1. FederalMinistryof Environment
at the
Second UNIYO&GIST JointProgrammeWorkshop,organizedincollaborationwithLancaster
EnvironmentCentre, LancasterUniversity,UK
(LeMeridienIbom Hotel, Uyo,Akwa State, June13 – 16,2016)
Delivered
by

3. O It is with a deep sense of responsibility that I convey the message of
commendation by Federal Ministry of Environment, under the
leadership of Ms. Amina J. Mohamed, to the Vice-Chancellor and
Management of University of Uyo, for organizing this forum on Waste
Management and Land Contamination, at this crucial time of our
national development.
O The Ministry is appreciative of the opportunity proffered by this novel
gathering, to further share information with critical stakeholders and
the general public on its numerous measures targetted at achieving
realistic and meaningful environmental governance, in line with our
national obligations under varying global environmental treaties.
O FMENV promotes participative and coherent policy decision-making and
implementation processes, targetted at addressing environmental
challenges of national priority. Therefore, this gesture is an exemplary
demonstration of inclusive and integrative partnership/synergy between
‘the gown and town’ on issues of national concerns.

4. O Some pundits have postulated that agriculture has no single, simple
origin; but was first prominently practised at the closing of the last
Pleistocene glacial period, or Ice Age (about 11,700 years ago
(Rasmussen, 2015).
O What is not doubtful is that the insatiable human need for food,
medicine, feed, fibres, fuel, clothing, shelters, tools and other
resources necessitated development of processes used to extract
resources from a given area of land, such as systematic raising of
useful plant & animal species and discouraging others.
O Conversely, the aggressive pursuits of drives for meeting rising
human demands for better quality of life, feeding population, feed
the rising human populations, provide feeds for the emergent
industrial and commercial ventures, have in reality been marauded
by checkered challenges of unfertile land, plaguing pest
manifestation in crops and livestock, among others.
4

5. O For instance, it is estimated that about 20-40% of food (standing
crops in the field and stored grains) is lost to pests and also hundreds
of thousands of hectares (Arubi, 2007). There have also recurring
investment losses accruing from poor animal production and farm
yields per hectare, due to poor soil pH or depleted soil nutrients,
among others.
O One humorist once stated that In the wild a plant {or animal} and its
pests are continually coevolving, in a dance of resistance and conquest
that can have no ultimate victor, while another is of the view that if
God had wanted us to share our homes with pests, He would not have
made them so unattractive.
O The foregoing are triggering factors for the invention, production and
application of agrochemicals in the annals of agricultural
development processes.
5

6. O Agrochemicals refer to inorganic fertilizers, soil treatment, pesticides, including
hormones and some chemicals used in animal husbandry, such as antibiotics and
hormones. The function of agrochemicals, therefore, is to manage an agricultural
ecosystem.
O In the wake of green revolution, the use of inorganic fertilizer and pesticides
increased rapidly, to raise crop and animal production, with a view to meeting rising
demands of human population growth.
O Fertilizers may be chemically manufactured (synthetic) or made from organic
materials (living) such as recycled waste animals, manure or compost (decaying
vegetation). Most chemical fertilizers contain varying amount of nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium which are inorganic (nonliving) nutrients that plants need
to grow. About 138 million metric tons of fertilizers are globally used each year ().
O Crops planted in soil that is either too acidic or too alkaline cannot obtain the proper
nutrients they need to grow from the soil. Acidic soils can be caused by acid rain
(precipitation that contains weak sulphuric acid and nitric acid) and by the use of
certain fertilizers.
O Acidic soil is a serious problem in agriculture i.e. in crop yields. Acidic soils are
neutralized by adding compounds that contain calcium usually in the form of
powdered limestone or crushed mollusk shells (eg snail shells).
O In order to increase the ability of soil to hold water and oxygen materials such as
mulch, livestock manure, sewage sludge or shredded newspapers are added.
FMENV 6

7. O The Food and Agricultural Organization has defined pesticide as any
substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing,
destroying, or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or
animal diseases, unwanted species of plants or animals causing harm
during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing,
storage, transporting or marketing of food, agricultural commodities,
wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances which
may be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids
or other pests in or on their bodies (WAAPP, 2013).
O It also includes substances applied to crops either before or after
harvest to protect the commodity from deterioration during storage
and transport.
O Substantial quantities of pesticides are used in modern agriculture
and annually around 2 to 3 billion kilograms of pesticides are globally
used, at a total cost of about 20 billion U.S. dollars (Mondo, 2014).
7

