPORTANT DEFINATION
VENT PIPE
• The pipe installed for the purpose of ventilation is known as vent pipe.
SIPHONAGE
• Water seal of traps may break due to siphonic action. This is known as onage". t is induced when water is
suddenly discharged from a fixture on the floor
ANTI-SIPHONAGE PIPE
• A pipe which is installed in the house drainage to preserve the water seal of is known as an anti
Siphonage pipe. It maintains proper ventilation and does allow the siphonic action to take place,
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13. VENT PIPE SIPHONAGE Anti-SIPHONAGE
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14. IMPORTANT DEFINATION
BACTERIA:
• These are the microscopic unicellular plants or organisms.
• These are divided three ground
• The 'aerobic bacteria’, require light and free oxygen for their existence and growth
• The 'anaerobic bacteria' do not require light and free oxygen for their existence growth
• The 'facultative bacteria can exist in presence or absence of oxygen but they grow in plenty in absence
of air.
INVERT
• The lowermost level or surface of a sewer is known as its invert.
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15. IMPORTANT DEFINATION
ORGANIC MATTER
• Living or dead, human, animal and plant matter and their waste discharges which is highly unstable and
decomposes with time.
INORGANIC MATTER
• Inert material like sand, grit, ashes, etc. which is stable with time.
SURFACE DRAIN
• Road side channels meant for collection of sullage and rainwater.
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16. SANITATION
• Sanitation is the prevention of the sporadic out break of diseases, and achieved by either controlling or
eliminating such environmental factors that contribute the transmission of diseases.
SANITARY ENGINEERING
• It is the branch of public health engineering which deals with the prevention and maintenance of health
of the individual and the community, by preventing communicable diseases
IMPORTANT DEFINATION
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17. SANITARY WORKS
Collection works Treatment works Disposal works
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18. SANITARY WORKS- COLLECTION WORKS
• This procedure is for collecting all types of waste.
• Refuse is collected separately and the sewage is collected separately
• All garbage is collecting from individual house
• Transported by vehicles for disposal in outskirt community
• The collection of domestic and industrial wastewater is best achieved by a fully developed sewerage or
water carriage system.
• The planning and design of wastewater collection facilities involves the determination of flow rate,
hydraulic design of sewers, large conduits, the selection of sewer appurtenances and pumping
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19. SANITARY WORKS-TREATMENT WORKS
• Water treatment works are required to treat the sewage before disposal so that it may not pollute the
atmosphere and the body of water in which it will be disposed off.
• If waste water is not treated, it may do the following harms
• Pollution of water supplies
• Contamination of bathing places
• Destruction of food, fish and other aquatic life.
• Creation of unpleasing sights
• Atmospheric pollution of air
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20. • The treated or untreated waste waters are disposed off in various ways by the irrigation fields,
discharging into rivers, seas, etc.
• The last stretch of trunk sewer carrying sewage to the disposal point is known as outfall sewer.
SANITARY WORKS- DISPOSAL
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21. OBJECTS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL
• To render sewage inoffensive without causing nuisance or odour.
• To dispose off human excreta to a safe place, before it starts decomposing and causing insanitary
conditions in the locality.
• To take out all kinds of waste water from the locality,
• To take out all kinds of waste water from the locality immediately after its production that mosquitoes,
flies, bacteria etc, may not breed in it and cause nuisance.
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22. OBJECTS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL
• To reduce danger to the public health by possible contamination of water supplies, bathing areas etc. In
case sewage is left undisposed
• Final disposal of sewage on land or in near by water courses after some treatment so that receiving land
or water may not get polluted.
• As possible the fertilizing elements of sewage may be used in growing crops through sewage farming
and getting some income
• In unsewered areas, the treatment of sewage from individual houses, should be done by septic tank and
the effluent should be disposed off
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23. METHODS OF SEWAGE COLLECTION OR
SANITATION
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24. METHODS OF SEWAGE COLLECTION OR
SANITATION- CONSERVANCY SYSTEM
• This method of sanititation is in practice since ancient time.
• It is adopted where no sewerage system exists.
• This system is also known as DRY SYSTEM
• In this system all sorts of refuse from community is collected separately first in dust bins or garbage vats,
which are located at suitable manually and transported over vehicles to the outskirts of the city and
disposed off by compositing ,land filling ,incretion or by dumping in the sea
• Human excreta or night soil : is collected separately in privies or conservancy latrines.
