Cyanotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria that are classified into four main classes based on their toxicological targets: hepatotoxins, cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and dermatotoxins. Microcystin-LR is the most well-studied hepatotoxic cyanotoxin. Methods for detecting cyanotoxins in environmental samples include microscopy analysis, physiochemical methods, and microarray techniques. Cyanotoxins can affect human health if contaminated water or food is consumed, potentially causing gastrointestinal symptoms, liver damage, and neurological effects.

1. CYANOTOXINS
Submitted
By
Name-Prangya Lipsa Biswal
Branch-M.Sc in Zoology
School-School of Applied Sciences
Department of Zoology
Guided by-Dr.Sunita Satpathy
Regd no-220705180062

2. • INTRODUCTION
• CYANOTOXINS AND ITS CLASSIFICATIONS
• METHODS FOR DETECTION OF CYANOTOXIN IN
ENVIROMENTAL SAMPLES
• CYANOTOXINS:EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
CONTENTS:

3. • The word Cyanotoxin refers to diverse group of secondary
metabolites produced by various genera of Cyanobacteria.
• Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria which are mostly
found in fresh water systems.
• Due to their long evolutionary story,they have adapted to
climatic,geochemical and anthropogenic changes.
• Cyanobacteria have a key role in maintaining the environmental
balance as well as the biodiversity of microorganisms and higher
organism communities.
• Microcystin-LR is the most well studied hepatotoxic cytotoxin.
INTRODUCTION:
Fig1 Microcystin LR

4. • Cyanotoxins are usually classified in four classes according to their
toxicological target: 1)Hepatoxins 2)cytotoxins 3) Neurotoxins 4)
Dermatoxins
• Hepatoxins act on liver. Example of toxins (Microcystins and
Nodularin).
• Cytotoxins produe both hepatoxic and neurotoxic effect Ex:-
Cylidrospermopsin.
• Neurotoxins cause injury on the nervous system Ex:
Anatoxins,Saxitoxins and Beta-Methylamino- L-Lipopolysaccarides.
• Dermatotoxins is synthesized by blue green algae.These are harmful
compounds that target human skin like irritation, allergic contact
dermatitis etc.
CYANOTOXINS AND ITS
CLASSIFICATION

6. METHODS FOR DETECTION OF
CYANOTOXINS IN ENVIRONMENTAL
SAMPLES
Microsopy Analysis:
• Microscopy Analysis have been traditionally employed for the
monitoring of cyanobacterial communities in water bodies.
• Their use enables the taxonomic analysis of micro organisms
present in a cyanobaterial bloom,
Fig2 Fig3

7. CYANOTOXINS AND ITS
CLASSIFICATIONS:
• Cyanotoxins are a large group of phycotoxins
produced by certain species of cyanobacteria.
• It is found intracellularly and released if cell dies
or is lysed.
• Microcystin-LR is the most well studied
hepatotoxic cyanotoxin.
• Cyanotoxins are usually classified in 4
classessacording to thei tonological target
1) Hepatoxins2)Cytotoxins3)Neurotoxins
4)Dermatoxins
Physiochemical methods:
• Physiochemical parameters including whether nutrients
availability or presence of photo pigments can be used to
evaluate the growth condition of phytoplankton in water
bodies.
• The weather seems to have an impact on blooms promoting
their manifestation through the modification of the seasonal
patterns.
• Photo pigments are distributed among planktonic community
providing valuable information on different organisms in an
eco system.
Fig4

8. • Microarray is a technique used to make a screening of gene
expression on on a genomic scale.
• The gene profile is analysed in a quickly and efficient manner by
using a solid surface.
• The techniques can be adopted to perform gene expression
analysis by using RNA.
• From an environmental sample, the Desoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA) of interest is amplified, fluorescently labelled and
hybridised to a microarray chip. When the target sequence
recognises the probes immobilised on the chip surface, a
fluorescent hybridsation signal can be visualised, so providing
information about the detected genes and their levels of expression.
Microarray:
Fig5

9. CYANOTOXINS effect on Human health
Fig6

10. CYANOTOXINS EFFECT ON
HUMAN HEALTH
• People exposed to Cyanotoxins by eating contaminated food
or dietary supplements or by swallowing contaminated water.
• Cyano toxins involved in stomach pain , Headache
neurological symptoms Ex: Muscle weakness, dizziness.
• Microcystin-LR is the most well studied hepatotoxic
cyanotoxin.
• If water containing cyanobacteria toxin is
swallowed.Common gastrointestinal symptoms causes.

11. CONCLUSION
• Cyanotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by
Cyanobacteria under eutropic conditions.
• Anthropogenic & environmental factors can induce the
rapid growth of cyanobacteria with consequent formation of
blooms which represent a serious risk of toxicity .

12. REFERENCES
• Sanseverino,I., Conduto D.,Pazzali ,L,Dobricic,s & Lettleri
T.,Algal bloom and Its economic impact ReportNo EUR
27905 EN (2016)
• Boopathi T.& Ki J.S.Impactof Environmental fator on the
regulation of cyanotoxin Production Toxins (Basel) 6 1951-
1978 dol10 3390/toxins6071951 (2014).
• Blaha, L Babica,P & Marsalek,B. Toxins produed in
cyanobateriarial water blooms+toxicity and risks interdiscip
Toxical 2,36-41do:10,2478/v10102-009-0006-2 (2009).