OSH MANUAL 2021.pptx

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH TRAINING
1

DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Safety is the state of being "safe", the condition of being
protected from harm or other non-desirable outcomes.
 Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity”. (WHO)

 According to Professor Lee Reynolds occupational
health and safety, “is the discipline concerned with
preserving and protecting human and capital resources
in the workplace”.
 Occupational health and safety is a cross-cutting
disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety,
health and welfare of people engaged in work or
employment.

WHY OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY AT THE WORKPLACE?
Maintenance of high standards of S&H is structured around the
moral, social and economic reasons within the organization…
 Moral: The moral reason is to provide a reasonable standard of
care and reduce any suffering to workers as a result of workplace
accidents and ill-health.
 Economical: The economic benefits include but not limited to,
more motivated workforce, increase in production rates and
eliminate any costs associated with work place accidents. This
will improve reputation or maintain the image of the company
with its various stakeholders including new client/ customers.
 Legal: The legal reason is to avoid any enforcement action and
civil claims.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(OSH – MS)
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SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT
 A Safety and Health Management System is a systematic
approach to managing safety and health activities by
integrating occupational safety and health programs, policies,
and objectives into organizational policies and procedures.
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ELEMENTS OF SAFETY & HEALTH MANAGEMENT

POLICY FORMULATION
A clear statement has to be made to establish health & safety as a
prime commitment of management at all levels of the organization, but
particularly at the top
 Policy Should be:
 Specific to the company
 Concise, clearly written, dated and signed
 Communicated to all workers
 Available for others
 Should be reviewed regularly
8

WORKER PARTICIPATION
 Workers should be consulted, informed and trained in all aspects of
Occupational Safety and Health. This fosters a safety culture at the work
place
 S & H committee representatives should have time and resources to
participate actively in their duties.
9

MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE
 Internal changes (extra staffing, new processes, acquisitions)
 External changes (new laws, mergers, industry standards) –
appropriate preventive steps should be taken prior to the
introduction of changes
 The implementation of a ‘decision to change’ should ensure that all
affected workers are informed and trained.
10

ORGANIZING
A framework of roles and responsibilities for health and safety must be
created within the organization from senior management down to the
front-line workers including appointment of special staff
 Structures and processes should :
 Ensure that OHS is a line/dept management responsibility
 Ensure particular persons are accountable for specific jobs
 Promote cooperation and communication
 Provide resources to OHS committee
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DOCUMENTATION
 OHS policy
 Training records
 Accidents and Occ. Diseases records
 General register (to records accidents & diseases)
 DOHSS correspondence (e.g. improvement notices or
enforcement actions)
 Workplace audits and other surveys
 Reports of committee’s inspections and meetings
12

PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
Detailed arrangement must be made for the management of health and
safety, central to this idea is the concept of risk assessment and the
identification and implementation of safe systems of work and protective
measures.
 Initial review by an adviser (auditor) forms the baseline for improvement
 Priorities should be set according to company’s objectives i.e. safety
programs should not interfere with business goals
 Occupational Safety and Health objectives should be SMART i.e.
 Specific – clearly defined, precise objective
 Measurable – targets should be quantifiable
 Achievable – it can be done
 Realistic – within the timescale set and with the resources allocated
 Time framed – deadline or time scale is set for completion of the objective. 13

HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL
 Hazard prevention and control measures should be undertaken in the
following order of priority
 Eliminate the hazard
 Substitute the hazard with one that has lesser risks
 Control the hazard at source (Engineering controls)
 Minimize the hazard/risk by the design of safe work systems
(administrative controls)
 Provide appropriate Personal Protective Equipment 14

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
MEASURES
 These should be established and maintained.
 Should identify potential for accidents and emergency situations.
 According to size and nature of activity of the organization
 Necessary information, communication and coordination are provided
 First-aid, medical assistance, firefighting and evacuation procedures
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PROCUREMENT
 Ensure that compliance of safety and health requirements for
the organization is evaluated and incorporated into
purchasing specifications
CONTRACTING
 Equivalent safety and health requirements should be applied
by all contractors and Suppliers plus their workers.
 Include OSH criteria in procedures for evaluating and
selecting contractors and suppliers
 Regularly monitor OSH performance of the contractor and
Supplier activities on site.
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EVALUATION
Methods must be devised to monitor and review the effectiveness of the
arrangements put into place. This might be done reactively e.g. by
reviewing accidents, near misses, staff complains & ill-health statistics or
actively, e.g. safety inspections, safety tours, safety surveys & safety
sampling.
 Monitoring should be recorded so as to provide a basis for decisions
on improvement to be made.
Active monitoring also should include:
 Monitoring of the achievements of specific plans
 Systematic inspection of work systems, premises, plant, equipment.
 Surveillance of work environment, workers’ health
 Compliance with the OSH laws and regulations
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ACTION FOR IMPROVEMENT
 Any short comings identified by the review process must be corrected as
soon as possible by making whatever adjustments to the policy,
organization & arrangement for improvement.
 Here the management should focus on Preventive and corrective
action. This will basically involve identifying and analyzing the root
causes of any non-conformity within the organization. (E.g. accidents
investigation, monitoring cases of ill health & absenteeism)
The management should also aim at continuous improvement by taking
into account:
 The OSH objectives of the organization
 The results of hazard and risk assessments
 Compare the S&H processes and performance of the organization with
others in the same industry or sector in order to improve on workplace
safety and Health
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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH LEGISLATION
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THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK
THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH ACT, 2007
INTRODUCTION
 It is An Act of Parliament enacted in order to safeguard the health, safety
and welfare of ALL persons in employment.
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 The Act received Presidential Assent on 22nd October 2007
 Commencement: 26th October 2007 as the Occupational Safety and
Health Act No. 15 of 2007
 It repealed the Factories and Other Places of Work Act Cap 514.

ENFORCEMENT OF THE ACT
 The Act is enforced by the Director of Occupational Health and Safety
Services (DOHSS)
 DOHSS is a department in the Ministry of Labour
 The Director has officers below him known as the Occupational
Health and Safety Officers who visit workplaces to inspect compliance
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GENERAL DUTIES
Duties Of Occupiers
 Every occupier shall ensure the safety, health and welfare at work of
all persons working in his workplace.
 Provide and maintain plant and systems and procedures of work that
are safe and without risks to health;
 Provide such information, instruction, training and supervision as is
necessary to ensure the safety and health at work of every person
employed
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 Carry out appropriate risk assessments
 To register his workplace under OSHA
 Prepare a Health and Safety Policy of the workplace.
 Establish a safety and health committee at the workplace if
there are twenty or more employees.
 Cause a Health and safety Audit of the workplace to be carried
out after every12 months

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NB:
 An occupier shall not penalise an employee who is a
member of a work place safety and health committee for
doing anything in furtherance of the object of this section.

HEALTH :GENERAL PROVISIONS
 Cleanliness
The occupier of a workplace should ensure
that the premises are kept in a clean state at all time
 Sanitary conveniences
The occupier should provide adequate sanitary
conveniences which must be kept in a clean state.
There also should be separate sanitary conveniences
for each sex.
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Overcrowding
 The occupier should ensure that the workrooms are not
overcrowded. Therefore;
1) Every person in the workroom should be allowed an average
of 10 cubic metres of space.
2) No workroom should be less than 3 metres in height
3) Machinery should be properly arranged and not overcrowded
in a room.

Ventilation
 Adequate and efficient ventilation should be provided in order to ensure
the circulation of fresh air in the workroom. The ventilation can be
either natural ventilation or mechanical ventilation or both. The
ventilation should be capable of removing pollutant gases, fumes or
dust from the working environment.
Lighting
The occupier should provide and maintain sufficient and suitable lighting
whether natural or artificial.
Drainage of Floors
If the processes being undertaken produces spillage of chemicals, water
etc., the floors should be provided with an effective drainage system
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SAFETY PROVISIONS
A) SAFE USE OF PLANT, MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
 All machinery used in the workplace should be regularly serviced
 All dangerous parts of prime movers, transmission machinery, other
machinery and tools to be adequately encased, guarded or fenced.
 At least 1 m distance should be maintained from a fixed structure to a
machine
 All plant equipment should under go statutory inspection in accordance
with section 63 – 72 of OSHA, 2007.
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B)VESSELS CONTAINING DANGEROUS LIQUIDS
 Shall have a warning notice, indicating the nature of the danger, in a
form readily understood by the persons in the workplace and shall be
marked on or attached to the plant or, if this is not practicable, be posted
in a conspicuous location near the plant.
 MSDS should also be displayed.
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C) ERGONOMICS AT THE WORKPLACE
 Ergonomics is the study of work in relation to the environment in
which it is performed (the workplace) and those who perform it
(workers).
 Every employer shall take necessary steps to ensure that
workstations, equipment and work tasks are adapted to fit the
employee and the employee’s ability including protection against
physical and mental strain.
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D) SAFE MEANS OF ACCESS AND SAFE PLACE OF EMPLOYMENT
 All floors, steps, stairs, passages and gangways in a workplace shall be
of sound construction and be properly maintained.
 Safe means of access and egress to be provided in all workrooms and
exits should be easily opened from the inside if workers are within the
workplace.
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FIRE PRECAUTIONS
There shall be in every workplace;
 Adequate means of extinguishing fire e.g. fire extinguishers
 Adequate means of escape, fire exits, in case of a fire emergency
conspicuously marked.
 Proper storage facilities for flammable liquids and gases
 Proper warning signs where flammable substances are stored or
manipulated.
 People trained to use the extinguishers
 A Fire safety Audit of the workplace to be carried out.
 All exits should open outwards or slide sideways
 A Fire Assembly point

