intermediate-cert-h_s-training-programme-and-slide-notes.pptx

CIEH Intermediate Certificate in
Occupational
Health and Safety

CIEH Intermediate Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety • Slide 2
Sessions 1–8
1. Occupational health and safety management
2. Planning
3. Risk profiling
4. Work-related injuries: hazards and controls
5. Work-related ill health: hazards and controls
6. Organisation and implementation
7. Checking performance
8. Reviewing performance
1

Session 1: Occupational health
and safety management
You should develop knowledge and understanding of the elements
of an effective occupational health and safety management system
and be able to:
a. Define the key terms used in occupational health and safety
management.
b. Explain the principles of occupational health and safety
management.
c. Describe the main elements of an occupational health and safety
management system including the ‘plan, do, check, act’ cycle.
1
1

Occupational health and safety
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.
Safety is freedom from danger or the risk of danger.
1

To ensure people are not injured or made ill by the work they do:
 0.6 million workers injured
 1.3 million workers made ill.
To meet legal duties to protect the health and safety of everyone at work:
 11,913 enforcement notices issued.
To reduce costs:
 31.2 million working days lost
 £14.9 billion annual cost of work-related injuries and new cases of illness.
[Source: HSE, Summary Statistics for Great Britain 2017 – for year 2016/17]
Why is it important to manage
occupational health and safety?
1

Key terms
Give a definition of each of these terms:
 hazard
 risk
 control measure.
1

Key terms
Give a definition of each of these terms:
 accident
 Incident
 near miss
 work-related injury
 work-related ill health.
1

Occupational health and safety management
Occupational health and safety is part of a management system.
A good management system:
 sets objectives
 describes the means to achieve these
 allocates the necessary resources
 checks to ensure that the system has achieved the objectives
 strives for continual improvement to further reduce risk.
1

Leadership Effective health and safety management and performance depends
on strong and active leadership from the top (including directors).
Commitment The employer and senior managers need to give, and demonstrate,
their full support for a positive health and safety culture.
Partnership There needs to be a genuine partnership between all the relevant
parties in an organisation, such as managers, supervisors, workers
and safety representatives.
Structure The management structure for health and safety in the organisation
must reflect the size of the organisation and the nature of the
activities carried out.
Communication There should be good two-way communication between all levels
within the organisation.
Integration Health and safety management systems should be integrated into
the organisation’s overall management arrangements and
operations.
Principles of occupational health and safety
management
1

Commitment
How do you think an organisation might demonstrate a
commitment to the management of health and safety?
What does ‘a positive health and safety culture’ look like?
1

Effective leadership and
management
An organisational culture
that promotes trust, care
and participation
Appropriate training,
information and instruction
Elements of an occupational health and
safety management system
1

Plan, Do, Check, Act
Plan involves setting
the health and safety
policy for the
organisation and
planning how this
policy will be
implemented through
management system.
Do involves risk profiling
(identifying hazards and
assessing health and safety
risks) and organising and
implementing measures to
control these.
Check involves
measuring and
monitoring
performance and
investigating and
reporting
incidents.
Act involves reviewing the
organisation’s health and
safety performance and
identifying actions to
improve risk management
and control.
identifying hazards and
control these.
1

Benefits
For an organisation, what are the benefits of using an
occupational health and safety management system?
1

Benefits
Occupational health and safety management systems will help to ensure:
 health and safety management is integrated with other management systems within
the organisation
 a consistent approach to health and safety is adopted across an organisation
 a positive health and safety culture is developed
 clear objectives for health and safety are set
 health and safety provision is organised and sufficiently resourced
 outcomes are monitored and areas for improvement identified.
1

Session 2: Planning
You should develop knowledge and understanding of how an
occupational health and safety management system can be planned
and be able to:
a. Describe the key elements of an occupational health and safety
policy.
b. Identify legal and other requirements.
c. Describe how health and safety objectives and performance
measures are set.
2
2

The ‘Plan’ stage
policy for the
organisation and
planning how this
policy will be
implemented through
management system.
2

Planning
What do you think needs to be considered when planning for
health and safety?
2