8. O Drawing from the foregoing, it can be deduced ‘Pest’ is the ‘umbrella’
name for all unwanted living organisms that cause injuries or diseases to
useful animal & plant species. These are arthropod pests (insects, mites
and millipedes), pathogens (viroids, viruses, fungi, algae and
nematodes), vertebrates (rodents and birds), parasitic flowering plants,
and non-parasitic weeds (both annuals and perennials).
O Pesticides are used to eliminate the presence of pests. Depending on
targeted pests, pesticides used in agriculture are categorized as follows:-
 Herbicides used to destroy weeds, non-desired plants that interfere
with crops growing;
 Fungicides to protect agricultural plants from fungal diseases;
 Insecticides to kill insects that eat crops or stored grains and
 other pesticides target snails, slugs, mites, rodents, reptiles, among
others.
8

9. O Substantial quantities of pesticides are used in modern agriculture
and annually around 2 to 3 billion kilograms of pesticides are globally
used, at a total cost of about 20 billion U.S. dollars.
O Livestock (eg. cattle, swine and poultry) are either given
agrochemicals in form of antibiotics or by injection or combined with
feed to control infectious diseases and parasites. Various hormones
are regularly administered to increase the growth and productivity of
animals, such as the bovine growth
O Consequently, agrochemicals have remained the main-stay of
agriculture due to their perceived enormous benefits and are
apparently critical for our livelihoods, for our health or for our survival
(borrowing from words of Ban Ki-Moon, 2015).
9

10. O However, most agrochemicals particularly chemical pesticides cause
toxic effects, persist in the environment for years; have potentials to
undergo a variety of transformations to more toxic metabolites, among
others.
O They may exhibit the tendency to travel thousands of kilometres from
where they were used and threaten long-term health and ecology in
ways that were never anticipated or intended.
O No segment of the population is completely protected against
pesticides exposure to and associated serious health effects, though a
disproportionate burden is shouldered by the people of developing
countries, particularly the vulnerable groups (WHO, 2006). The deaths
and chronic diseases due to pesticide poisoning is about 1 million per
year (WHO, 2006).
FMENV 10

11. O Factually, in the realm of agrochemicals management regime, chemical
pesticide-risk burdens have become the focus of growing national and
international concerns, as priority hazardous chemicals. This probably
explains why most people equate agrochemicals with pesticides.
O This paper will concentrate on chemical pesticides due to their
preponderance as a critical agric-input and prominence as subjects of
many Multilateral Environmental Agreements, to which Nigeria is Party.
11

12. O There are documented evidences that when agrochemicals are released
into the air, water or soil, a growing number of people get exposed thereto,
due to their occupations, inherent living conditions, as well as lack of
knowledge regarding safe handling practices (UNDP 2012).
O Pesticide management issues have overbearing implications, which can
only be effectively addressed with multifarious capacity enhancement that
may be burdensome for a developing country like Nigeria to unilaterally
‘shoulder’. This stance was corroborated with UNEP’s finding that put the
cost of POP-Pesticide burden of morbidity among Nigerian peasant farm
workers at five hundred and ninety million, four hundred and eighty
thousand Dollars (USD590.48 million (circa: NGN94.48billion)).
O Such exposed people may carry enough pesticides in their body fats,
accumulating to cause serious health problems, namely: cancer, congenital
defects, damage to central and peripheral nervous systems, dysfunction of
the immune & reproductive systems, shortened lactation in nursing
women, skin disorders such as chloracne, among others.
O Damisa et al., (2007) suggested that women contribution to farm work is as
high as between 60 and 90% of the total farm task performed, which put
them at higher risks than men, due to their biological susceptibility.
12