WELFARE PROVISIONS
 Supply of drinking water
Wholesome drinking water should be provided
 Washing facilities
Sufficient washing facilities should be provided.
 Accommodation for clothing not worn during working
hours should be provided.
 Facilities for sitting- to be provided for work done while
standing for employees to take regular rests in case of a
sitting opportunity.
 First Aid- To be provide a First Aid Box which should be
manned and stocked as per the First Aid Rules. 40

SPECIAL PROVISIONS
i. Permit to work- to be issued to any employee engaged in or likely to
be exposed to hazardous work/ environment.
ii. Work processes which may harm persons below 18 years- Not to
employ persons below 18 years.
iii. Supervision of apprentices & Indentured learners- Not to attend to
machinery, equipment without protection & supervision.
iv. Training & Supervision of Inexperienced workers- No person to be
employ at any machine/process unless fully instructed
v. Meals in certain dangerous trades: No meals where
poisonous/injurious substances are used.
vi. Protective clothing & appliances- Employer to provide & maintain
PPE to all workers exposed to hazards at work.
vii. Medical Surveillance- Pre-employment, Periodical and Post-
employment examinations.
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REPORTING OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS
All accidents should be reported to the Area Occupational Health and
Safety Officer (DOSHS). In this connection;
1) All fatal accident should be reported within 24 hours,
2) In case of non-fatal accident which results in over 3 days of sick-off
a written notice of the accident should be sent within 7 days.
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DUTIES OF EMPLOYED PERSONS
 Ensure his own safety and health and that of other persons
 co-operate with his employer or any other person in the discharge of
any duty or requirement imposed on the employer by the Act.
 At all times wear or use any protective equipment or clothing provided
by the employer
 comply with the safety and health procedures, requirements and
instructions given by a person having authority over him for his own or
any other person’s safety.
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 report to the supervisor, any situation which he has reason to believe
would present a hazard and which he cannot correct;
 report to his supervisor any accident or injury that arises in the course of
or in connection with his work;
 An employee who contravenes the provisions of this section commits an
offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty
thousand shillings or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three
months or to both.

SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION UNDER THE ACT
 Eyes protection rules
 Building operations and works of engineering construction rules
(1984)
 Electric Power Special Rules
 First Aid Rules
 Safety and Health Committee Rules
 Medical Examination Rules
 Noise Prevention Rules
 Hazardous Substances Rules LN No. 60/2007
 Fire Risk Reduction Rules LN No. 59/2007
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OFFENCES, PENALTIES & LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
 Any person who contravenes any of the sections of the
Act is guilty of an offence.
 General penalty: Fine up to 300,000/= or up to 3 months
imprisonment or both.
 Penalty in case of Death: In case of death as a result of
occupier contravening the Act, the occupier will be liable
to a fine up to 1 million shillings or imprisonment up to
12 months or both.
 Forgery, False Declaration: Attracts a fine up to
200,000/= or 6 months imprisonment or both.
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 To regulate occupational safety and health
activities in workplaces by the owners.
How?
 By establishment of safety and health
committees,
 The committee will be made of safety
representatives from management and
workers.
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Workplaces employing;
 Between 20 and 100 regular employees should have
not less than 3 safety representative each from the
management and workers
 Between 100 and 1000 regular employees should
have not less than 5 safety representative each from
the management and workers
 1000 and more regular employees should have not
less than 7safety representative each from the
management and workers
49

 Management representative will be appointed by
occupier.
 Workers representative will be elected by workers and
the occupier will be the overseer
Consideration to be made during appointment of safety
representative
 representation from different departments/
units/sections
 Representation reflecting gender parity
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 Every member of the committee shall
undergo a basic course in occupational
safety and health training within a period
of six months from the date of
appointment or election and there after
from time to time
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Members will be eligible for
three years and
May be re-elected for one
further term.
52

 Establish a schedule of inspection of the
workplace for each calendar year;
 Conduct safety and health inspections at least
once in every three months;
 Inspect, investigate and make recommendations
to the occupier immediately any accident or
dangerous occurrence takes place;
 Identify occupational hazards and cases of ill
health among workers at the workplace and
make appropriate recommendations to the
occupier
53

 Compile statistics of accidents, dangerous
occurrences and cases of ill-health as primary
data for providing remedial measures, plan and
allocation of resources
 Investigate complaints on health, safety and
welfare at the workplace
 Advise on the safety and health measures for
hazardous work or activities;
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 establish effective communication between the
management and the workers
 organize contests or activities on occupational
health and safety
 conduct seminars on safety, health and
welfare at the workplace
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 The Committee shall meet not less than four
times in every year, and not more than three
months shall elapse between the date of one
meeting and the date of the next meeting
 The chairman shall convene a meeting of the
Committee within twenty-four hours following
any accident or other dangerous occurrence, or
the outbreak of an unusual illness, at the
workplace. (forwarded to the director within
seven days)
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 Without prejudice to the foregoing, the
chairman of a Committee may, at any time of
his own motion, convene a meeting of the
Committee, and shall on the application of at
least six members, convene a special meeting
of the Committee
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 The quorum of a meeting of the Committee
shall be not less than two thirds of the
members representing employees and one
third of those representing the management.
 The director or his representative may, on
his own initiative or upon invitation by the
chairman, attend a meeting of the Committee
 At least seven days’ written notice of every
meeting of the Committee shall be given to
every member of the Committee.
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The chairperson of the Committee shall –
 Preside over all committee meetings at
which he is present;
 Keep the members informed of the safety
and health policy of the organization;
 Assist the Committee in setting its
objectives and its scope of activities; and
 Assign responsibilities to members.
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The Secretary to the Committee shall –
 Arrange and co-ordinate Committee meetings in
consultation with the chairman
 Take minutes at Committee meetings;
 Maintain an up to date record of the activities of
the Committee;
 Obtain and analyse statistics for Committee
meetings;
 Co-ordinate and monitor occupational safety and
health
programmes;
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 disseminate safety and health information
to members;
 draw up safety and health inspection
schedules;
 ensure that all reports arising from the
functions of the Committee , the director
or persons approved under these rules or
under Act are availed to the Committee.
61

The members of the Committee shall –
 Attend all Committee meetings;
 Provide feedback to their departments or
units on safety, health and welfare issues
raised in the meetings.
 Set good examples of safe and healthy
work practices;
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 Participate in the training of workers in
matters related to health and safety;
 Provide written recommendations to the
occupier on areas and issues requiring action
following inspections carried out under these
Rules.
 Monitor compliance with safety and health
rules in their respective departments or units;
 ........................................................................
...
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The occupier shall –
 Provide, at no cost to the Committee, a
suitable venue and other facilities for holding
Committee meeting;
 Allow members to attend the meetings and
other functions of the Committee without
loss of earnings, opportunities for promotion
or advancement;
 Ensure that all safety representatives have
undertaken the training courses organized
for purposes of these Rules;
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 Provide the Committee with –
 Any information or report on any accidents,
dangerous occurrences and incidents of occupational
diseases immediately it comes to his knowledge;
 Statistics of accidents, dangerous occurrences, and
incidents of of occupational diseases;
 All the necessary and relevant information on
hazardous substances;
 Safety and health reference material or facilities;
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 cause the monitoring and evaluation of hazards
and risks identified by the Committee to be
carried out by a competent person;
 develop a clearly defined safety and health
policy and bring it to the notice of all employees
at the work place, and send a copy of the policy
to the director;
 facilitate the implementation and review of the
organization’s safety and health policy;
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 make available to the Committee legislation on
occupational safety and health;
 make a report to the director on all accidents as
required under the principal Act;
 chair meetings, and, in his absence delegate
the function to a senior member of the
management;
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cause to be maintained a record of the
proceedings of Committee meetings and
reports of the audit referred to in these rules;
and
 ensure that all matters set out in these Rules
are complied with;
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 Is a competent person appointed by the director ;
 Any person who holds a minimum qualification of
a certificate in occupational safety and health from
a recognised institution and has proven practical
experience in this field for a minimum period of
five years.
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 Carry out safety and health audits of the
workplace at the request of the occupier.
 Advise the occupier and members of the
committee occupational health and safety
matters arising from the audit report.
 Submit a copy of the audit report to the
director.
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 “audit” means, systematic, documented,
periodic, and objective evaluation of working
environment and organizational management
systems in a workplace for prevention of
accidents, occupational diseases and ill
health and damage to property.
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 Every workplace shall be audited at least once in every
period of twelve months.
 the audit will be carried out by a registered safety and
health adviser at such fee as may be agreed upon with
such adviser
 The report of the audit shall be kept by the occupier.
 A copy of the same shall be submitted within a period of
thirty days following the audit;

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If an auditor,
 fails to make a thorough report;
 makes a report which is false or deficient in
its technical content;
 fails to send to the director a copy of any
report as required,
Fines will be up to fifty thousand shillings
or imprisonment for a term not exceeding
three months ,or to both such fine and
imprisonment
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 If the occupier or any other person
contravenes any of the rules, is guilty of an
offence and liable to a fine not exceeding fifty
thousand shillings.
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What is a Hazard?
 Any situation or act that has potential to
cause harm or injury to people exposed or
damage to property.
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 Occupational accidents
 Occupational diseases and ill health
 Death
 Damage to property.
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 Sense of smell alerts a person to the presence of a wide range
of chemicals and other substances like gases.
 Sense of hearing alerts one to the presence of high levels of
noise or defect in machinery
 Heat and cold can be recognised through feeling.
 Eyesight is a very important in identifying hazards.
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 Taste can enable one to recognize a problem
in what is being taken orally.
 And above all, knowledge.
Knowledge increases the perception of danger
and the strategies of handling the hazard at
hand.
79

Hazards are often categorised as follows:
 Mechanical
 Physical
 Chemical
 Biological
 Physiological
 Psychosocial
80

CHEMICAL & DUST
HAZARDS
(cleaning products,
pesticides, asbestos, etc.)
BIOLOGICAL
HAZARDS
(mold, insects/pests,
communicable diseases, etc.)
PHYSIOLOGICAL
HAZARDS
(repetition, lifting, awkward
postures, etc.)
PSYCHOSOCIAL
HAZARDS
Things that cause STRESS!
MECHANICAL
HAZARDS
(slips, trips and falls, faulty
equipment, etc.)
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(noise, temperature
extremes, radiation, etc.)