Assessment of risks and opportunities
Risks from hazards.
Risks to the management system.
Opportunities to improve performance.
Opportunities to improve the management system.
2

Plan
The ‘Plan’ stage also involves:
 Securing leadership and top management commitment and worker participation
 Establishing an occupational health and safety policy.
Active involvement of workers will help to ensure meaningful improvements in health
and safety performance.
2

Occupational health and safety policy
What?
Who?
When?
How?
2

Occupational health and safety policy cont.
 Is appropriate to the purpose, size and context of the organisation and to the specific
nature of its risks
 Provides a framework for setting the occupational health and safety objectives
 Written by someone within the organisation who can articulate the organisation's
values and beliefs
 Consultation is key
2

Elements of an occupational
health and safety policy
Looking at the health and safety policy you have been given,
highlight the key elements.
2

Occupational health and safety policies
Usually include commitments to:
 provide safe and healthy working conditions
 satisfy applicable legal and other requirements
 control occupational health and safety risks
 continual improvement
 promote participation.
2

Occupational health and safety policies cont.
Should be:
 available as documented information
 communicated to workers
 available to other interested parties, as appropriate
 reviewed periodically.
2

Requirements in the UK
Under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974:
 employers with five or more employees must have a written
health and safety policy
 the policy must include a statement of intent and should describe
the organisation and arrangements for implementing the policy
 the policy and any subsequent revisions must be brought to the
attention of employees
 the policy must be reviewed and updated to keep pace with any
changes in legal requirements or workplace practices.
2

Planning for compliance
Identify legal and other requirements that are applicable to the organisation’s hazards
and risks.
Consider how to take these into account when establishing, implementing, maintaining
and continually improving the occupational health and safety management system.
Determine what needs to be communicated to workers and others and how.
Establish a mechanism for ensuring that information about legal and other requirements
is kept up to date.
2

The ILO Occupational Safety and Health Convention provides a framework for:
 developing a national occupational health and safety policy to prevent work-related
deaths, injury or ill health and minimising, so far as is reasonably practicable, the
causes of hazards in the workplace
 identifying roles and responsibilities of public authorities, employers, workers and
others in respect of occupational health and safety and the working environment
 developing laws and regulations in support of occupational health and safety
 establishing inspection and enforcement systems
 providing guidance to employers and workers to help them comply with laws and
regulations.
The legal context: International
Labour Organization (ILO)
2

So far as is reasonably practicable
The concept is based upon the balance of costs against the risk.
2

The legal context
2
EU-OSHA
the European agency with responsibility for health
and safety
EU DIRECTIVES
must be re-enacted by the member states through
their own national law
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION
sets labour standards, develops policies and devises
programmes to promote decent work
CONVENTIONS
the ILO Occupational Safety and Health Convention
provides a framework for national law and regulation
EU REGULATIONS
are immediately enforceable in all member states
HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE
responsible for the encouragement, regulation and
enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare
REGULATIONS
based on EU directives, regulations set standards
for health and safety at work
GREAT BRITAIN
legislation is shaped by ILO standards and
conventions as well as EU regulations and directives
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ETC.
ACT 1974
the primary piece of legislation covering
occupational health and safety in Great Britain
EUROPEAN UNION
establishes a standardised system of laws that
apply to member states

The legal context: Europe
EU Regulations.
EU Directives.
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA).
Focal Points: Health and Safety Executive (HSE).
2

The legal context, UK
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 aims to:
 secure the health, safety and welfare of people at work
 protect people, other than those at work, against the risks to health and safety that
arise out of, or in connection with, the activities of people at work
 control the keeping and use of explosive, highly flammable or otherwise dangerous
substances at work.
2

Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
Sets out the duties of:
 employers and the self-employed
 employees
 persons in control of premises
 manufacturers, designers, suppliers and installers of work equipment.
Sets out legal powers and actions linked to enforcement.
Provides for production of regulations.
Provides for approved codes of practice.
2

Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 cont.
Regulations set the standards for health and safety at work and control the
organisation, arrangement, operations, process and procedures in the workplace.
Regulations are broadly grouped into those dealing with:
 health and safety management in general
 particular hazards
 particular industries.
2

Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 cont.
Provides a foundation for the UK health and safety system.
Those who create the risk are best placed to control it.
Adopted by many other countries.
UK one of the safest places to work in the world.
2

Health and Safety Executive (HSE)
Encourages, regulates and enforces workplace health, safety and welfare.
Conducts research into occupational risks.
Supports the Government in discussions with ILO and other bodies.
2

Enforcement
HSE enforces in high-risk industries.
Local authority enforces in lower-risk sectors.
2

Enforcement powers
What legal powers do you think enforcement officers have to
enable them to carry out inspections and investigations
effectively?
2

Enforcement officers
Have the right to:
 enter premises
 ask questions and require answers – sometimes under caution
 examine documents and records and take copies
 sample substances
 examine machinery
 direct that something should be left undisturbed – this may involve seizing equipment
 take photographs.
2

Enforcement actions
Verbal warnings Written warning Improvement notice Prohibition notice
2

Penalties
Unlimited fines.
Prison sentence up to two years.
2

Enforcement actions
Have a look at the activity sheet and decide what action you
would take if you were an enforcement officer in each of the
situations given.
2

Legal duties: employers
What legal duties do you think an employer has towards
workers in any workplace?
2

Under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, employers must provide and
maintain:
 safe plant, equipment and machinery (safe and without risk to health)
 safe systems of work – safe working procedures
 measures to ensure the safety and health of employees during use, handling, storage
and transport of hazardous articles and substances
 information, instruction, training and supervision as necessary
 a safe workplace and working environment
 safe access and exit
 adequate welfare facilities
 a health and safety policy – written if five or more employees.
2

Under the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, employers must:
 conduct risk assessments (including specific ones for young persons and new or
expectant mothers)
 apply principles of prevention
 make arrangements for health and safety – planning, organisation, control, monitoring
and review
 conduct health surveillance where necessary
 appoint ‘competent persons’ to assist in health and safety requirements
 establish procedures for serious and imminent dangers
 arrange contacts with external (emergency) services
 provide employees with comprehensible and relevant information
 provide adequate health and safety training.
2

Competent person
Someone who has sufficient training and
experience or knowledge, and other qualities,
which allow him/her to assist in health and
safety requirements properly.
2

Legal duties: workers
What do you think the law requires of workers to ensure that
they work in support of health and safety?
2

Legal duties: workers
In the UK, workers must:
 take care of themselves and anyone else who might be affected by them
 co-operate with the employer’s systems, training, etc.
 not interfere with safety provision and equipment
 use all work items provided by the employer in accordance with any training and
instruction
 inform the employer (or person with responsibility for health and safety) of any work
situation that the workers would reasonably consider (in the light of the training and
instruction received) to represent a serious and immediate danger to health and
safety
 inform the employer (or person with responsibility for health and safety) of any matter
that represents a shortcoming in the employer’s arrangements for protecting health
and safety.
2

Legal duties: others
Manufacturers, suppliers and installers of work equipment and suppliers of substances.
Responsible for the:
 design and construction of equipment
 testing and installation of their work
 safety of substances they manufacture or supply.
Must provide adequate information.
2

Other requirements
Approved Codes of Practice (ACoPs).
Codes of practice.
Good practice guidance.
Contractual obligations.
2

Legal and other requirements
With reference to your own workplace, list the main legal and
other requirements that impact on your occupational health
and safety management system.
Explain how these legal and other requirements:
 apply to your organisation
 are communicated to all who need to know.
2

Health and safety objectives
To fulfil the commitments set out in the policy.
To check procedures are working to ensure continual improvement.
Based on hazards, risks, legal and other requirements.
Appropriate to the size and activities of the organisation.
2

Performance measurement
Providing information on how the system operates in practice.
Identifying areas where remedial action is required.
Providing a basis for continual improvement.
Providing feedback and motivation.
2

Performance measurement
What types of information do you think would be useful when
measuring performance?
2

Setting targets
2

Can you identify the SMART elements of the target?
Setting targets
Objective: To reduce the number of slips and trips.
Target: For a three-month period, to conduct weekly spot checks of designated
walkways to ensure that they are kept free of hazards at all times.
Lead: Site Supervisor.
2

