SOUTH EAST ASIAN ARCHITECTURE

1. INDONESIA
SOUTH EAST ASIAN ARCHITECTURE

2. REGION OF INDONESIA

3. INTRODUCTION
 Indonesia reflects the diversity
of cultural, historical and geographic.
 Impact from Invaders, colonizers, missionaries,
merchants and traders.
 the most significant foreign-Indian.
 Others-Chinese, Arab, European

4. TYPE OF INDONESIAN ARCHITECTURE
1) Religious Architecture – Candi ( Buddha &
Hindu) & Mosque ( Islam )
2) Traditional & Vernacular Architecture –
Rumah Adat
3) Colonial Architecture
4) Post-Independence Architecture

5. RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE
 HINDU
- Candi are the Hindu and Buddhist temples and
sanctuaries of Indonesia
- mostly built during the 8th to 15th centuries.
- However, ancient non-religious structures such
as gates, urban ruins, and pool and bathing
places are often also called as "candi"

6. CANDI BOROBUDUR

8. CANDI BOROBUDUR
 HISTORY & GENERAL DATA
 Types of architecture: stupa and candi
 9th century Mahayana Buddhist Temple
 Location: Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia
 Client: Sailendra Dynasty
 Architect: Gunadharma
 Influence of Gupta architecture from India that
shows influence of Buddhism and Hinduism.
 Becomes one of UNESCO world heritage site as
world Monument

12. Kamadhatu Rupadhatu Arupadhatu

14. CANDI BOROBUDUR
 CHARACTERISTICS
 Consists of six square platform on base
 bottom topped by three circular platforms.
 Decorated with 2672 relief panels
 504 Buddha statues located in Bell shaped stupa
 Have one main dome (stupa) at center of top
platform surrounded with 72 Buddha statues.
 Buddhist pilgrim journey start from base and
follows a path around monument until top.
 Use for Wesak celebration.

15. RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE
 ISLAM
 MASJID
- By the fifteenth century, Islam had become the
dominant religion in Java and Sumatra, Indonesia's two
most populous islands.
- At the time, Javanese mosques took many design cues
from Hindu, Buddhist, and even Chinese
architectural influences (e.g. "Grand Mosque" in
Yogyakarta).
-

16. GRAND MOSQUE YOGYAKARTA

17. MOSQUE IN INDONESIA
 CHARACTERISTICS
 Influence: Javanese interpretation and took Hindu
heritage of Meru stepped roofs
 Features: tall timber, multi-level roofs (three tiered
pyramid roof) similar to
the pagodas of Balinese Hindu temples.
 They lacked, for example, the Islamic dome which
did not appear in Indonesia until the 19th century

18. MESJID AGUNG DEMAK, CENTRAL JAVA

19. MOSQUE IN INDONESIA

20. TRADITIONAL & VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
 Known as RUMAH ADAT
 Ethnic groups in Indonesia are often associated with
their own distinctive form of rumah adat.
 The houses are at the centre of a web of customs,
social relations, traditional laws, taboos, myths and
religions that bind the villagers together.
 Functions: centre of community, family activities,
social relations, traditional laws, taboos, myths and
religion.
 Build by own self/ master builder.
 Mostly built without using nails

21. EXAMPLES OF RUMAH ADAT
 Rumah Aceh, Aceh
 A traditional Batak Toba house (Rumah
Jabu), North Sumatra.
 Karo house, North Sumatra
 Rumah Minangkabau (Rumah Gadang),
West Sumatra
 Bangkinang Malay house, Riau
 Rumah Bubungan Tinggi, South Kalimantan
 Bugis house, South Sulawesi

22.  Sundanese Kampung house, West Java
 Balinese pavilion, Bali
 Mbaru Niang house, East Nusa Tenggara

23. TRADITIONAL VERNACULAR HOUSE
 COMMON CHARACTERISTICS:
Timber construction
 Hardwood for piles
 Natural materials – timber, bamboo, thatch (coconut
palm) and fibre for make up
 Wooden and bamboo wall
Longhouse
Build on stilts
 to avoid flood, wild animals, allows breeze to moderate
the hot temperature, allow house to be built on rivers
and wetland, keeps from dampness, reduces risk of
termites

24. TRADITIONAL VERNACULAR HOUSE
 COMMON CHARACTERISTICS:
Varied and elaborate roof structures
Steep sloping roof to allow the heavy rain to
quickly sheet off
Large overhang eaves – keep water out of
house and as sun shade
Heavy gable
Many opening for good cross ventilation

