indonesia architecture

1. INDONESIA
SOUTH EAST ASIAN ARCHITECTURE

2. REGION OF INDONESIA

3. INTRODUCTION
 Indonesia reflects the diversity
of cultural, historical and geographic.
 Impact from Invaders, colonizers, missionaries,
merchants and traders.
 the most significant foreign-Indian.
 Others-Chinese, Arab, European

4. INDONESIAN ARCHITECTURE
 RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE
- HINDU – Candi. - Borobudur
- ISLAM – mosque.
 TRADITIONAL VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
 Minangkabau - Rumah gadang
 Batak Toba House - Jabu
 Toraja – Tongkonan House
 Dayak Longhouse
 Bubungan tinggi / Banjar house
 Malay house

5. RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE
 HINDU
- Candi are the Hindu and Buddhist temples and
sanctuaries of Indonesia
- mostly built during the 8th to 15th centuries.
- However, ancient non-religious structures such
as gates, urban ruins, and pool and bathing
places are often also called as "candi"

6. CANDI BOROBUDUR

7. CANDI BOROBUDUR
 HISTORY & GENERAL DATA
 Types of architecture: stupa and candi
 9th century Mahayana Buddhist Temple
 Location: Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia
 Client: Sailendra Dynasty
 Architect: Gunadharma
 Influence of Gupta architecture from India that
shows influence of Buddhism and Hinduism.
 Becomes one of UNESCO world heritage site as
world Monument

8. CANDI BOROBUDUR
 CHARACTERISTICS
 Consists of six square platform on base/bottom
topped by three circular platforms.
 Decorated with 2672 relief panels
 504 Buddha statues
 Have one main dome (stupa) at center of top
platform surrounded with 72 Buddha statues.
 Buddhist pilgrim journey start from base and
follows a path around monument until top.
 Use for Wesak celebration.

9. MAIN BOROBUDUR STUPA AND BUDDHA STATUE

10. PRAMBANAN
TEMPLE

11. RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE
 ISLAM
 MASJID
- By the fifteenth century, Islam had become the
dominant religion in Java and Sumatra, Indonesia's two
most populous islands.
- At the time, Javanese mosques took many design cues
from Hindu, Buddhist, and even Chinese
architectural influences (e.g. "Grand Mosque" in
Yogyakarta).
-

12. GRAND MOSQUE YOGYAKARTA

13. MOSQUE IN INDONESIA
 CHARACTERISTICS
 Influence: Javanese interpretation and took Hindu
heritage of Meru stepped roofs
 Features: tall timber, multi-level roofs (three tiered
pyramid roof) similar to
the pagodas of Balinese Hindu temples.
 They lacked, for example, the Islamic dome which
did not appear in Indonesia until the 19th century

14. MESJID AGUNG DEMAK, CENTRAL JAVA

15. MOSQUE IN INDONESIA

16. TRADITIONAL VERNACULAR HOUSE
 Form of traditional House in Indonesia is based on
ethnic groups.
 Known as RUMAH ADAT
 Functions: centre of community, family activities,
social relations, traditional laws, taboos, myths and
religion.
 Build by own self/ master builder
 Mostly built without using nails

17. TRADITIONAL VERNACULAR HOUSE
 COMMON CHARACTERISTICS:
Timber construction
 Hardwood for piles
 Natural materials – timber, bamboo, thatch (coconut
palm) and fibre for make up
 Wooden and bamboo wall
Longhouse
Build on stilts
 to avoid flood, wild animals, allows breeze to moderate
the hot temperature, allow house to be built on rivers
and wetland, keeps from dampness, reduces risk of
termites

18. TRADITIONAL VERNACULAR HOUSE
 COMMON CHARACTERISTICS:
Varied and elaborate roof structures
Steep sloping roof to allow the heavy rain to
quickly sheet off
Large overhang eaves – keep water out of
house and as sun shade
Heavy gable
Many opening for good cross ventilation