13. FMENV 13

14. FMENV 14

15. FMENV 15

16. O McGruity (2010) opined that our generation has taken to the cosmetic use
of pesticides and I think, perhaps unwittingly, not fully understanding the
dangers it represents to ourselves and, most importantly, to our children
O Pesticide poisoning incidents are common among handlers who apply
them without adequate safety measures, with attendant burdens of
morbidity and mortality. Pesticide exposure risks usually result from
consumption of contaminated food, chemical accidents in industries and
occupational exposure in agriculture.
O Pesticides are the major causes of cancer, cardiovascular diseases,
dermatitis, birth defects, impaired immune functions, neurobehavioral
disorder and allergy sensitization reaction (Erhunmwunse et al., 2012).
O In 2008, about 120 students who had eaten beans contaminated with
lindane were reported to have presented various acute ailments in
Gombe, while a study conducted revealed a high incidence of pesticide
residues in beans sold in Lagos markets (Ogar, et al., 2013).
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17. FMENV 17

18. O Furthermore, a stock of cream-white local beans suspected to contain
pesticide-residues was intercepted in 2011 and report of analysis of
representative samples at the National Agency for Food and Drugs
Administration and Control (NAFDAC) laboratory, Kaduna indicated
the presence of 2.31mg/kg Dichlorvos (DDVP), above EU-MRLs. (NIP,
2016)
O In a study conducted by Olufade et al (2014), it was reported that
organochlorine insecticide residues of aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor,
endrin, chlordane and endosulfan were detected in some samples of
cowpeas and dried yam chips analyzed with highest mean
concentration of aldrin (0.580 ± 0.456 mg/kg) and heptachlor (0.402
mg/kg ± 0.073), suggesting that the foodstuffs were not safe for
human consumption.
FMENV 18

19. O Furthermore, In a survey conducted under the platform of UNEP/WHO
Global Monitoring Programme for Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs),
the human milk samples, obtained from volunteers at Maitama Hospital,
indicated high levels of some POP-pesticides such as Chlordane, Dieldrin,
DDT, Toxaphene, HCH.
O This finding is of critical public/infantile health concern, in view of
Nigerian government’s vigorous campaigns on exclusive breastfeeding of
new-born babies.
O It has been established that many chemicals stored in a woman’s body
are passed onto her child during pregnancy and later through breast-
feeding (CDC 2003). This explains why human milk is a core medium for
determining pesticide exposure (Solomon and Schettler 1999).

20. O The thrusts for intensified quantitative and qualitative agricultural
production, to leverage food security and support Food & Drink
industries, have perennially triggered increased pesticide import
trades and application, for pest/vector control, with attendant
environmental cum public health implications.
O Typical of agrarian developing nations, monumental tons of chemical
pesticides are merchandised in Nigeria, by private and corporate
bodies, including Government, as inputs for various agricultural
programmes.
O However, vast quantities have gone unused, stored under poor
conditions, deteriorated and become obsoleted. These obsolete
pesticides have accumulated throughout the country over the
decades, thereby, threatening the environment and public health.
20

21. O Associated with the foregoing, is the challenge of unsound
management of empty pesticide containers and contaminated
equipment, which are otherwise converted to secondary uses, with
attendant adverse public health and environmental consequences.
O A number of factors have been identified as being responsible for the
accumulation of these pesticides, namely: smuggling of hazardous
pesticides into the countries, improper storage of these pesticides,
lack of disposal facilities, poor stock management, product bans,
mismanagement of pesticides, uncoordinated aid donations, among
others.
O Waste streams arising from pesticide application, namely empty
pesticide containers, disused contaminated spray equipment/tools,
apparels, among others, are hazardous, hence, need be appropriately
disposed of. Specifically., volume of empty pesticide containers being
increasingly generated daily portends dangers to the environment
and human health, if not appropriately addressed.
21

22. Figure 2
FMENV 22

23. 21/06/2016FMENV 23

24. O The need to protect man and the environment against
destructive effects of chemical pesticides and associated waste
has consistently been a recurring burning issue on international
development agenda.
O It was against this background that a number of Multilateral
Environmental Agreements (MEAs) have been negotiated,
signed, adopted and ratified by comity of nations, among which
is Nigeria.
O It is to be noted that environmental treaties have interlocking
significances, particularly in the realm of sustainable
development, conservation of environmental resources
(mineral, land, water & energy), reinforcing the natural capital
and entrenching food security & safety.
O A number of MEAs to which Nigeria is a Party, addressing or
adaptable to pesticide control, have been identified and
highlighted in the following table.
FMENV 24