26. RUMAH ADAT IN NIAS

27.  FISHING VILLAGE OF PILE HOUSE IN RIAU
ARCHIPELAGO

28. FACTORS INFLUENCING ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
 Geographical and climatic factor
 Built on stilt – avoid flood, wild animals, allows breeze to
moderate the hot temperature, allow house to be built on
rivers and wetland
 Wall surface facing East and West reduced to prevent direct
sunlight penetration.
 Kerrawang as passive design approach to capture natural
ventilation.
 Cross ventilation for thermal comfort.
 Eave overhang as a sun shading device.
 Vernacular roof to provide shades
 Natural material – timber, bamboo and palm

29. FACTORS INFLUENCING ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
 Religious factor.
 Orientation of house set by religious people
 Isolation between men and women area.
 Building facing east-west or north-south orientation
 Verandah and porch align on East-West orientation
 Social and Cultural factor.
 Interior space emphasizes an open-plan concept to allow for
family meeting or public event.
 One room for privacy
 No fences built around house but they create sense of
boundary by trees, shrubs or flower.

30. RUMAH MINANGKABAU
( RUMAH GADANG )

32. MINANGKABAU
 (also known as Minang) is indigenous to the highlands
of West Sumatra, Indonesia.
 Culture: matrilineal (pepatih), with property and land
passing down from mother to daughter, while religious
and political affairs are the responsibility of men
 Population: 8 million
 The Minangkabau are strongly Islamic, but also follow
their ethnic traditions, or adat.
 Well-known architecture: Rumah Gadang

33. MINANGKABAU – RUMAH GADANG
 CHARACTERISTICS
 Definition:
 Also known as rumah gadang (Big house)
 Rumah adat of Minangkabau people
 Minangkabau means ‘testing the strength of buffalo’
 Function: residence, hall for family meeting, ceremonial
activities.

34. MINANGKABAU HOUSE
 CHARACTERISTICS
 Building Layout:
 Long house
 Rectangular in plan
 Open planning
 Roof form:
 Spire and curved roof structure
 multiple gables with dramatically upsweeping ridge ends.
 Hornlike roof finial called Gonjong
 Ornamentation:
 Wall and gable carved with minangkabau ornamentation
 Floras motifs/ arabesque (influence by Islamic pattern)

35. RUMAH GADANG IN THE PANDAI SIKEK VILLAGE OF WEST
SUMATRA, WITH TWO RICE BARNS (RANGKIANG) IN FRONT

36. PAGARUYUNG PALACE
UNIQUE THREE TIERS ROOF WITH TOP ROOF RISE TRANSVERSELY

37. RUMAH GADANG, SIJUNJUNG, WEST SUMATERA

38. RUMAH GADANG, PADANG PANJANG, WEST SUMATERA

39. BASIC FORM OF RUMAH GADANG

40. RUMAH
MINANGKABAU
NEGERI
SEMBILAN

41. RUMAH MINANGKABAU IN NEGERI SEMBILAN

42. MINANGKABAU CARVING

43. INTERIOR OF
RUMAH GADANG

44. RUMAH GADANG INFLUENCE
IN MODERN GOVERNMENT
BUILDING

45. BATAK ARCHITECTURE
(RUMAH JABU)

46. BATAK TOBA
 Indonesian ethnic in the region of North Sumatra
 Speak batak language and centered around lake toba
and Samosir island
 Population: 6 million
 Religion: Christian, Islam, traditional religion
(parmalim)
 Known for Cannibalism ritual
 Batak architecture renowned for their Jabu house

47. ORIGINAL BATAK TOBA
HOUSE IN SUMATRA

48.  Boat-shaped
 Carved gable
 Upsweeping roof ridge
 Column rest on flat stone/ concrete
 Access by trap door underneath the floor, nowaday use ladder
in front door
 Open platform beneath roof used as working place, storage and
sleeping place for unmarried man
 Use as bale (meeting hall), rumah (house) and sopo (rice barn)
 The front gable extends further than the rear gable and is finely
carved and painted with motifs of suns, starts, cockerels, and
geometric motifs in red, white, and black
JABU – BATAK’S RUMAH ADAT