Setting objectives and targets
Identify a hazard in your workplace:
 draft an objective designed to control the risk
 set at least one SMART target to help achieve/measure
performance against this objective.
2

Session 3: Risk profiling
You should develop knowledge and understanding of the principles
of effective risk management and be able to:
a. Describe the benefits of risk profiling and the costs of not having
arrangements in place to control health and safety risks.
b. Describe procedures for hazard identification, risk assessment
and determining controls.
c. Explain the principles of risk control including the hierarchy of
controls.
d. Explain how the risks from different hazards may be affected by
occupational, environmental, human and organisational conditions
and factors.
3
3

Risk profiling
policy for the
organisation and
planning how this
policy will be
implemented through
management system.
control these.
3

Benefits of risk profiling
What do you think are the benefits of risk profiling?
3

Risk profiling
 Enables organisations to take a pro-active approach to identify hazards and control
the risks to prevent harm
 Requires a methodical review of every activity and process carried out in the
workplace
 Determines priorities for action
 Helps to determine the risk appetite of the organisation (what risks it will tolerate and
to what degree)
 Helps to ensure that resources are targeted to maximum effect
 Helps to ensure compliance with legal requirements, including fulfilling an employer’s
common law duty of care to workers
3

Costs of work-related injury
and ill health
Can you suggest some examples of the costs of work-related
injury and ill health?
3

Duties and responsibilities
Controlling risks helps to ensure compliance with legal requirements including fulfilling
an employer’s common law duty of care to employees.
In the UK, every organisation must carry out a risk assessment of its activities.
Risk assessments must be:
 carried out
 ‘suitable and sufficient’ (everyday and occasional activities)
 recorded (if there are five or more employees)
 conducted by a competent person
 acted upon (so far as is reasonably practicable)
 reviewed periodically and if any changes or incidents occur.
3

How would you plan and set up a risk assessment process?
The process of risk assessment
1.Identify the hazards
2.Decide who might be harmed and how
3.Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions
4.Record significant findings
5.Review the risk assessment and update if necessary
3

Methods of risk assessment
Methods vary, but whatever method used it must consider:
3
Likelihood that the hazard
will actually cause harm
Possible severity of any
injury or illness
Number of people who are
at risk from the hazard

Risk rating
3
Severity
Slightly harmful
1
Harmful
2
Extremely harmful
3
Likelihood
Highly unlikely
1
Trivial
1
Tolerable
2
Moderate
3
Unlikely
2
Tolerable
2
Moderate
4
Substantial
6
Likely
3
Moderate
3
Substantial
6
Intolerable
9

Specific risk assessments
Workers with particular requirements, such as young
workers and new or expectant mothers.
Work in particular industries and/or involving particular
hazards.
3

Control measures
A control measure is any measure (action or procedure) that can help to reduce the
risk or, even, eliminate the hazard altogether.
Good practice is to try to implement the most effective and reliable controls, by
working through a sequence of priorities known as the hierarchy of control.
3

Hierarchy of control
3

Risk factors
Occupational
job
Human
worker
Environmental
workplace
Organisational
systems
3

Risk factors
 Occupational: job
 Human: worker
 Environmental: workplace
 Organisational: systems
How might these factors impact on occupational health and
safety in your workplace?
How could you find out how well these factors are controlled?
3

Session 4: Work-related injuries
hazards and controls
a. Explain how injuries may result from common workplace hazards
and suggest suitable controls.
4
4

Risk profiling
4
policy for the
organisation and
planning how this
policy will be
implemented through
management system.
control these.

Work-related injuries
Accidents (unplanned or uncontrolled events) often cause physical injury.
Accidents and injuries are work-related if linked to a work activity or workplace
conditions.
Accidents include violence at work.
4

What are the common causes of injuries in your workplace?
Work-related injuries
HSE statistics 2016/17
4

Hazard: The workplace
(slips and trips)
Working together in your groups, draw up an inspection
checklist to prevent slips and trips, identifying:
 a hazard area
 risk factors (occupational, human, environmental and
organisational) that should be considered
 some short-term (low-cost) and long-term control measures.
4

Can you give some examples of work at height?
Hazard: Work at height
Work at height means any work where a person could fall a distance likely to cause
personal injury.
Falls from height are the most common cause of work related death.
4