25. Instruments Place and Date of
Signature
Date of Entry
into force
Objective Status of
implementation
African Convention on the Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources
Algiers 15.09.1968 16.06.1969 To encourage individual and joint action for the conservation, utilization and development of soil, water, flora and fauna
for the present and future welfare of mankind, from an economic, nutritional, scientific, educational, cultural and
aesthetic point of view.
Ratified 07.05.1974
Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import
into Africa and the Control of Transboundary
Movement and Management of Hazardous
Wastes within Africa
Bamako, 30.01.1991 22.04.1998 To create a framework of obligations to strictly regulate the trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes to and within
Africa.
Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer Vienna, 22.09.1985 1988 To establish a framework for cooperation, development of policies, and formulation of agreed measures in order to
protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human activities
which modify the ozone layer.
Acceded 21.10.1988
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete
the Ozone Layer
Montreal,
16.09.1987
01.01.1989 To protect the ozone layer by taking measures to control global emissions of substances that deplete it. Its definitive
objective is the elimination of these materials based on scientific developments, taking into account technical and
economic considerations as well as developmental needs of developing countries.
Acceded 31.10.1988;
London Amendment
Ratified 27.09.2001
Convention Concerning Occupational Safety and
Health and the Working Environment
Geneva 22.06.1981 11.08.1983 To prevent accidents and injury to health by minimizing the causes of hazards inherent in the working environment. Ratified 03.05.1994
Basel Convention on the Control of
Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes
and their Disposal
Basel
22.03.1989
05.05.1992 To ensure that the management of hazardous wastes and other wastes, including their transboundary movement and
disposal, is consistent with the protection of human health and the environment whatever the place of disposal.
Ratified 13.03.1991,
Basel amendment
ratified 24.05.2004
Convention on Biological Diversity Rio de Janeiro,
05.06.1992
21.03.1994 To conserve biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits
arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, taking into account all rights over those resources.
Ratified 29.08.1994
Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed
Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous
Chemicals and Pesticides on International Trade
Rotterdam, 10.09.1998 24.02.2004 To promote shared responsibility and cooperative efforts among Parties in the international trade of certain hazardous
chemicals in order to protect human health and the environment from potential harm and to contribute to their
environmentally-sound use.
Ratified 28.06.2001
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants
Stockholm
22.05.2001
17.05.2004 To protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants.
The Convention protects human health from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become
widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and are toxic to humans and wildlife
Ratified 24.05.2004
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources
for Food and Agriculture
Rome, 03.11.2001 29.06.2004 To promote conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and the fair and
equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of their use, in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity, for
sustainable agriculture and food security
Ratified 10.06.2002
Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on
Biological Diversity (Cartagena Protocol)
Montreal, 29.1.2000 11.09.2003 To ensure an adequate level of protection in safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms resulting from
biotechnology that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also
into account risks to human health, and specifically focusing on transboundary movements.
Ratified 15.07.2003
International Plant Protection Convention Rome
6.12.1951
03.04.1952 To secure common and effective action to prevent the spread and introduction of pests of plants and plant products, and
to promote appropriate measures for their control.
Adhered 17.08.1993
FMENV 25

26. O Nigeria has played a key leadership role in the African region in many
negotiations and processes leading to adoption of many pesticide-relevant
treaties.
O These efforts have been consolidated through ratification or accession of
the MEAs and their internalization through:-
O Implementation of Nigeria-Africa Stockpiles Programme Nigeria-ASP).
O The need for effective clean up of this stockpiled pesticides led to the adoption of
the African Stockpiles Programme, a multi-stakeholder initiative, conceptualized to
be implemented in a number of African countries over a 12-15 year period on a
rolling basis.
O The first phase of ASP covered seven countries, namely: Nigeria, Ethiopia, Mali,
Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania, and Tunisia, with technical support provided by
WB and FAO. Objectives of the Programme were to:-
O clean up stockpiled pesticides and pesticide-contaminated waste in an
environmentally sound manner;
O catalyze the development of measures to prevent future accumulation; and
O provide capacity building and institutional strengthening on important chemicals-
related issues.
O Inventory activities were undertaken nationwide in public-owned pesticide
stores. The following data highlights data collated.
FMENV 26