• Human agency is emplloyed in removal of these waste
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25. CONSERVANCY SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES
• Cheaper in cost
• Quantity of disposal to treatment plant is less
• As storm water is separated less chances of
blockage in sewer lines
DISADVATAGES
• Less Hygiene and sanitary aspect
• Transportation is difficult
• Labour aspect/health issue
• Building aspect
• Risk epidemic
• Pollution problem
• Cost consideration
• Disposal land requirement
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26. • IN this system collection, conveyance, and disposal pf various types of waste are carried out with help of
water.
• Thus water is used as medium to convey the waste from its point of production to the point of its final
disposal
• The sewerage is so formed that 99% is water & 1% is solid waste.
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METHODS OF SEWAGE COLLECTION OR
SANITATION- WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM

27. METHODS OF SEWAGE COLLECTION OR
SANITATION- WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES
• Hygiene and sanitary aspect
• Epidemic aspect
• Pollution aspect
• Compact in design
• Disposal land requirement
• Cost consideration
• Transport aspect
• Treatment aspect
DISADVANTAGES
• Initial cost is high
• Maintenance cost is high
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28. COMPARISION
• Unhygienic
• Lots of foul smell
• Compact house design not possible
• Large requirement of labour
• No technical person is required
• High pollution problem
• Large land requirement
• Disposal in streams create pollution
• Good quality manure can obtained
• Suitable in smaller villages
• Hygienic
• No foul smell
• Compact house deign is possible
• Small amount of labour required
• Technical person is required
• Less pollution compare to conservancy system
• Less land required
• Treated sewage can be reused
• Suitable for urban areas
• Requires high water consumption
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CONSERVANCY SYSTEM WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM

29. WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM- SEWRAGE
SYSTEM
• COMBINED SYSTEM
• SEPARATE SYSYTEM
• PARTIALLY SEPARATE SYSTEM
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30. SEWRAGE SYSTEM -
COMBINED SYSTEM
• The combined system
provides only one sewer to
carry both the foul sewage as
well as the rain water.
• The sewage and rain water are
carried to the sewage
treatment plant, before its
final disposal.
• This system is best suited in
areas having small rainfall
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31. SEWRAGE SYSTEM -COMBINED SYSTEM
ADVANTAGE
• It carries both single sewer, so construction is less
• The strength of domestic is reduced because of
dilution of storm water
• The sewer are large size and therefore the chances
of their choking are rare. Also, it is easy to clean
them
• In towns, this system is proffered
DISADVANTAGE
• Initial cost is high
• Because of large sewer , their handling and
transportation is difficult
• Due to the inclusion of the storm water, the load on
the treatment plant increase
• During heavy rains, the sewer may overflow and
may thus create unhygienic conditions
• If the whole sewage is to be disposed off by
pumping it is uneconomical
• Strom water is polluted
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32. SEWRAGE SYSTEM -
SEPERATE SYSTEM
• The separate system provides two
separate systems of sewers.
• The one intended for the
conveyance of foul sewage only;
and the other for the rain water,
including the surface washing from
certain streets, overflow from public
baths and foundations etc.
• The sewage from the first system
of sewers can be led to the
treatment works, while the flow
from the second system of sewers
can be discharged directly to natural
streams etc. without any treatment.
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33. SEWRAGE SYSTEM -SEPERATE SYSTEM
ADVANTAGE
• Size of sewer requires less
• Quantity of sewage water is treated less
• Easy ventilation
• No stream pollution
• Rain water discharge into streams without any
treatment
DISADVANTAGE
• Difficult in cleaning
• Likely to get chocked
• Initial cost is high
• Maintenance of sewer is also high
• More flushing point is required
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34. SEWRAGE SYSTEM –
PARTIALLY
SEPERATE SYSTEM
• In this system, only one set of
underground sewers is laid.
• These sewers admit the foul
sewage as well as the early
washings by rains.
• As soon as the quantity of storm
water exceeds a certain limit, the
storm water overflows, and is thus
collected and conveyed in open
drains to the natural streams.
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35. PARTIALLY SEPERATED SYSTEM
ADVANTAGE
• Size of sewer is reasonable
• It combines advantage of both separate as well as
combined
• Sullage water & rain water combines in one pipe
• Sewers are cleaned in rainy season
DIS-ADVANTAGE
• During dry flow deposition takes place
• As initial cost is included cost of pumping and
size of disposal increases
• The strom water increases load on treatment
units
• There are possiblities of over flow
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