49. JABU

50. ELEVATION OF JABU HOUSE

51. PLAN OF JABU HOUSE

52. TORAJAN ARCHITECTURE
(TONGKONAN HOUSE)

53. TORAJA
 Population: 650,000 live in regency of Tana Toraja - Land of
Toraja
 Religion: Protestant; 65%, Catholic; 17%, Islam; 6%, Torajan
Hindu (Aluk To Dolo- way of ancestors); 6%
 renowned for massive peaked-roof traditional houses known as
Tongkonan and colourful wood carving.
 Ethnic groups indigenous in
regions of West and South
Sulawesi
 Word Toraja comes from Bugis
language, riaja means “people
of the uplands”

54. TORAJA VILLAGE- TONGKONAN HOUSE

55. TONGKONAN
 BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS
Tongkonan derived from word tongkon
means ‘to sit’ or ‘place to sit’
Boat-shaped – base on Torajan myth
Oversized saddleback roof (pitch)
Upsweeping gable
Few windows (dark and cramp interior)
Capacity : 10 peoples

56. TONGKONAN
 BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS
 No nails, only use tongue and groove joint
 Houses are arranged in a row side by side, usually
for different purposes; sleeping, meeting or storage
 Roof facing north south alignment, front gable face
north
 Space under floor (Kolong) used for buffalo den
 Front façade decorated with buffalo horns which
indicate the degree level/ sosial rank of the family.

58. TONGKONAN HOUSE - TORAJA

59. TORAJA VILLAGE

64. TORAJA
PATTERN
Pa'tedong - (buffalo)
pa'barre allo
(the sun and its rays)
pa're'po' sanguba
(dancing alone)
ne'limbongan
(the legendary designer)

65. RUMAH BUBUNGAN TINGGI/ BANJAR HOUSE
TELUK SELONG

66. RUMAH BUBUNGAN TINGGI

67. BANJAR
 Banjarese (urang Banjar) are coastal, native ethnic group live in
Tanah Laut and Banjarmasin, South kalimantan.
 Sub ethnic: 3 division based on locations; Malay, Dayak and
Javanese.
 Religion : Islam
 Population : 5.4 million
 Language : Banjar language (basically the Malay language
brought from Sumatra)
 Well known architecture: Rumah Bubungan tinggi

68. BUBUNGAN TINGGI
 CHARACTERISTICS
i. Building layout-
-main building in middle.
-Anjung, right side (Anjung kanan),
-left side (Anjung kiri)
ii. Roof Form
-steep roof (45 degrees)
-tapered roof –bubungan tinggi (lancip)
-Front roof is Sindang langit,
-rear roof is Hambin Awan
iii. Ornamentation
- pillar, railing, carving on kerrawang
- Islamic pattern ( strictly no animal and human icon)

69. REAR PART OF BUBUNGAN TINGGI

70. BUBUNGAN TINGGI AT DESA TELOK SELONG

72. Sindang Langit
Hambin Awan

73. MODERN BUBUNGAN TINGGI
GOVERNOR OFFICE IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN

75. BANJARESE CARVING –
TATAH KERAWANG

76. 1. Traditional Architecture in Indonesia

77. 3. Colonial Architecture in Indonesia
❑Formerly known as the Dutch East Indies, Indonesia
retains much of its colonial architecture.
❑ Dutch first arrived, they favoured masonry and brick for
building houses. The tried to bring craftsmanship from
their home country to Indonesia, building canals with row
houses.
❑ Slowly neoclassical and neo-gothic influence began to
seep into architecture, with the inclusion of columns and
verandahs.
❑ This was most prominent in the Catholic churches in
Java and its provinces. The Blenduk Church in
Semarang and the Jakarta cathedral are fine examples
of this style.

78. 3. Colonial Architecture in Indonesia

79. 4. Post-Independence Architecture in Indonesia
❑ From the 1970s onward the International Style began toemerge in
Indonesia, characterized by skyscrapers made of glass, steel and
concrete.
❑ From the 1970s onward the International Style began to
emerge in Indonesia, characterized by skyscrapers made
of glass, steel and concrete.
❑ The architecture of Indonesia, with its churches,
mosques, and temples, mirrors its cultural evolution.

81. REFERENCES
SOURCE:
 DAWSON, B., GILLOW, J., THE TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF INDONESIA,
1994 THAMES AND HUDSON LTD, LONDON, ISBN 0-500-34132-X
 HELMI, RIO; WALKER, BARBARA (1995). BALI STYLE. LONDON: TIMES
EDITIONS PTE LTD. ISBN 0-500-23714-X.
 SCHOPPERT, P., DAMAIS, S., JAVA STYLE, 1997, DIDIER MILLET, PARIS,
207 PAGES, ISBN 962-593-232-1

82. End