27. Nigeria-ASP inventory data
 Government-owned stores inventoried (holding
agricultural inputs procured under interventional
Projects like ADP, FADAMA, etc.) 305
 Number of Inventory and store forms completed 2538
 man-hours spent in completing this assignment 8288
 Obsolete pesticides 64.94 tons
 Pesticides requiring testing 27.757 tons.
 Usable pesticides 70.1 tons
 Contaminated equipment 14.802 tons
 Contaminated soil 66.1 tons
 Contaminated and dilapidated stores 68
 Stores that require normal safeguarding 65
 Stores for emergency safeguarding 1 store in Kano state &
8 stores at Onireke
Ibadan, Oyo state
 Empty containers (about 142,233 units) 1.712 tons
FMENV 27

28. O Review and Update of National Implementation Plan (NIP) on
Stockholm Convention.
O This has laid the groundwork for concerted & cohesive policy
thrusts, targetted at addressing POPs-issues of national priority
(including pesticides);
O The project has been implemented with the Global Environment
Facility (GEF) and UNIDO supports ;
O Project planning and implementation have been undertaken with
inclusive participation of sectoral stakeholders, including the
Academia.
O Updated NIP Endorsement Workshop held 17-18 May 2016.
O CEESR represented at the workshop.
FMENV 28

29. FMENV 29

30. O Development of a National Policy on Chemicals Management and
Signing of Memorandum of Understanding amongst line MDAs for
an integrated national framework;
O Development of the Chemical Information Exchange network
(CIEN) website (www.estis.net/sites/cien_ng) as a medium for
disseminating information on safe and sound chemicals
management;
O Promotion of neem derived biopesticides in West Africat.
 To promote the use and development of production capacity of eco-
friendly and cost-effective pesticide derived from neem kernels in
three countries of West Africa namely: Ghana, Nigeria and Sierra
Leoneo.
 complements the national efforts at eliminating the use of Persistent
Organic Pollutant (POP)-chemicals in the Agricultural sector.
 Ahmadu Bello University (Zaria) and Hassan Usman Polytechnic
(Katsina) are technical partners..
30

31. O Pesticides Management that is devoid of risks to man and the
environment is a collective and shared responsibility among critical
sectoral actors, as tabulated below.
O They are a case of everyone benefiting if everyone
participates, and of everyone losing out if only a few do not
participate; the lasting consequences will be felt everywhere
and can be especially damaging to the vulnerable group.
O experiences in other countries years have made us become
familiar with the threats posed by hazardous chemicals like
POPs; hence should trigger us to work together and become
committed to joint action.
FMENV 31