Can you suggest some specific control measures for work at
height?
Controls: Work at height
Employers and other duty holders are required to:
 avoid work at height, insofar as possible
 use work equipment or other measures to prevent falls where work at height cannot
be avoided
 where the risk of a fall cannot be eliminated, use work equipment or other measures
to minimise the distance and consequences of a fall should one occur.
4

What hazards are typically associated with work equipment?
Hazard: Work equipment
Work equipment encompasses anything from hand tools and portable electrical
appliances to fork-lift trucks and major industrial plant.
4

Hazard: Work equipment
 Mechanical: entrapment, entanglement, ejection, contact, impact
 Non-mechanical: noise and vibration, extremes of temperature, hazardous
substances
 Electrical: shock, burns, fire
4

Controls: Work equipment
Can you suggest some specific control measures for work
equipment?
4

Controls: Work equipment
Short-term and low-cost options include action to:
 take equipment out of commission
 restrict authority for usage
 prevent access to an area as a temporary measure
 ensure existing equipment guarding is used
 wearing safety goggles or gloves.
Longer-term options include action to:
 repair equipment
 replace equipment
 retrain workers
 plan maintenance
 create a fault-reporting system.
4

Hazard: Fire and explosion
Where could each of these three factors be found in your workplace?
4

Control: Fire and explosion
What measures can be taken to prevent a fire from starting?
4

Fire response: Extinguishers
4

What conditions may give rise to electrical hazards?
Hazard: Electricity
The main dangers presented by electricity in the workplace are:
 Electrocution
 Electric shock (and effects such as throw off)
 Burns
 Fire caused by:
- overloading and overheating
- sparks
- arcing.
4

Control: Electricity
Equipment:
 kept in good condition
 visual checks carried out before each use
 proper maintenance
 protective devices installed.
Users:
 properly trained in use of electrical equipment and checking procedures
 aware of electrical risks.
Systems:
 fault reporting procedures
 equipment/system regularly tested
 safe systems for use of electrical equipment.
4

How are vehicles used in your workplace?
How do you think people might be injured by workplace
transport?
Hazard: Workplace transport
Defined as any vehicle or piece of mobile equipment that is used in a work setting.
4

Can you suggest suitable controls under each of these three
headings?
Control: Workplace transport
The vehicle The driver The site
4

What types of workers may be at risk of violence?
Hazard: Work-related violence
Defined as any incident in which a
person is abused, threatened or
assaulted in circumstances relating
to his/her work.
Includes verbal abuse or threats,
as well as physical attacks.
4

How could you find out?
What practical measures could be taken to reduce the risk of
work-related violence?
Control: Work-related violence
The first step of control is to establish
if there is a problem.
4

How would you identify a worker with an alcohol or drug
problem?
Hazard: Alcohol and drugs
A health problem and a safety problem.
Puts the individual and others at risk.
4

Control: Alcohol and drugs
Drug and alcohol misuse policy.
Support first.
Disciplinary action.
4

Session 5: Work-related ill health
hazards and controls
a. Explain how ill health may result from common workplace hazards
and suggest suitable controls.
5
5

Risk profiling
5
policy for the
organisation and
planning how this
policy will be
implemented through
management system.
control these.

Work-related ill health
5
HSE statistics 2016/17

Hazard: Manual handling
The movement of any load with human physical effort.
Manual handling tasks may involve:
 lifting
 carrying
 pushing
 pulling.
5

Hazard: Manual handling
Manual handling operations are a common cause
of work-related injury and ill health, including:
 damage to the back, arms, muscles and
tendons
 sprains and strains
 injuries including fractures and falls
 cuts and bruises, particularly to the hands and
feet
 disability, either temporary or permanent.
5

Control: Manual handling
Manual handling assessment:
 Task
 Individual
 Load
 Environment
 Other factors
5

Thinking about the hierarchy of control, what measures can
be put in place to control the risks of manual handling?
Control: Manual handling
5