 Machines that are unguarded, poorly designed, or
manufactured, poorly maintained.
 Mobile machines-traffic accidents from vehicles
 Poorly designed Tools and Equipment
 Misuse of small portable tools
 Unprotected workstations at a height
82

The direct causes of the accidents include the following;
 contact with dangerous rotating parts of machines,
 trappings by in running nips of machinery,
 entanglement,
 explosions,
83

These include;
• Excessive levels of ionizing and non-ionizing electromagnetic
radiation,
• Noise,
• Vibration,
• Glare
• Extreme temperature
• Electrical energies
Adverse health effects may occur as a result of excessive exposure to
the above hazards.
86

 These include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other living organisms
that can cause acute and chronic infections by entering the body
either directly or through breaks in the skin.
 Animal & insect bites (e.g. dogs, mosquitos) can cause a wide range
of health effects.
 Occupations that deal with plants or animals products or food
processing may expose workers to biological hazards.
 Laboratory and medical personnel also can be exposed to biological
hazards due to contact with human body fluid & waste.
 Sanitary facility should also be disinfected regularly.

 Harmful chemical compounds in the form of solids, liquids, gases, mists,
dusts, fumes, and vapours exert toxic effects by inhalation (breathing),
absorption (through direct contact with the skin), or ingestion (eating or
drinking).
 Chemical hazards like vapours from paints, solvents or air borne
particles like photocopier toner, fumigation chemicals
 Standard require that all containers of hazardous substances in the
workplace have appropriate warning and identification labels.
 Adverse health effects may occur as a result of excessive exposure to
the above hazards.
90

 Ergonomics is the study of work in relation to the environment in which it is
performed (the workplace) and those who perform it (workers).
 It is used to determine how the workplace can be designed or adapted to
the worker in order to prevent a variety of health problems and to increase
efficiency; in other words, to make the job fit the worker, instead of forcing
the worker to conform to the job
 Ergonomic Hazards include: Improperly adjusted workstations and chairs,
Frequent lifting, Poor working/sitting posture, Awkward movements especially
if they are repetitive, Repeating the same movements over and over, Having
to use too much force especially if you have to do it frequently, Vibration from
machine etc.
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Psychosocial factors include;
Ignorance
Over/under supervision
 Poor human relations: bullying at work
 Long working hours
 Inadequate training and instruction
 Terms and conditions employment
 Sexual harassment
 Violence
 Drug abuse.
93

 THREE KEY STEPS:
 Recognition of the problem
 Assessment/evaluation
 Decision making on control strategy
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 The first consideration for controlling hazards is to eliminate the
hazard or substitute a less hazardous material or process.
 An example of this method is replacing a noisy machine with less
noisy one; or uncomfortable seat with a more comfortable one; or
toxic chemical with less toxic one.
 This control measure minimizes noise as well as eliminates health
concerns associated with noisy machine. Comfortable seats
eliminates health concerns like back pains.

 If hazard elimination or substitution is not feasible, engineering
controls should be considered next.
 Engineering controls are physical changes to the work area or
process that effectively minimize a worker's exposure to hazards.

 Enclosed Hazard
◦ Enclosure of the hazard, such as enclosures for noisy equipment in
separate room.
 Isolate Hazard
◦ Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guarding and other
mechanisms.
 Remove / Redirect Hazard
◦ Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local ventilation
and exhaust ventilation.
 Redesign Workplace
◦ Redesign of workstation to minimize ergonomic injuries e.g. DSE
improvement.

Aimed at reducing employee exposure to hazards but not
removing them!
 Changes in work procedures such as:
 Written safety policies/rules
 Schedule changes, such as:
• Lengthened or additional rest breaks
• Job rotation
• Adjusting the work pace
 Training with the goal of reducing the duration,
frequency and severity of exposure to hazards
 Strict supervision
 Workplace hygiene survey
 Staff medical check up

Control of LAST RESORT!
 Eye Protection
 Hearing Protection
 Respiratory Protection
CONTROL IS AT THE WORKER LEVEL!

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(PPE)
103

WHAT IS PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT?
 PPE are devices and garments used to protect workers from hazards
that may cause injuries and diseases.
 "PPE", is an equipment worn to minimize exposure to a variety of
hazards. Examples of PPE include such items as gloves, safety boots,
gum boots, eye/face protection, protective hearing devices (earplugs,
muffs) hard hats & helmets, respirators and full body suits
104

WHEN IS PROVISION OF PPE NECESSARY?
 PPE must be provided if
The work environment,
The work process
During normal work,
presents a hazard or is likely to present a hazard to any part of an
employee’s body
AND 105

When it is not possible to eliminate the
exposure or potential exposure to the hazard
by
engineering,
work practice, or
administrative controls
106

COMMON TYPES OF PPE
 Head
 Eyes
 Face
 Hands
 Feet
 Body
 Hearing
 Respiratory

Personal Protective Equipment Program.
 Where the employees are likely to be exposed to
hazards that require them to use PPE, it is
necessary to develop a PPE program.
 Important factors to be considered when developing
the program are:
 The Hazard
 Selection
 Fitting
 Training and education
 Maintenance and repair
108

EYE & FACE PROTECTION
Injuries can be caused by
 Dust
 metal shavings
wool fibers
Wood chips
 Liquids
Molten metal
Acids and chemicals
Blood and other potentially infectious body fluids
 Intense light
welding arcs & glare 109

PPE for Impact Hazards
• Safety Glasses: Primary protectors
intended to shield the eyes from a variety
of hazards
• Goggles: Primary protectors intended to
shield the eyes against flying fragments,
objects, large chips, and particles.
• Face Shields: Secondary protectors
intended to protect the entire face against
exposure to impact hazards & corrosive
substances

Eyes: Goggles and Glasses
• Goggles
– Chemical Splash
– Impact
• Safety glasses

Types of Face Protection
Face Shield
Welding Shield

Foot and leg protection
• Some of the potential hazards include the following
– Heavy objects such as barrels or tools that might
roll onto or fall on employees’ feet.
– Sharp objects such as nails or spikes that might
pierce the soles or uppers of ordinary shoes.
– Molten metal that might splash on feet or legs.
• Hot surfaces
• Wet surfaces.
• Slippery surfaces
113

Foot Protection
Shoes or boots with
electrical protection must be
worn when there is a
danger of electrical hazards
to your feet.
Rubber boots or shoes
must be worn when you
work in or around water
or where there is a slip
hazard.

Foot Protection
• When working with
hazardous chemicals,
make sure you wear the
appropriate chemical-
resistant foot protection
in case of splashing or
spilling.
• This would be
impermeable rubber or
neoprene boots as
shown.

Foot Protection
• Metatarsal guards
must be worn when
you are around
objects that may fall
or roll.
 Shoes with puncture
resistant soles must be
worn when there is a
danger of objects
piercing the sole of your
work shoe.

HAND AND ARM PROTECTION
117
Injuries
Burns
Bruises
Abrasions
Cuts
Punctures
Fractures
Amputations
Chemical exposures

TYPES OF PROTECTIVE GLOVES
Sturdy gloves
These are made from metal coating, leather, or canvas and provide
protection against cuts, burns, and sustained heat.
 Leather gloves.
 Aluminized gloves – they are used in very high temperature applications. The
aluminized surface of these high heat resistant gloves reflects most of radiant heat
while the lining helps reduce heat conduction.
 Electrical rubber (cut ) gloves – used for electrical work
119

120
Fabric and Coated Fabric Gloves
These gloves are made of cotton or other fabric to
provide varying degrees of protection.
 Fabric gloves.
 Coated fabric gloves.

121
Chemical- and Liquid-Resistant Gloves
These protect workers from burns, irritation, and dermatitis
caused by contact with oils, greases, solvents, and other
chemicals.
 Butyl rubber gloves- offer superior resistant to highly corrosive acids/
chemicals.
 Natural latex rubber gloves - used by medics and first aiders.
 PVC gloves - Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is a thermoplastic polymer of vinyl
chloride. PVC offers good abrasion resistance & effective against water and most
aqueous solutions, detergents, and diluted bases and acids.