20. RUMAH ADAT IN
NIAS

21. HOUSE OF FIVE SENSES, NETHERLANDS BASED ON RUMAH
GADANG DESIGN

22.  FISHING VILLAGE OF PILE HOUSE IN RIAU
ARCHIPELAGO

23. FACTORS INFLUENCING ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
 Geographical and climatic factor
 Built on stilt – avoid flood, wild animals, allows breeze to
moderate the hot temperature, allow house to be built on
rivers and wetland
 Wall surface facing East and West reduced to prevent direct
sunlight penetration.
 Kerrawang as passive design approach to capture natural
ventilation.
 Cross ventilation for thermal comfort.
 Eave overhang as a sun shading device.
 Vernacular roof to provide shades
 Natural material – timber, bamboo and palm

24. FACTORS INFLUENCING ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
 Religious factor.
 Orientation of house set by religious people
 Isolation between men and women area.
 Building facing east-west or north-south orientation
 Verandah and porch align on East-West orientation
 Social and Cultural factor.
 Interior space emphasizes an open-plan concept to allow for
family meeting or public event.
 One room for privacy
 No fences built around house but they create sense of
boundary by trees, shrubs or flower.

25. MINANGKABAU

26. MINANGKABAU
 (also known as Minang) is indigenous to the highlands of West
Sumatra, Indonesia.
 Culture: matrilineal (pepatih), with property and land passing
down from mother to daughter, while religious and political
affairs are the responsibility of men
 Population: 8 million
 The Minangkabau are strongly Islamic, but also follow their
ethnic traditions, or adat.
 Well-known architecture: Rumah Gadang

27. RUMAH MINANGKABAU

28. RUMAH GADANG IN THE PANDAI SIKEK
VILLAGE OF WEST SUMATRA, WITH TWO
RICE BARNS (RANGKIANG) IN FRONT

29. MINANGKABAU – RUMAH GADANG
 CHARACTERISTICS
 Definition:
 Also known as rumah gadang (Big house)
 Rumah adat of Minangkabau people
 Minangkabau means ‘testing the strength of buffalo’
 Function: residence, hall for family meeting, ceremonial
activities.
 Building Layout:
 Long house
 Rectangular in plan
 Open planning

30. MINANGKABAU HOUSE
 CHARACTERISTICS
 Roof form:
 Spire and curved roof structure
 multiple gables with dramatically upsweeping ridge ends.
 Hornlike roof finial called Gonjong
 Ornamentation:
 Wall and gable carved with minangkabau ornamentation
 Floras motifs/ arabesque (influence by Islamic pattern)
 Influence the traditional house in Negeri Sembilan,
Malaysia

31. PAGARUYUNG PALACE
UNIQUE THREE TIERS ROOF WITH TOP ROOF RISE
TRANSVERSELY

33. RUMAH GADANG, SIJUNJUNG, WEST SUMATERA

34. RUMAH GADANG, PADANG PANJANG, WEST SUMATERA

35. BASIC FORM OF RUMAH GADANG

36. RUMAH
MINANGKABAU NEGERI
SEMBILAN

37. RUMAH MINANGKABAU IN NEGERI SEMBILAN

38. MINANGKABAU CARVING

39. INTERIOR OF
RUMAH GADANG

40. RUMAH GADANG INFLUENCE IN
MODERN GOVERNMENT BUILDING

41. BATAK ARCHITECTURE

42. BATAK TOBA
 Indonesian ethnic in the region of North Sumatra
 Speak batak language and centered around lake toba
and Samosir island
 Population: 6 million
 Religion: Christian, Islam, traditional religion
(parmalim)
 Known for Cannibalism ritual
 Batak architecture renowned for their Jabu house

43. ORIGINAL BATAK TOBA
HOUSE IN SUMATRA

44.  Boat-shaped
 Carved gable
 Upsweeping roof ridge
 Column rest on flat stone/ concrete
 Access by trap door underneath the floor, nowaday use ladder
in front door
 Open platform beneath roof used as working place, storage and
sleeping place for unmarried man
 Use as bale (meeting hall), rumah (house) and sopo (rice barn)
 The front gable extends further than the rear gable and is finely
carved and painted with motifs of suns, starts, cockerels, and
geometric motifs in red, white, and black
 Influenced architecture of Perak traditional house – Rumah
Kutai
JABU – BATAK’S RUMAH ADAT