How could you find out where hazardous substances are
being used, generated and/or stored in your workplace?
Hazard: Hazardous substances
Hazardous substances can take many forms, including:
 chemicals and products containing chemicals
 fumes
 dusts
 vapours
 mists
 gases
 nanotechnology
 biological agents, for example, bacteria, viruses, moulds and fungi.
5

Routes of entry include:
5
Ingestion –
swallowed via the
mouth
Inhalation – in the
air we breathe
Absorption –
through the skin or
splashes in the eye
Injection – through
the skin via a needle
or sharp object

The effects of hazardous substances on the body include:
 Irritant causing inflammation or swelling
 Corrosive causing tissue damage (burning)
 Toxic (and very toxic) causing poisoning
 Carcinogenic causing cancer
 Pathogenic causing disease
 Allergenic causing allergic reactions
 Radioactive causing radiation sickness and long-term effects (such as cancer and
genetic mutations)
5

Control: Hazardous substances
5

Health hazard
5
Toxic Harmful Corrosive

5

Why might PPE not fully protect a worker?
5

List three hazardous substances in your own workplace and,
for each, identify the main hazard, likely effects, and who
might be at risk and suggest appropriate control measures.
5

Can you suggest some sources of workplace noise?
Hazard: Noise
An unwanted sound with an
adverse effect.
5

Hazard: Vibration
A continuous series of small, fast movements around a point of equilibrium.
Exposure linked to use of powered hand tools or driving heavy vehicles.
Can cause hand arm vibration (HAV) or whole body vibration (WBV).
5

Control: Noise
Employers must reduce the risk of damage to the hearing of workers to the lowest level
that is reasonably practicable.
Employers are required to:
 assess the risks
 ensure that exposure to noise at work does not exceed the legal limits
 take appropriate action to reduce exposure
 provide workers with information, instruction and training
 carry out health surveillance where there is a risk to health.
5

Why might hearing protection be a last resort control?
Control: Noise and vibration
Noise
 Elimination
 Reduce noise at source
 Enclosure
 PPE
Vibration
 Avoidance
 Mechanisation
 Equipment selection
 Task design
 Regular work breaks
5

Control: Noise and vibration
Working in your groups, consider the scenarios on the activity
sheet and assess the risks of exposure to noise and vibration.
5

Poorly designed work tasks, systems and environments can lead to musculoskeletal
disorders (MSDs) – conditions affecting muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, cartilage or
spinal discs.
Injury may arise from prolonged repetition of actions such as gripping, squeezing,
twisting, pushing, pulling and reaching.
Risk factors include force applied, regularity and length of time, posture of the worker,
type of movement, the machinery and equipment used, workplace design and skill of
the worker.
Hazard: Work tasks, systems and
environments
5

If it is not possible to eliminate the factor causing the problem, a number of different
controls can be implemented to reduce the risk of work related ill health.
Most are based on redesigning work activities using ergonomic principles, for example:
 reduce the force needed to do the job
 reduce the regularity and duration of tasks
 reduce the number of repetitive movements
 reduce the expected pace of the work activity or allowing the pace to vary
 provide effective training
 introduce job rotation
 allow regular work breaks.
Control: Work tasks, systems
and environments
5

Ergonomics: The interaction
between workers, work
activities and the work
environment.
Ergonomic assessment: To
identify hazards and controls.
Ergonomic design: Ensure the
work activity and work
environment fits the worker.
and environments
5

and environments
Think about a supermarket checkout, how can risks be
controlled?
5

Hazard: Work-related stress
Defined as the adverse reaction people have to excessive pressures or other types of
demand placed on them at work.
Can lead to mental and physical ill health.
5

How would you know if a worker was experiencing stress?
Why is it important to be able to identify the signs of stress?
5

What do you think are the causes of work-related stress?
5

Control: Work-related stress
What can you do to reduce the risk of work-related stress?
5

Session 6: Organisation and
implementation
You should develop knowledge and understanding of how an
occupational health and safety management system can be
organised and implemented and be able to:
a. Describe the role and responsibilities of the supervisor and others
with regard to the occupational health and safety management
system.
b. Explain how best to engage workers in occupational health and
safety matters.
c. Explain the need for competence and training.
d. Explain the importance of document control in an occupational
health and safety management system.
e. Explain the importance of emergency preparedness and
response.
6
6

The ‘Do’ stage
control these.
6

The four Cs
6

Control
People with specific responsibilities include those who:
 represent health and safety interests at board level
 set policy and standards for health and safety
 monitor performance
 supervise others.
6

Control
What responsibilities is a supervisor likely to have with regard
to organising and implementing a health and safety
management system?
6

Co-operation
Workforce involvement, based on trust, respect and co-operation is key to developing a
positive health and safety culture.
Co-operation between management and the workforce is required at all stages in the
occupational health and safety management system.