GLOVES – TO NOTE
 No glove is good against all hazards
 Gloves have a finite lifespan and must be
periodically replaced
 When donning gloves, examine them for
signs of tears, cracks, holes and dry rot
 Hands should always be washed after
removing gloves

US&A (v. 2/07)
• Hardhats
• Helmets
HEAD PROTECTION

Head Protection
In general, protective helmets, or hard hats,
should:-
• Resist penetration by objects,
• Absorb the shock of a blow,
• Be water resistant and slow burning, and
• Come with instructions explaining proper
adjustment and replacement of the suspension and
headband.
126

Head Protection
• Hard hats must be worn in
areas around or where there
is a potential for falling
objects.
• Hard hats must also be worn
where there are low-hanging
obstructions.
• Helmets designed to reduce
electrical shock hazards must
be worn when your head is
exposed to electricity
• Some tasks require both head
& face protection.

How Hard Hats Protect You
• A rigid shell that resists and
deflects blows to the head;
• Suspension system inside acts as a
shock absorber
• Some hats serve as an insulator
against electrical shocks
• Some can be modified so you can add
face shields, goggles, hoods or hearing
protection

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
 Respirators may be
 half-mask, covering nose and mouth, or
 full-faced, covering nose, mouth and eyes.
 Their function is to prevent the wearer from inhaling hazards.
 A filtering, medium on the respirator removes the hazardous substances
by absorption, adsorption or simple filtration.
131

TYPES OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
 Dust Mask
 Half mask
 Full face
 Powered Air Purifying respirator (PAPR)
 Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

EAR PROTECTION
 Important factors
 How loud is the noise as measured in decibels (d BA)?
 If noise is higher than 90 decibels, ear protection will be needed.
 What is the duration of each employee's exposure to the noise?
 Do employees move between separate work areas with different
noise levels?
 Is noise generated from one source or multiple sources?
133

EAR PROTECTORS: TYPES
 Earplugs.
 These ear plugs are self-forming and when properly inserted, reduces noise
exposure significantly.
 Earmuffs.
 require a perfect seal around the ear. Glasses, long sideburns, long hair, and facial
movements such as chewing may reduce the protective value of earmuffs.
136

FULL BODY PPE
 Needed when work presents a potential for contamination or
injury to other parts of the body such as legs, arms, back, chest.
 Examples of hazards:
 Heat
 Splashes
 Hot/cold metals and liquids
 Impacts
 Sharp objects
 Chemicals
 Radiation

TYPES OF BODY PROTECTION
 Lab/ dust coats
 Aprons
 Chemical resistant sleeves
 Full body suits
 Coveralls

TRAINING ON PPE
 Make sure anyone using PPE is aware of why it is
needed, when to use, repair or replace it, how to
report it if there is a fault and its limitations.
 Train and instruct people how to use PPE properly
and make sure they are doing this. Include managers
and supervisors in the training, they may not need to
use the equipment personally, but they do need to
ensure their staff are using it correctly. 139

 It is important that users wear PPE all the time they
are exposed to the risk. Never allow exemptions for
those jobs which take ‘just a few minutes’.
 Check regularly that PPE is being used and
investigate incidents where it is not. Safety signs can
be useful reminders to wear PPE, make sure that staff
understand these signs, what they mean and where
they can get equipment, eg for visitors or contractors
140

ROLE OF MANAGEMENT IN THE PROVISION OF P.P.E
Management must;
 Provide free of charge the correct P.P.E by taking into account the
nature of hazard at their premises
 Demonstrate how to use the P.P.E
 Inspect P.P.E regularly before and after use
 Ensure P.P.E are cleaned dried and stored in a clean place after
use.
 Issue the P.P.E individually and ensure that no sharing before
cleaning takes place. 142

ROLE OF EMPLOYEES
 Must make full use of P.P.E provided
 Must report to the management the loss or damage of
or any defect in P.P.E
 Must take reasonable care of the P.P.E and not
willfully misuse them.
143

SUMMARY/ CONCLUSION
 In conclusion, it is important to note that the material
of PPE chosen must be able to withstand the specific
hazard prevailing in a given workplace.
 It is the last means of hazard control
 Must be carefully selected
 Good fit is important
 Only works if worn correctly 144

Stress at work
&
Stress Management

What Is Stress
 Stress is the response of the body to any demand
made upon it. The "demand" can be a threat, a
challenge or any kind of change which requires the
body to adapt.
 The response is automatic and immediate.
 Stress creates positive or negative feelings.
 Stress has both physical and emotional effects.

Sources of Stress
THE GOOD
 Get married
 Have children
 Buy property
 Go on vacation
 New Job
 Promotion
 Market demand
(competition)

Sources of Stress
The Bad
 Accidents
 Spouse loses/death
 Job loss
 Lose wallet & confidential
documents
 In-laws coming
 Unwanted pregnancy

Causes of workplace stress
 Demand – Excessive demands of the job in terms of
workload, speed, deadlines & work patterns
 Control – lack of control over what is to be done, how will it
be done, the priorities involved and even simple things like
control over the working environment (light, temperature,
back ground noise, etc.)
 Support – lack of support in terms of information, instruction
and training to do the work & having no one to turn to when
pressure increase

Causes of workplace stress
 Relationships – poor workplace relationships in particular
bullying & harassment
 Role – Lack of clarity about an individual’s role, what
responsibilities and authority they have, and how they fit in
the larger organization structure
 Change - the threat of change and the change process itself,
whether it is a change that affects just one worker (e.g.
demotion, re-assignment) or the whole organization (e.g.
redundancies, management take-over), can create huge
anxiety and insecurity.

Other stressors
 Family & life changes
 Discrimination
 Finances
 Health/illness
 Environment
 Bureaucracies
 Career development
 Organizational structure and
climate

Stressors
 There are three basic
types of stressors:
 1. Frustrations
 2. Pressures
 3. Conflicts

Frustrations
Frustrations occur when there are obstacles that block
one from reaching their goal.
Obstacles include;
 Losing a job
 Lack of enough money to pay bills
 Loss of a friend
 Fear of unknown outcomes
 Family issues
 Poor planning

Pressure
 Pressure can be good or bad.
 Stress can come from pressures that force people to
achieve specific goals by speeding up, working harder, or
changing the way they do something.
 It may come from expectations of others. People in
recovery may have external pressures from family and
friends to get better quickly.
 Some may be impatient with their recovery rate, while
others may feel guilty about the time they wasted during
their addiction

Conflict
 Conflicts occur when there are two opposing forces–
one force against the other.
– Internal
– External

Effects of Stress
Stress can have many effects, some of which will depend on the individual
concerned. These effects can be classified as;
1. Physical
- Workplace accidents
- Weight gain/loss
- Heart palpitations & sweating
- Skin rashes
- Dizziness & headache
- Impotency or rigidity
- Susceptibility to illness
- Muscle tension
- High blood pressure

Effects of Stress
2. Psychological
- Anxiety
- Scared
- Feeling of neglect
- Loss of interest in people
- Loss of humour
- Low self-esteem
- Can lead to depression

3. Behavioural
- Mood swings & irritability
- Sleeplessness
- Preoccupied with thoughts
- Inability to concentrate & forgetfulness
- Poor decision-making ability
- Increased absence from the workplace
- Can lead to alcoholism & drug misuse

Consequence of Stress
1. Individual
- Job loss
- Divorce
- Alcoholism & drug addiction
2. Employer
- Increased absenteeism
- Poor relationship
- Conflict & higher staff turnover
- Potential civil legal action

Managing Stress
ABCs of stress management
 Acquire awareness of responses to stress
 Believe one can change their behavior
 Commitment to taking action to prevent
conflicts

Role of employer in stress prevention
 Job demand - Speed of work & deadlines should be reasonable and
where possible set in consultation with workers. Working hours &
patterns should be carefully selected with reference to guidance and
worker preference. Workers should be selected on basis of their
competence, skills and ability to cope with difficult or emotionally
demanding work. Arrangement should be made to allow workers to
recover from high stress situations without fear of punishment.
 Job control – workers should be given as much control of their work as
possible, especially where the work is demanding i.e. encourage
(where possible) to take control over;
What work is to be done & how
Priorities
The working environment

 Relationships – clear policies should exist concerning acceptable
standards of behavior in the workplace; bullying & harassment should
not be tolerated.
 Support – workers should be provided with adequate information,
instruction & training; they should have access to additional support
when they need it.
 Role – the organization should be clear about what an individual’s role
actually is, their responsibilities and authority and how they fit in to the
larger organization structure. This should be clearly communicated to
the workers.

 Change – there should be careful planning & preparation of change
process. The reasons for change should be clearly explained & workers
consulted where possible. In some situations, change is best done
gradually to allow workers adapt; in others, it is better to implement
change quickly to minimise the impact of uncertainty.
 Counselling services – should be offered by trained employees or
outsourced. This service can be useful to employees in dealing with
both work-related and non work-related matters.