32. Institution Economic Sector Roles in Pesticide Management
State and Federal
Ministries of Environment
Government:
Thematic focal area: Environment
Formulating national environmental policies, including strategies, legal, socio- economic and institutional frameworks for the improvement of environmental
quality and protection of natural resources, including issues related to pollution, chemical risk and hazardous wastes management;
Key players in the risk evaluation and profiling of candidate-alternatives to pesticides, for various applications;
Reporting and communicating research findings and risk profile of candidate alternatives to critical stakeholders.
State and Federal
Ministries of Health
Government:
Thematic focal area: Health
Formulate, disseminate, promotes implement, monitor, and evaluate health policies in Nigeria.
State and Federal
Ministries of Agriculture
and Rural Development
Government:
Thematic focal area: Agriculture
 Regulate agricultural researches, agriculture and natural reserves, forestry and veterinary researches.
 shall also optimize agriculture and integrate rural development for the transformation of the Nigerian economy with a view to attaining food security
and positioning Nigeria as a net food exporter and socio-economic development.
 Major users of crop protection products and pesticides for disease vector control in animal husbandry.
 Responsible for undertaking farm extension services such as collection and dissemination of information to farmers on proper use of pesticides and
alternatives thereto.
State and Federal
Ministries of Finance
Government:
Thematic focal area: Financial regulation
 general supervision and control of public fund of the federation, including development and contingency fund;
 securing and managing the investment flows
 processes co-financial obligations under foreign donor-funded project implementation.
National Environmental
Standards and
Regulations Enforcement
Agency (NESREA) and
State EPAs
Government:
Thematic focal area: Environmental
regulations
Parastatals of State & Federal Ministries of Environment, charged with the responsibility of enforcing all national & state environmental laws, guidelines,
policies, standards and regulations.
Standard Organisation of
Nigeria(SON)
Government:
Thematic focal area: Standard
Regulations
SON is a parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment (FMITI) and has the responsibility of developing and enforcing standards relating
to products, measurements, materials and processes, certification of industrial products, assistance in the production of quality goods among others.
National Agency for Food
and Drug Administration
and Control (NAFDAC)
Government:
Thematic focal area: Food, drugs & allied
products regulations
NAFDAC is a parastatal under the Federal Ministry of Health which regulates and controls the manufacture, importation, exportation, distribution,
advertisement, sale and use of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices and packaged water (known as regulated products) and chemicals.
NAFDAC is a key stakeholder in the chemical import and export control.
Nigeria Customs Service
(NCS)
Government:
Thematic focal area: import & export
control
The Nigeria Customs Service is responsible for prevention and suppression of smuggling. It also performs collaborative function with sister regulatory bodies in
combating importation of toxic and hazardous substances (including wastes), illegal commercial activities and trade in illicit goods (such as obsolete or banned
chemicals), among others.
NCS maintains a database on import and export trades based on Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA++) platform. ASYCUDA is computerised
customs management system which covers most foreign trade procedures and generates trade data that can be used for statistical economic analysis (UNCTAD,
2016).
Manufacturers
Association of
Nigeria(MAN)
Industry:
Thematic focal area: manufacturing
MAN is the umbrella body for Manufacturers of locally produced commodities, including chemicals and allied products. The group is segmented into various
subsector such as Food, Beverages & Tobacco subsector; Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals sub-sectors, among others
Academia and Research
institutes
Government /private thematic focal
area: Research and Capacity
development
Academia and research institutes have comparative advantages in research-related services, technology transfer and capacity building, chemical risk
assessments, development of safer alternatives to hazardous chemical pesticides, technical supports on national implementation of environmental treaties,
policy actions, among others.
Civil Society Organisations
(including Farmers
associations)
Non-Governmental Organization
thematic focal area: advocacy and
technical support
CSOs are non-state actors that complement the work of state actors (government) in the areas of public enlightenment and educational programme on
chemical risk prevention, promotes transparency and accountability in policy formulation and implementation: General policy discussions, project designs,
implementation and monitoring. The group includes NGOs, gender group, labour, among others.
States and Federal
Ministry of Information
and Culture
Government thematic focal area: raising
awareness and promoting information
and culture.
The Ministry is responsible for the management of the image, reputation and promotion of the culture of the people and Government of Nigeria, through a
dynamic Public Information System that facilitate access by the citizens and the global community to credible and timely information about our nation.
The Ministry, by itself or through its Agencies, is the lead organisation for disseminating information to the public on development initiatives and policy
frameworks on environment, in general.
32

33. O Information networking among stakeholders is necessary for entrenching
sound pesticide management.
O Maintenance of safety procedures in the life cycle management of
pesticides, including standard warehousing, protected handling, field
application by trained extension officers, among others.
O Capacity strengthening of crop protection and veterinary officers to
adopt sound pesticide management.
O Adoption of Good Agricultural Practices, namely: crop rotation, crop
removal & the selective removal and destruction of infested plant,
removal a& destruction of post harvest plant debris, among others.
O Promotion of integrated pest management (IPM). IPM is the careful
consideration of all available pest control techniques, and subsequent
integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of
pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels
that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human
health and the environment.
O Institutional collaboration & coordination in the development of safer,
technical feasible, accessible and affordable alternatives.
FMENV 33

34. O The use of agrochemicals has, historically, been critical to the
bumper growth of crops and livestock production.
O However, some of these chemicals cause substantial public health,
environmental and ecological damage, thereby greatly reducing
their benefits.
O Burdens of agrochemicals have attracted global and national
concerns, which have triggered interventional actions that need be
effectively internalized and sustained.
O Stakeholders’ collective and shared responsibilities are critical to
addressing the menace of agrochemicals application in Nigeria.
FMENV 34

35. FMENV 35

36. Reference.
O FMENV(2016): National Implementation Plan (NIP) for POPs
Management.
O UNEP (2013): Costs of Inaction on the Sound Management of
Chemicals
O Kusum Nair (2015): Origins of agriculture
O Patrici chapppine (2014): The Agricultural Revolution:
Timeline, Causes, Inventions & Effects
O FMENV(2010): Nigeria-Africa Stockpiles Programme Progress
Report.
O UNEP (2010): Ridding the world of POPs: A guide to the
Stockholm Convention On Persistent Organic Pollutants.
O UNEP(2010): Stockholm Convention On Persistent Organic
Pollutants (amended text).
FMENV 36