45. JABU

46. ELEVATION OF JABU HOUSE

47. PLAN OF JABU HOUSE

48. TORAJAN ARCHITECTURE

49. TORAJA
 Population: 650,000 live in regency of Tana Toraja - Land of
Toraja
 Religion: Protestant; 65%, Catholic; 17%, Islam; 6%, Torajan
Hindu (Aluk To Dolo- way of ancestors); 6%
 renowned for massive peaked-roof traditional houses known as
Tongkonan and colourful wood carving.
 Ethnic groups indigenous in
regions of West and South
Sulawesi
 Word Toraja comes from Bugis
language, riaja means “people
of the uplands”

50. TORAJA VILLAGE- TONGKONAN HOUSE

51. TONGKONAN
 BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS
 Tongkonan derived from word tongkon means ‘to sit’ or
‘place to sit’
 Boat-shaped – base on Torajan myth
 Oversized saddleback roof (pitch)
 Upsweeping gable
 Few windows (dark and cramp interior)
 Capacity : 10 peoples

52. TONGKONAN
 BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS
 No nails, only use tongue and groove joint
 Houses are arranged in a row side by side, usually for
different purposes; sleeping, meeting or storage
 Roof facing north south alignment, front gable face north
 Space under floor (Kolong) used for buffalo den
 Front façade decorated with buffalo horns which indicate
the degree level/ sosial rank of the family.

54. TONGKONAN HOUSE - TORAJA

55. TORAJA VILLAGE

60. TORAJA
PATTERN
Pa'tedong - (buffalo)
pa'barre allo
(the sun and its rays)
pa're'po' sanguba
(dancing alone)
ne'limbongan
(the legendary designer)

61. RUMAH BUBUNGAN TINGGI/ BANJAR HOUSE
TELUK SELONG

62. KALIMANTAN
RUMAH BUBUNGAN TINGGI

63. BANJAR
 Banjarese (urang Banjar) are coastal, native ethnic group live in
Tanah Laut and Banjarmasin, South kalimantan.
 Sub ethnic: 3 division based on locations; Malay, Dayak and
Javanese.
 Religion : Islam
 Population : 5.4 million
 Language : Banjar language (basically the Malay language
brought from Sumatra)
 Well known architecture: Rumah Bubungan tinggi

64. BUBUNGAN TINGGI
 CHARACTERISTICS
 Known as Rumah Banjar/ Ba-anjung
 South Kalimantan icon
 Well-known for its very steep roof (45 degrees)
 Construction elements:
 main building in middle.
 Anjung, right side (Anjung kanan), left side (Anjung kiwa)
 Central part of the roof – tapered roof –bubungan tinggi
(lancip)
 Front roof is Sindang langit, rear roof is Hambin Awan
 Ornament on pillar, railing, carving on kerawang influenced
by Islamic pattern ( strictly no animal and human icon)
 Influences the Rumah Lipat Kajang in Malaysia

65. REAR PART OF BUBUNGAN TINGGI

66. BUBUNGAN TINGGI AT DESA TELOK SELONG

68. Sindang Langit
Hambin Awan

69. MODERN BUBUNGAN TINGGI
GOVERNOR OFFICE IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN

71. BANJARESE CARVING –
TATAH KERAWANG

72. REFERENCES
SOURCE:
 DAWSON, B., GILLOW, J., THE TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF INDONESIA,
1994 THAMES AND HUDSON LTD, LONDON, ISBN 0-500-34132-X
 HELMI, RIO; WALKER, BARBARA (1995). BALI STYLE. LONDON: TIMES
EDITIONS PTE LTD. ISBN 0-500-23714-X.
 SCHOPPERT, P., DAMAIS, S., JAVA STYLE, 1997, DIDIER MILLET, PARIS,
207 PAGES, ISBN 962-593-232-1

73. End