Stress Management Techniques
 Build rewarding, pleasant cooperative relationships
with employees
 Don’t bite more than you can chew
 Build especially effective and supportive relationships
with employees.
 Negotiate with employees for realistic deadlines on
important projects.
 Learn as much as you can about upcoming events
and get as much lead-time as you can to prepare
them

Other ways of managing Stress
Stress Relief Strategies
 Body relaxation exercises e.g.
breathing techniques, nature
walk & guided imagery
 Physical exercise e.g. yoga &
work out routine
 Belly laugh
 Connect with your network
 Meditation e.g. recite phrases
 Listening to music or play some
tunes
 Counseling i.e. talk therapy & life
coaching

Psychological first aid
 Give the person a chance to speak his mind to relieve
himself
 Listen and offer good advice
 Show understanding & encourage them
 Show an interest in the problems of the person under
stress

Other Helpful tips
 Changing perceptions and expectations
 Set reasonable/realistic goals
 Avoid procrastination
 Set boundaries
 Don’t compromise your values/beliefs
 Schedule “me” time

Benefits of Stress Management
 Physical health gets better, more energy and stamina
 Emotions stabilized, positive attitude, hopeful/happier
 Ability to focus improved, able to learn and achieve

Occupational Diseases:
Definition
 An occupational disease is a disease or
disorder that is caused by the work or
working conditions.
 This means that the disease must have
developed due to exposures in the
workplace and that the correlation
between the exposures and the disease is
well known in medical research.
10/26/2023 2:06:43 AM OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
HAVE NO CURE. TAKE CARE!!!
172

Occupational Diseases:
Definition
 Or put in another way, it must
be likely, beyond reasonable
doubt that the disease was
caused by work and not any
other factors
173

Shengli Niu 174
Occupational diseases

Occup. Diseases Defn cont……
 According to the Factories & Other Places
of Work (Medical Examination) Rules,
2005, an occupational disease is any
departure of health occasioned by exposure
to any factor or hazard at the workplace.
175

Occup. Diseases Defn cont……
 Occupational diseases are defined by
etiological characteristics i.e. the slow
acting occupational cause (contrary to
accidents where the cause acts rapidly)
176

Why study occupational
diseases?
a. There is need to identify the
occupational origin of these diseases for
the purpose of their:-
i. Prevention
ii. compensation
b. Help to better health surveillance of
workers
177

General Comments
 Most occupational diseases result from
chronic exposure to small quantities of
hazards
 There is individual susceptibility to the
hazards
 Allergy exists in some workers
178

General Comments
 Some individuals can get used to hazards
 Most take many years before showing
symptoms and signs
 Most are not treatable!!!!!!
 All are preventable.
179

Prescribed occupational
diseases in Kenya
 There are 40 prescribed occupational
diseases in Kenya as outlined in the
second schedule of the OSHA 2007
180

Exposures leading to
occupational diseases
 Chemicals - by far the most
common causes taken as a
group, examples are solvents,
pesticides, and minerals such
as heavy metals etc. They
cause respiratory disorders,
skin diseases, cancer etc.
 E.g. lead compound,
phosphorous, manganese etc.
181

Musculo-skeletal
disorder
 Due to Excessive load on the muscles, ligaments,
tendons and bone.
 Due to Insufficient circulation to the
Musculoskeletal system.
 Work that requires activity of a small group of
relatively weak muscles (such as continuous use
of fingers of the dominant hand in data entry).
Awkward work postures, manual lifting etc.

Common sites for Musculo-skeletal
problems
 Neck
 Fore-arm
 Wrist
 Fingers
 Back
 Knee

Exposures leading to
occupational diseases
Physical agents
 Noise: - One can suffer from Noise Induced
Hearing Loss if exposed to noise levels above 90
dB (A) over an eight hour period every day.
Temporary ringing in the ears (about 140 dB (A)
over a significant period of time.
184
Tinnitus- persistent ringing in the
ear as result of repeated exposure
to excessively loud noise.
Other effects include; stress
caused by nuisance noise and
difficulty in concentrating.

Physical agents……..
 Heat/radiation – one can suffer from heat
cataract when frequently exposed to rays from
molten or red hot materials with increased risk
of skin cancer. Dehydration, heat exhaustion &
may lead to heat stroke.
 Light/glare – causes eyes irritation & cataract.
 UV from welding leads to pain and inflammation
to the surface of the eye leading to temporary
blindness (often called arc-eye or snow-
blindness)
185

Physical agents……..
 Vibrations– One can suffer from vibration-white
finger (VWF) disease when exposed to vibrating
machines such as pneumatic drills or chain saws.
The disease starts when the fingers becomes
numb. The same effect can occur in the spine
(damage intervertebral discs) due to vibration of
dumper-trucks seats. There is no cure
186

Dusts
Pneumoconiosis (dusty lungs)- mining,
quarrying and dressing of sandstone, slate and
granite; any occupation involving exposure to
asbestos dust; iron and steel foundry work; steel
dressing; work in the pottery industry; the
manufacture of refractory products such as silica;
wood work and sorting processes.
Examples are:-
 Silicosis due to exposure to silica dust – in
mining, quarrying and construction industries.
Symptoms include breathlessness and chest pain,
can prove extremely disabling & fatal.
187

Dusts
 Asbestosis which leads to mesothelioma &
lung cancer due to exposure to asbestos dust
from roofing materials, steam pipe lagging, floor
tiles etc. There is a world wide campaign against
the use of asbestos
 N.B The mineral fibers responsible are those
small enough to reach the terminal bronchioles
and alveoli in the lungs and are less than five
microns. They cause scar tissue then severe
breathing difficulty occur.
188

Dusts……
 Cement dust cause irritation of eyes &
respiratory. Dermatitis & cementitious burn.
 Chronic obstructive bronchitis which causes
airflow limitation (FEV1 < 60% of predicted
value) induced by exposure to dusts and irritant
gases.
 Wood dusts
Certain wood dust is likely to causes asthma
Exposure to hard wood dust may cancer of the
nose
189

Biological agents
These include:-
 Viruses e.g. rabies, HIV AIDS & hepatitis A
(contracted orally by cross-contamination with
faecal materials containing the viruses) & hepatitis
B (transmitted in body fluids such as blood).
Hepatitis virus survives long periods outside the
body & can survive harsh treatment which kills
other micro-organisms.
 Contaminated body fluids can cause infection by
contact with damaged skin, needle injury & even
splashing to the eye & mouth. Symptoms of
hepatitis include jaundice & liver damage.
190

Biological agents
These include:-
 Bacteria e.g. anthrax ( handling of wool, hair,
bristles, hides or skins or other animal products
or residues, or contact with animals infected with
anthrax), TB etc.
 Animal – fur from pet is a respiratory sensitizer.
 Fungi – e.g. Candida infections
191

 Job description/nature of job
 Hours of work/shift work
 Types of hazards
 Past occupation
 Other jobs
 Domestic exposures
 Hobbies
The component of an
occupational disease
history
192

 Smoking/ alcohol intake/drugs
 Similar complaints among other
workers
 Time relationship between work
and symptoms
 Degree of exposure
 Use of protective device
 Methods of materials handling
193

Screening Approach :
1. History : questionnaire
2. Physical Examination
3. Tests :
 Spirometry > lung function test
 Eye test
 Cholinesterase test
 Biologic monitoring
 Audiometry etc.
Screening for Occupational
Disease

Prevention of occupational
diseases
 Substitution of hazardous substances;
 Ventilation – General/local exhaust;
 Dust suppression;
 Noise control via insulation & isolation;
 Transfer of highly susceptible persons
from risk areas;
195

Prevention of occupational
diseases
 Environmental, health and biological
monitoring of people at risk;
 Use of personal protective equipment.
196

Prevention cont…..
 Medical examination i.e.
Pre-employment medical examination followed
by
Subsequent in job (periodic) medical exams or
Statutory (special) medical examination.
 Education of workers
197

Prevention cont…..
N.B
The Factories and Other Places of Work
(Medical Examination) Rules, 2005 makes
provision for medical examination of
workers.
Occupational diseases are compensable.
198

DEFINITION
 Electricity is the flow of charge or electrons
 Flow of electricity requires a complete circuit
Complete circuit
Incomplete circuit

A SIMPLE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
 Electricity exists in the form of:
1. Direct Current, d.c.
2. Alternating Current, a.c.
 Current, I, is the movement of
electric charges and is
measured in amperes (amps),
A.
 Voltage, V, is a measure of
electrical force and is
measured in Volts, V.
 Resistance, R, is the ability of
a material to resist the flow of
electrical current and is
measured in Ohms, Ω.

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
 Electric shock
 Electrocution
 Short-circuits
 Explosions
 Sparks
 Fire
 Burns
 Damage to equipment
NB. What kills is the current not voltage

ELECTRICAL SHOCK
 An electrical shock is the effect or injury resulting from the
direct or indirect passage of an electrical current through
the body.
 Electric shocks occur when the body becomes part of the
electric circuit.
 The current must enter the body at one point and leave at
another.

SHOCK SEVERITY
The severity of electric shock is determined by:
 The amount of current (amperes) flowing.
 The path of the current through the body.
 The length of time of contact.
 Frequency of the current
 Nature of the PPE in use
 Gender and age
 Environment e.g. wet surface, metal surface
 The general health of the person etc

EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON THE BODY
AC current (mA) Effect on human body
1 Slight tingling sensation
2-9 Small shock
10-24 Muscles contract causing you to freeze
25-74 Respiratory muscles can become paralysed; pain;
exit burns often visible
75-300 Usually fatal; ventricular fibrillation; entry & exit
wounds visible
>300 Death almost certain; if survive will have badly burnt
organs and probably require amputations

INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTRICAL
HAZARDS.
 Burns
 Blood clots
 Nerve damage
 Falls
 Fractures
 Internal bleeding
 Heart attack/cardiac arrest

TYPES OF BURNS CAUSED BY ELECTRICITY.
 Direct electrical burns - from electric current flowing
through the body tissues.
 Arc/flash burns (indirect electric) – arcing from high
voltage conductors or explosion from short circuit.
 Thermal contact burns - from overheated conductors
or electrical appliances.

CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS
 Unsafe equipment and/or installation
 Unsafe environment
 Unsafe acts (work practices).

UNSAFE ACTS (WORK PRACTICES)
o Failure to de-energize, lockout and tag out hazards
during maintenance, repair or inspections
o Use of defective and unsafe tools
o Overloading outlets with too many appliances
o Poking naked cables into sockets.
o Wrong insulation of cables

 Not verifying power is off when making repairs (e.g.:
drilling into a 240-Volt line can kill)
 Working in an elevated position near overhead live
electrical lines
 Failure to read and follow all safety signs, symbols and
barriers
 Failure to use good housekeeping with respect to tools
and work areas e.g. a grinder left connected to power
supply after use.

UNSAFE EQUIPMENT
 Un-inspected electrical equipment
 Un-inspected portable extension cords
 Improper grounding (removal of third prong)
 Defective parts
 Overloaded outlets
 Faulty electric cording

UNSAFE ENVIRONMENT
 Area with flammable fumes/gases and combustible
fuels.
 Poor housekeeping e.g. blocked electrical boxes,
flammable materials stored in equipment rooms, lack
of proper hazard signs and excess clutter.
 Using equipment in wet, corrosive, damp or humid
condition.
 Working near overhead power lines
 Excavations with underground power cables

PREVENTING ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
 Cables should be insulated & avoid hazardous environment.
 Use of standard fused plugs, circuit breakers & earthing.
 Double insulation and use of armoured cables
 Residue Current Devices (detects current imbalances between live and
neutral)
 Reduced and low-voltage systems where possible

PREVENTING ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
 Competent persons for electrical works like maintenance
 Regular inspection & testing of electrical installations and equipment
 Safe work practices and user checks before using equipment.
 All workers training in electrical safety.
 Consistent use of PPE.

SAFE WORK PRACTICES
 De-energizing (lockout/tag-out) electric equipment
before inspecting or making repairs.
 Using tools that are in good repair (never use
defective tools.)
 Using proper plugs (avoid poking naked wires into
sockets)
 Using good judgment when working near energized
lines or overhead lines.

SAFE WORK PRACTICES
 Using appropriate personal protective equipment
(PPE).
 Covering junction/panel boxes.
 Using good/proper and neat wiring techniques
 Avoid placing electrical cables on the floor.

ELECTRICAL EMERGENCIES
PROCEDURES
Protect Yourself:
• Assess the situation – never put yourself at risk
• If possible, disconnect the electrical supply (switch off)
• Do not touch the person- they may be energized.
• Do not use a conductive tool to free the person

ELECTRICAL EMERGENCIES
PROCEDURES
• Call for help & ambulance
• Check for breathing. If not breathing apply
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
• If breathing but unconscious place the casualty in
recovery position.
• Reassure the casualty.

CONCLUSION
 Equipment be installed and maintained by qualified
personnel.
 Electrical fires are best controlled using CO2 fire
extinguishers but first de-energize.
 In case of a serious fault the responsible person should
immediately contact the Kenya Power and Lighting
Company.
 Your safety is in your own hands!
END!!

Machine: A machine is a piece of equipment
that is designed to do a specific job and has
moving parts that are powered by electricity,
steam, gas, water, wind etc.
Safety:- a situation with minimal danger, risk or
hazards.
Most accidents in many workplaces involve
machines.
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4

Machines have two major parts:-
 fixed parts
 moving parts
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5

Mechanical hazards typically involve
dangerous moving parts in the
following four basic areas:
◦ A prime mover
◦ Point of operation
◦ Power transmission apparatus
◦ Other moving parts
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A PRIME MOVER
A prime mover is a device which generates
motion (mechanical energy) derived from
either electricity, steam, gas, water, wind or any
other source and includes a motor and an
engine.
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7

 This is the point where work is performed on
the material, such as cutting, shaping,
punching, Stamping or boring Etc.
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9

 Any components of the mechanical system which
transmit energy to the parts of the machine
performing the work.
 These components include flywheels, pulleys,
belts, connecting rods, couplings, spindles,
chains, and gears
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All parts of the machine which move while the
machine is working, such as reciprocating, rotating
and transversely moving parts, as well as feed
mechanisms and auxiliary parts of the machine
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1. Rotating motion
◦ Rotating motion can be dangerous; even smooth,
slowly rotating shafts can grip clothing and force an
arm or hand into a dangerous position.
◦ Injuries due to contact with rotating parts can be
severe, some examples of rotating motions are ;
 Couplings, flywheels, shaft ends, spindles and
horizontal or vertical shafting.
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Reciprocating motions may be hazardous
because during the back-and-forth or up-
and-down motion, a worker may be struck
by or caught between a moving part and a
stationary part.
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8
BACK AND FORTH

Transverse motion (movement in a straight,
continuous line) creates a hazard because
a worker may be struck or caught in a
pinch or shear point by a moving part.
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9

 Recognition of hazardous parts of machines
 Minimization of machinery hazards during
design
 Safeguarding dangerous parts of machines
 Use of correct and safe work practices
 Training operators.
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2
10/26/2023

Guards are physical devices that prevent access
to dangerous parts of machines.
Guards built into machines should:
 Prevent contact.
 Provide security.
 Not create new hazards.
 Not create interference.
 Not be easy to by-pass/defeat
24
3
10/26/2023

a) Fixed Guards
A fixed guard is a permanent part of the
machine and is not dependent upon
moving parts to perform its intended
function.
Fixed guards are usually preferable to all
other types because of their relative
simplicity and permanence
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5

b) Interlocking Guards
 Prevent you from operating the machine
if the guard is not in place, or
automatically stop the machine if part of
your body enters a dangerous area.
Photoelectrical or mechanical-sensing
devices are examples of interlocking
guards.
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c) Automatic guards: actually pull or push
your hands, arms, or body away from the
danger zone as the work is being done.
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Remote control, feeding, placement or ejecting
guards: these control methods protect you
from dangerous points of operation.
For example, a two-handed control requires
both of your hands to be on the controls
(away from the danger zone) when you
operate the machine. This is a common
method with punch/stamping presses; a
feeding mechanism may use an automatic
device to feed material into the machine, so
that you do not feed by hand.
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9

Machinery inspection & maintenance
Personal protective equipment
Switching the machine on/off
Use of lock out & tag out (LOTO)
Care when using machine with exposed moving parts
House keeping.
Use of hand signals and safety signs.
Not operating machine when ill or under influence of drugs.
10/26/2023 2:06:43 AM
SAFETY IN MACHINES THE WAY
TO GO
25
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For machine operators.
Detailed training on individual machine operation.
Detailed training on safety aspects of each machine
in use.
Detailed training on machine manuals & SOPs
For other workers.
General training on:
 emergency procedures;
 The dos & the don’ts.
10/26/2023 2:06:43 AM
SAFETY IN MACHINES THE WAY
TO GO
25
1

254
Definition of plant
A plant is a machine or equipment at the
workplace, which has the potential to cause injury,
disability, and death or damage to property owing
to the way they are built and the work they do.
Plants used in industry are: -
a. Pressure vessels and
b. Lifting machines

255
Pressure vessels
Examples are:-
Steam boilers (closed vessel in which steam is
generated under pressure greater than
atmospheric pressure);
Steam receivers;
Air receivers (air compressor);
Compressed, liquefied and dissolved gases
cylinders.
Refrigeration plants

256
NB
Boilers and other pressure vessels need
particular precautions. Especially stringent
regulations apply to them.
They entail risks of explosions or accidents
due to component failures. The high internal
pressure and frequent pressure changes give
rise to these risks.

257
Lifting machines
• Examples are:-
Cranes and other lifting machines e.g. chain
blocks
Hoists (normally for hauling goods) and lifts
(human cargo)
Lifting tackle (chain slings, rope slings, rings,
hooks, shackles, swivels)

258
Hazards associated with the above plants
Plant Associated hazards
Steam boilers Explosions, burns
Steam receivers Explosions, burns,
scalds
Air receivers Explosions
Compressed liquefied
and dissolved gasses
cylinders
Explosions, burns,
fires, gas poisoning

259
Plant Associated hazards
Cranes, hoists
and lifts
Falls of persons from
plant
Collapse of plant
Toppling of plant
Falling objects
Injuries due to breaking
ropes and chains
Being trapped in the
plant

260
In order to ensure safety of plants, the
plants should:-
Be installed and operated according to
regulations
Be installed and maintained by qualified
persons
Be inspected at regular intervals by
authorized, competent persons.

261
Provision for inspection of plants under
OSHA, 2007
The Occupational Safety & Health Act has made
provision for the examination of the above plants by
government authorized/approved persons
The authorized person should make a report of the
examination and test, in a prescribed form, which
should be entered in or attached to the general
register.