Co-operation
How do you think that an organisation can facilitate workforce
involvement and co-operation?
6

How could you work with your employer to make
consultations worthwhile?
Co-operation
Employers have a duty to consult with workers on such matters as the:
 introduction of any measure (including new technology) that may substantially affect
the health and safety of workers
 arrangements for appointing competent persons to assist the employer in
implementing health and safety measures
 health and safety information that the employer is required to provide
 planning and organisation of health and safety.
6

Co-operation
What barriers might prevent or discourage a worker from
reporting or raising a health and safety issue?
What strategies might be used to overcome these barriers?
6

How could you motivate and encourage workers to contribute
to health and safety?
Co-operation
The best way of securing permanent improvements is to motivate and encourage
workers. There are some things workers need to know:
 what they must do
 how they should do it
 why it should be done
 the consequences of not doing it
 where to turn for assistance.
6

Communication
6

Look at the example of health and safety information you have
been given – how do you think it could be improved to ensure
that the key messages are understood?
Communication
Information should be:
 communicated in writing
 in plain English.
To ensure key messages are understood, other forms of communication should be
considered.
It is important to remember communication is two-way.
6

Competence
What is meant by ‘competence’?
6

What do you think are the main benefits of training?
Competence
The success of any health and safety management system rests on the competence of
all those involved at all levels of the organisation.
Training is a legal requirement and a control measure.
Lack of training is a common cause of incidents.
6

Competence
What needs to be considered when training is being planned?
6

Competence
What types of training have proved helpful in meeting your
learning needs?
6

Competence
When should training take place?
6

Competence
Training is a continual process.
Training must be evaluated on a regular basis.
Training records must be maintained.
Continuous professional development is a
benefit to the organisation as a whole.
6

Competence
Assessing your own competence
6

What records are you involved in maintaining?
Documentation and records
Keeping of documents and records is an essential, unavoidable feature of health and
safety management.
Documentation usually refers to information created in order for the organisation to
operate. It must be kept up to date and properly controlled so everyone in the
organisation knows which is the correct version and uses it.
Records usually refer to evidence of results achieved.
6

Record keeping
What do good records look like?
6

Emergency preparedness and response
Emergency plans should take account of:
 contingencies for off-site facilities
 contractors
 visitors/customers
 neighbours, particularly where a workplace or building is shared
 permits to work
 first aid arrangements
 evacuation procedures
 assembly points
 shut down procedures including security.
6

Emergency preparedness and response (cont.)
Supervisors must:
 be prepared to respond
 take responsibility for the welfare of others.
May also need to:
 organise drills
 check workers’ understanding of emergency procedures
 liaise with others with specific responsibilities.
6

Session 7: Checking performance
You should develop knowledge and understanding of how to monitor
and measure the effectiveness of an occupational health and safety
management system and be able to:
a. Explain how health and safety performance can be measured.
b. Describe how an occupational health and safety management
system can be monitored.
c. Explain the importance of recording and reporting incidents in the
workplace.
d. Describe the actions that need to be taken to investigate incidents.
7
7

The ‘Check’ stage
Check involves
measuring and
monitoring
performance and
investigating and
reporting
incidents.
7

Checking performance
7
Days lost due
to illness
Number of
training events
Days lost due
to injury
Hazards reported
Incidents
recorded

How would you go about measuring performance with regard
to this target?
Measuring performance
Performance measures are usually set in the ‘Plan’ stage to ensure health and safety
objectives (set as part of the health and safety policy) are met.
Objective: To reduce the number of slips and trips.
Target: For a three month period, to conduct weekly spot checks of designated
walkways to ensure that they are kept free of hazards at all times.
Lead: Site Supervisor.
7