262
Examination interval
Plant Section
of Act
Steam boiler 67 Every 12 months or
after extensive repairs
Steam
receivers
68 Every 24 months or
after repairs
Air receiver 69 Every 24 months or
after extensive repairs
Cylinder for
compressed,
liquefied and
dissolved
gases
70 Every 2 years for
corrosive gas cylinders
Every 5 years for non
corrosive gas cylinders

263
Plant Section
of Act
Examination
interval
Refrigeration
plant
71 Every 12 months
Hoist/lift 63 At least once every 6
months
Chains,
ropes and
lifting tackle
64 At least once every 6
months
Cranes and
other lifting
machines
65 At least once every 12
months
SWL should be indicated

OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS,
CAUSES & PREVENTION
264

Definition:
An accident is an unplanned, unexpected, unwanted
occurrence, but controllable event which interrupt or
interfere with the orderly progress of an activity.
Accidents causes; injury to persons, damage to
property, or both the above.
 Accidents are predictable and preventable events
 They don’t have to happen.
265

Whenever an accident occurs it must be
investigated to establish the “source” and
“cause” so as to be able to come up with
strategies that can help prevent accidents.
The “source” is the type of work being done or
the activity. This includes:
 handling of materials,
 using hand tools,
 operating machinery etc.
266

The “cause” is normally in two
categories;
Root causes – failure in management
systems
Immediate causes – unsafe
conditions, unsafe acts & human
(personal) factors
267

Root causes may be separated into two categories:
System Design
Weaknesses
System implementation
weaknesses
Missing or inadequate safety
policies/rules
Safety policies/rules are not being
enforced.
Training program not in place Safety training is not being
conducted
Poorly written plans Adequate supervision is not
conducted
No procedures in place Lockout/tag out procedures are not
followed
268

The “immediate causes” can be;
an unsafe condition, or
an unsafe act of person, or
Human (personal) factors
269

Unsafe conditions
These are physical conditions, which, if left
uncorrected may cause accidents. They include:
defective machines/equipment
Unguarded machines
Uninspected plant equipment
slippery, uneven or weak working floor
improper or inadequate lighting
Unstable stacks
lack of or inadequate fire precautions
untrained workers
270

 lack of safety and health policy
 poor housekeeping, e.g. extension cables & materials
causing obstruction in walkways.
 lack of safety devices
 Noise
 Unsuitable temperatures, ventilation
271

Unsafe acts are caused by;
 physical and/or mental inadequacies,
 faulty attitudes,
 lack of knowledge and/or skill.
272

UnsafeActs
These are the wrong actions of persons who disregard correct
procedures. These include:-
 using equipment incorrectly or without authority
 making safety devices inoperative, e.g. by removing or
disconnecting
 unsafe loading or stacking
 hazardous movements, e.g. running, jumping, climbing over
where not required
 using defective equipment or tools
 using wrong tools for a job
 horseplay – practical jokes
 failure to use proper protective equipment
273

Human (Personal) Factors
Your own performance can increase the risks of having an accident.
The factors which may contribute to accidents in this respect
include:-
 Job experience
 Lack of awareness of hazards
 Lack of information and instructions on the working methods and
risks involved
 Not properly trained for the task
 Hidden psychosocial issues
 Age - older people are more easily injured e.g. when falling
- decline in eyesight and hearing with age
274

Types of accidents:-
There are many types of accidents, all of which are
classified according to how they occur.
 Falls i.e. from height, slips, trips
 Cuts i.e. kitchen cuts & machine cuts
 Ergonomic injuries
 Eye injury
 Burns from fire mostly electrical fires & hot kitchen appliances.
 coming into contact with irritant chemicals
 Abrasion. Etc.
275

Prevention of Accidents
Accidents due to human factors & unsafe acts, can be prevented or
substantially reduced by: -
• Proper worker training on the job.
• Creating safety awareness in the workplace.
• Formation and training of safety and health committee.
• Proper and strict supervision of the young and untrained
workers.
• Willingness to help solve workers problems including the
domestic ones. This helps improve the worker’s interest and
willingness to work.
• Observance of discipline by workers while at work.
276

Accidents due to unsafe conditions can be prevented by: -
• Proper housekeeping with clear walkways
• Proper maintenance of machines and tools.
• Inspection & servicing of plant equipment
• Providing and ensuring the use of the right tools or
equipments for the job. E.g. use of ladder while
accessing high shelves.
• Adequate lighting & ventilation in the workplace
• Staff training
• Warning signs of hazards e.g. slippery floor
• Provision of adequate ERPs
• Provision of PPE where necessary
277

In general, occupational accidents can be
prevented through;
a) Compliance with the health and safety
legislation.
b) Formulation and implementation of safety
policy.
278

Cost of Accidents
Accidents are costly!!
They cause:
 Enormous financial loss to an establishment,
 Cause business loss and
 Manpower loss as well.
279

Probable cost to the victim (injured person)
 Pain and suffering
 Loss of earnings (wages, overtime etc.)
 Disablement
 Curtailment of social activities
 Psychological damage
 Family distress
 Death
280

Probable cost to the employer (company)
 Lost production
 Cost of repair and replacement of equipment
 Consequential overtime costs
 Increased insurance claims and premiums
 Legal penalties
 Compensation expenses
 Cost of treating victims
 Loss of goodwill and reputation
 Loss of skilled manpower
281

Focus of any accident investigation
283
 Primary focus of any investigation should be the
determination of the facts surrounding the incident and the
lessons that can be learned to prevent future similar
occurrences.
 The focus of the investigation should NEVER be to place
blame. The process should be positive and thought of as
an opportunity for improvement.

Other reasons for conducting investigations
284
 To fulfill any legal requirements
 To determine the cost of an accident
 To determine compliance with applicable safety
regulations
 To process workers' compensation claims
 Maintain workers’ morale

Research Statistics
285
 95% of all workplace accidents are caused by unsafe work
acts
 3% of workplace accidents are caused by unsafe
conditions
 2% caused by “Acts of God”
 All these statistics imply that management system
weaknesses account for 98% of all workplace accidents.
 Effective accident investigation identifies these root
causes and recommends strategies to eliminate the
management system weaknesses.

When do you conduct an investigation?
286
As a general rule, investigations should be conducted for:
 All incidents
 All injuries (even the very minor ones)
 Property and/or product damage situations
 All “Near Misses” where there was potential for serious
injury

Developing accident investigation procedures
287
These should be done before accident and procedures
include;
 Who should be notified of accident.
 Who is authorized to notify outside agencies (fire, police,
DOHSS etc.)
 Who is assigned to conduct investigations.
 Training required for accident investigators:
 Who receives and acts on investigation reports.

Consider the following issues
 Reporting whether internally or externally
 Preservation of the scene of the
accident/incident
 Composition of the investigation team
 Competence of the team
 Investigation procedure
 External relations
Preparing for an accident Investigation

 May be secured by means of:
 Excluding all except essential personnel
 Locking access
 Displaying warning signs
 Using security personnel to restrict access
 Recording the scene with photos or narrating
video recording
 Sketch identifying key objects
 Measure distances
Preservation of the scenes

 Requires a competent team
 Someone familiar with the task and work
environment
 Responsible person for performance standard eg
supervisor or manager
 Someone with authority within the organization
 Safety and Health expert
 Employee representative
 Victim
 Technical expert eg engineer or medical doctor
Composition of the Investigation team

 Types of evidence
 Physical evidence – materials and equipment
 Human evidence – witness statements and
interviews
 Documentary evidence – inspection records,
maintenance log
Carrying out an investigation

292
1. Gather information
 Interview eyewitnesses as soon as possible after the accident.
Interview witnesses separately, never as a group.
 Interview other interested persons such as supervisors, co-
workers, etc.

Witness Interviews
 Interview promptly.
 Establish rapport with witness (treat as equal).
 Use open questions i.e. beginning with what?,
why? When? Where? etc.
 Keep an open mind
 Get the facts and note them.
 Write down the witness’s statement

Interviewing cont.…
294
 What was (were) the injured worker(s) doing at the
time?
 In your opinion, what caused the accident?
 How might similar accidents be prevented in the
future?

 Within the report there must be statements on the
following:
 Process used by the investigation team
 Facts relevant to the accident
 Method of analysis used and the result
 Causal factors of the accident
 The team should go through the report before it is
released outside the investigation team to ensure
technical accuracy, thoroughness and consistency.
Accident Investigation Report

 A full accident investigation report should contain the
following elements:
 A disclaimer
 List of contents, figures, photographs and tables
 List of acronyms
 Executive summary
 Introduction
 Facts of the accident or incident and analysis of information
 Conclusions and judgements of need
 Names of investigation team and consultants if used
 Signatures of team members
 appendices
Accident report

Background information
297
Review related records such as:
 Training records
 Medical records (as allowed)
 Maintenance record
 Safety Committee records (minutes & inspection report)
 External audits reports & risk assessment
 Company policies
 Past accident reports
 Formalized safe-work procedures
 Legislations like OSHA, 2007

298
Document the scene with photographs, videotape, or sketches &
appropriate measurements.
3. Analyze the accident
 Causes of accident are determined
 events must be analyzed to discover immediate cause(s) for the
accident, and then, by asking “why” a number of times the related
root causes are uncovered e.g.
 Was the worker distracted? If yes, why was the worker distracted?
 Was a safe work procedure being followed? If not, why not?
 Were safety devices in order? If not, why not?
 Was the worker trained? If not, why not?
 Its easy to determine the immediate causes unlike the weaknesses in the
management system (root causes)

299
Develop preventive actions
 Recommendations should relate directly to the immediate and root
causes of the accident
 These recommendations should include recommended actions
such as:
 Engineering controls (e.g. local exhaust ventilation or use of an
lift assisting device)
 Work practice controls (e.g. pre-plan work or remove jewelry
and loose fitting clothing before operating machinery)
 Administrative controls (e.g. standard operating procedures,
worker rotation, staff trainings and regular maintenance)
 Personal protective equipment (e.g. helmet, safety boots etc.)

ALCOHOL AND DRUGS ABUSE
AT THE WORKPLACE

DEFINITION OF TERMS
• What is a drug?
• What is drug abuse

DEFINITION OF TERMS
•A drug
Any chemical which when taken into
the body through a defined mode may negatively or positively affect the functioning of
one or more of the body organs and create a desired or unintended change.
•A substance
Any mixture or compound of
chemicals which when taken into the body through a defined mode may affect the
functioning of one or more of the body organs and create a desired or unintended
change.

Drug Abuse - A drug is abused when;
 Legally misused
 Illegally used
 Used to produce a different booking condition than
intended to.
 Used without prescription or use that ignores
prescription instructions
 Harms the user, family and community

What is Drug Addiction?
Drug addiction – also known as chemical/substance
dependency, dipsomania, alcoholism:
 Is a complex illness which may be physical and/or psychological
 Users ignores negative consequences in search of euphoria,
positive expectations and escape from reality; often characterized by
the belief of not being able to do without the drug.
 Characterized by compulsive use and behavior, withdrawals,
tolerance and distortions in thinking & most notably denial (refusal to
acknowledge problem)

 Psychological craving
Psychological craving is a strong desire or urge to
use drugs. Cravings are most apparent during drug
withdrawal.

 Tolerance
Tolerance is a state in which a person no longer responds
to a drug as they did before, and a higher dose is required
to achieve the same effect.

WITHDRAWAL
The following symptoms may occur
when drug use is reduced or
discontinued:
 Tremors, chills
 Cramps
 Emotional problems
 Cognitive and attention deficits
 Hallucinations
 Convulsions
 Death
308

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
 Stimulants
 Depressants
 Hallucinogens
 Prescription drugs
 Steroids
 Inhalants
 Narcotics
 Designer drugs

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE
1. Stimulants
 Affect the central nervous system
 Examples:-Tobacco, cocaine and miraa, longterm
usage eventually leads to disease, disability and
finally death.
2. Depressants
 Generally decrease the activity of the central
nervous system
 These include Heroin, alcohol, and codeine

3. Steroids
Anabolic steroids foster the formation of living tissue
 Increase muscular mass, and are used as body
building substances especially by athletes and body
builders
 Long term usage causes fits of rage, liver damage,
baldness and depresses immunity causing death
 4. Hallucinogens
 They cause hallucinations, a pronounced
alteration of perception. It is the state of fantasy or
illusion, being lost in the world of dreams.
 Examples: cannabis (ganja, kushu, vela, kinduku,
kindom) and hashish

 5. Prescription Drugs
 Examples: Valium, Codeine, piriton and other pain
killers

CAUSES OF ALCOHOL AND
DRUG ABUSE
Why do people initiate drug use?
 Much, if not most, drug use is motivated by the
pursuit of pleasure.

WHY THE YOUNG PEOPLE ABUSE DRUGS
 ►Stress
Stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the
demands of life and our ability to cope with them
 What is stress?
Stress is the response of the body to any demand
made upon it.
 The "demand" can be a threat, a challenge or any kind
of change which requires the body to adapt.
 The response is automatic and immediate.
 Stress creates positive or negative feelings.
 Stress has both physical and emotional effects

Why the people abuse drugs
 Work pressure e.g. Too much workload, Unmet
deadlines, Low achievement
 Low or high self esteem
 Poor/lack of conducive environment
 Peer pressure
 Highly dynamic population
 Hidden psychological disorders (stress, low
 self esteem, depression)
 Lack of education or information on drugs.
 Freedom
 Experimentation/curiosity, thrill, myths
 Escapism (drugs solve problems)
 Glamorization of drug culture
 Misleading advertisements, Identity crisis

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
DRUG ABUSE
 Typical signs and symptoms of drug and substance
abuse include failure to fulfill major role obligations
at work, school, college or home
1. Signs of physical deterioration
 Memory lapses or blackouts, short attention span,
difficulty in concentration
 Sexual problems which include lack of appeal,
function and promiscuity
 Insomnia (lack of sleep), moodiness, fatigue,
restlessness, shakes, agitation, easily startled,
dread of facing people, nausea, vomiting, sweating,
hallucinations and convulsions

 Physical signs contd..
 Poor physical co-ordination, slurred or incoherent
speech
 Chronic cough
 Unhealthy appearance, indifference to hygiene or
marked deterioration in physical hygiene and grooming
 Blood shot eyes or red eyes, dilated pupils, drooping
eyelids
 Burnt or stained thumb nails or finger tips, burnt holes
on clothing
 Injection marks as evidence of using needles
 Watering eyes and nose (itching eyes)
 Dark circles under the eyes and a blank facial
expression
 Suicidal behavior
 Pathological jealousy and lies
 Migraine headaches

2. Signs of drugs and related items
a) Possession of drug related paraphernalia.
E.g rolling papers
b) Possession of drugs or evidence of drugs
c) Odor of drugs, ‘cover up scent’
d) Identification with drug culture
 Possession of drug related paraphernalia
 T-Shirts, stickers, caps – pictures of bhang leaf
 Necklaces bearing signs of bhang leaf
 Medicines to relieve constipation
 Syringes and needle
 Brushing teeth many times a day
 Constantly sucking mint and chewing gum
 Wearing dark glasses even in the house

3. Dramatic changes in performance
 Work and assignments not completed or up to date
 Increased absenteeism or tardiness (slow inarrival),
lethargy (lack of energy)
 Inattentiveness, lack of concentration, loss of interest
 Increased job related accidents particularly head
injuries

4. Changes in behaviour
 Quarrelsome
 Chronic dishonesty (Lying, stealing, trouble with law enforcers)
 Changes of friends, evasiveness in talking about new friends-
referred by the first name
 Nervous mannerism:- Frequent lip licking, jittery and foot
tapping
 Unnecessary privacy
 Reduced motivation, energy, self-discipline, self-esteem
 Sudden laughter outbursts for reasons not really worth
 Disorientation in time and space
 Increased isolation and alienation from close friends and
family members

HEALTH EFFECTS
OF DRUG ABUSE
 Does the type of alcohol matter ?
 ADDITIVES TO ALCOHOL
 • Methanol
 • Sisal juice
 • Used torch batteries
 • Car battery fluids (acid)
 • Human urine
 • Used sanitary pads
 • Wash out water from dead bodies
 • Hospital drugs
 • Dead rodents/ snakes
 • Cockroach-aches
 • Mouldy bread/ cakes
 • Laboratory reagents, jik
 • Tobacco, bhang, opium etc.

 General effects of Alcohol
 Loss of inhibition e.g. to attempt a crime
 Impaired visual ability
 Altered sense of time and space
 Loss of pain perception: never fight with a drunkard
 Unclear hearing
 Slow reaction time: causes accidents
 Stomach ulcers
 Cancers

CANCER OF THE OESOPHAGUS
An unknown chemical
quality in alcoholic
beverage causes
alcoholics to have a far
greater chance of
developing cancer of the
esophagus than non-
alcoholics. Cancer
causes difficulty in
swallowing and a
sensation of blockage
behind the sternum.
Surgery is the only
treatment, and the cure
rate is very low.

 Alcohol effect on Heart
 Enlargement of the heart
 Damage of heart valves
 High blood pressure
 Heart failure
 Liver damage by alcohol
 Enlargement
 Hardening
 Cancer
 Liver failure {Liver cirrhosis}

 Comparison of normal liver to one damaged by alcohol

OTHER EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL
 Kidney
 Reproductive system (low sperm count, bad ova,
ed, still births, prostrate cancer etc)
 Birth defects
 accidents

SMOKING
 Causes cancer of the mouth, lungs, stomach
ulcers, respiratory infections, amputations,
peripheral vascular diseases

EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE TO INDIVIDUAL:
 Personal neglect
 Lack of self respect
 Immorality
 Poor performance at any task
 Poor health
 Accidents
 Sensitivity to criticism
 Very emotional
 Coming to work late and leaving early
 Absenteeism
 Failure to accomplish tasks on time
 Poor concentration
 inability to follow instructions/ repeating
 mistakes
 Poor relationship at place of work
 Loss of job
 Poor self esteem
 Suicidal thoughts

CONTROL METHODS.
 Policy and procedure
 Training/ awareness
 Moral support
 Random testing

WHAT IS HIV??
 “Human Immunodeficiency Virus”
 Invades the helper T cells (CD4 cells) in the
body of the host
 Threatening a global epidemic.
 Preventable, manageable but not curable.

WHAT IS AIDS ???
 “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome”
 Is caused by HIV
 Disease impairs the body’s ability to fight infection
due to markedly reduced helper T cells
 Results in a weak immune system
 Patients are predisposed to multiple opportunistic
infections
 Leads to death.

 SEXUAL CONTACT
 BLOOD TRANSFUSION
 CONTAMINATED SHARPS
 MOTHER TO CHILD(VERTICAL TRANSMISSION)
 INTRAVENOUS DRUG USE (IDU)
Modes of HIV/AIDS
Transmission

Through Bodily Fluids
 Blood products
 Semen
 Vaginal fluids
 Breast milk

IntraVenous Drug Abuse
 Sharing Needles
 Without sterilization Increases the chances of
contracting HIV
 Unsterilized blades

Through Sex
 Unprotected Intercourse
 Oral
 Anal
 Vaginal

Mother-to-Baby
 Before Birth
 During Birth
 After birth

Factors Contributing To Spread Of
HIV/AIDS
 Cultural & Gender
 Biological
 Social factors
 Economic factors
 Stigmatization

OSH MANUAL 2021.pptx

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