Measuring performance
An important part of the measurement process is to monitor conformity with remedial
actions, where areas for improvement have been identified.
Performance measurement may involve:
 reviewing records
 direct observation of work practice and/or conditions
 discussions with workers.
Performance measurement should result in:
 improvements in health and safety performance
 learning from failure.
7

Monitoring performance
Monitoring and auditing are both part of the process of checking on performance and
standards.
Monitoring is an ongoing assurance process, but possibly looking at particular matters
at set times, to check for variations.
Auditing is an independent formal (normally rigorous) process, undertaken at set
intervals (such as every year), comparing actual conditions and behaviour against set
standards.
7

How can you monitor health and safety on a day-to-day basis
in your workplace?
Monitoring
Should be a part of the day-to-day assurance process of keeping an eye on what is
going on and, where possible, dealing with problems as they arise.
Less formal and more frequent than auditing.
Active monitoring involves routine checks to ensure risk control is maintained and is a
form of preventative action.
Reactive monitoring involves checking health and safety performance against pre-
determined standards and measures and is a form of responsive action (often in
relation to failures of risk control).
7

Monitoring procedures
Identify a range of control measures, for each one, suggest a
means of monitoring its effectiveness?
7

Auditing
A formal examination by competent people who are independent of the area of work
being audited or from outside the organisation.
Normally involves:
 checking records
 questioning individual workers and, sometimes, others such as contractors
 observing a sample of activities, environments and people undertaking work
 understanding the root cause of why procedures are working or failing.
7

Recording and reporting incidents
All organisations should keep a record of work-related injury, ill heath and other
incidents (such as near misses or damage to equipment) to:
 identify areas where control measures may require improvement
 provide information for comparison over time
 help to ensure continual improvement in standards.
7

Recording and reporting incidents
Why do you think that so many incidents go unrecorded?
7

Reporting incidents
Some workplace incidents must be reported to enforcing authorities, for example:
 death
 specified injury (such as fracture, amputation, crushing causing damage to the brain
or internal organs, serious burns)
 injury resulting in an absence of more than seven consecutive days
 dangerous occurrence (such as a major fire, explosion, building collapse, failure of
lifting equipment or release of toxic gas)
 certain occupational diseases.
7

Design an internal incident report form
Recording incidents
Employers must:
 record incidents causing injuries that result in a worker being away from work or
incapacitated for more than three consecutive days
 have systems in place to ensure that all incidents are recognised, recorded and
reported where necessary.
7

How should incident investigations be carried out?
Investigating incidents
It is important that measures are in place to ensure that incidents are properly
investigated.
Investigations should seek to:
 determine the cause
 identify issues
 assess risk control.
7

Investigating incidents
Who should be involved in incident investigations?
7

Session 8: Reviewing
performance
You should develop knowledge and understanding of the purpose
and process of review in an occupational health and safety
management system and be able to:
a. Explain the purpose of the management review.
b. Describe how the outputs of management reviews contribute to
continual improvement.
8
8

The ‘Act’ stage
Act involves reviewing the
organisation’s health and
safety performance and
identifying actions to
improve risk management
and control.
8

What is the purpose of the management review?
Management review
The most important function of the management review is to feed back into the
management system to enable an organisation to plan what to do next and, in
particular, to establish priorities for the next period.
 Carried out periodically
 Partial reviews may be prompted by changes
 Conducted by a competent person
 Annual health and safety report
8

What type of information and data needs to be gathered for
review?
Management review process
Involves consideration of:
 incidents, accidents or ill health
occurrences
 any other relevant experiences,
including from other organisations
 information gained from monitoring and
auditing
 outcomes of worker consultation
 new requirements or guidance
 changes that have occurred within the
organisation
 actions taken to improve systems and
control measures
 data from risk assessment
 recommendations from third parties
such as inspectors or auditors
 data from other sources.
8

Management review
The review process will provide information on how well the organisation is performing
against its health and safety objectives.
The focus should be on:
 suitability
 adequacy
 effectiveness.
8

Continual improvement
8

Consolidation activity
Prepare a briefing session about your experience of this
training programme.
8

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