The document defines key terms related to occupational safety and health such as safety, health, and occupational safety and health management systems. It discusses why occupational health and safety is important at workplaces from moral, economic, and legal perspectives. It also outlines the key elements of an occupational safety and health management system including policy formulation, worker participation, management of change, organizing, documentation, planning and implementation, hazard prevention and control, emergency preparedness, procurement, evaluation, and continuous improvement. Finally, it provides an overview of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 2007 and the duties it places on occupiers and employees.

1. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH TRAINING
1

2. DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Safety is the state of being "safe", the condition of being
protected from harm or other non-desirable outcomes.
 Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity”. (WHO)

3.  According to Professor Lee Reynolds occupational
health and safety, “is the discipline concerned with
preserving and protecting human and capital resources
in the workplace”.
 Occupational health and safety is a cross-cutting
disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety,
health and welfare of people engaged in work or
employment.

4. WHY OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY AT THE WORKPLACE?
Maintenance of high standards of S&H is structured around the
moral, social and economic reasons within the organization…
 Moral: The moral reason is to provide a reasonable standard of
care and reduce any suffering to workers as a result of workplace
accidents and ill-health.
 Economical: The economic benefits include but not limited to,
more motivated workforce, increase in production rates and
eliminate any costs associated with work place accidents. This
will improve reputation or maintain the image of the company
with its various stakeholders including new client/ customers.
 Legal: The legal reason is to avoid any enforcement action and
civil claims.

5. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(OSH – MS)
5

6. SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT
 A Safety and Health Management System is a systematic
approach to managing safety and health activities by
integrating occupational safety and health programs, policies,
and objectives into organizational policies and procedures.
6

7. 7
ELEMENTS OF SAFETY & HEALTH MANAGEMENT

8. POLICY FORMULATION
A clear statement has to be made to establish health & safety as a
prime commitment of management at all levels of the organization, but
particularly at the top
 Policy Should be:
 Specific to the company
 Concise, clearly written, dated and signed
 Communicated to all workers
 Available for others
 Should be reviewed regularly
8

9. WORKER PARTICIPATION
 Workers should be consulted, informed and trained in all aspects of
Occupational Safety and Health. This fosters a safety culture at the work
place
 S & H committee representatives should have time and resources to
participate actively in their duties.
9

10. MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE
 Internal changes (extra staffing, new processes, acquisitions)
 External changes (new laws, mergers, industry standards) –
appropriate preventive steps should be taken prior to the
introduction of changes
 The implementation of a ‘decision to change’ should ensure that all
affected workers are informed and trained.
10

11. ORGANIZING
A framework of roles and responsibilities for health and safety must be
created within the organization from senior management down to the
front-line workers including appointment of special staff
 Structures and processes should :
 Ensure that OHS is a line/dept management responsibility
 Ensure particular persons are accountable for specific jobs
 Promote cooperation and communication
 Provide resources to OHS committee
11

12. DOCUMENTATION
 OHS policy
 Training records
 Accidents and Occ. Diseases records
 General register (to records accidents & diseases)
 DOHSS correspondence (e.g. improvement notices or
enforcement actions)
 Workplace audits and other surveys
 Reports of committee’s inspections and meetings
12

13. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
Detailed arrangement must be made for the management of health and
safety, central to this idea is the concept of risk assessment and the
identification and implementation of safe systems of work and protective
measures.
 Initial review by an adviser (auditor) forms the baseline for improvement
 Priorities should be set according to company’s objectives i.e. safety
programs should not interfere with business goals
 Occupational Safety and Health objectives should be SMART i.e.
 Specific – clearly defined, precise objective
 Measurable – targets should be quantifiable
 Achievable – it can be done
 Realistic – within the timescale set and with the resources allocated
 Time framed – deadline or time scale is set for completion of the objective. 13

14. HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL
 Hazard prevention and control measures should be undertaken in the
following order of priority
 Eliminate the hazard
 Substitute the hazard with one that has lesser risks
 Control the hazard at source (Engineering controls)
 Minimize the hazard/risk by the design of safe work systems
(administrative controls)
 Provide appropriate Personal Protective Equipment 14

15. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
MEASURES
 These should be established and maintained.
 Should identify potential for accidents and emergency situations.
 According to size and nature of activity of the organization
 Necessary information, communication and coordination are provided
 First-aid, medical assistance, firefighting and evacuation procedures
15

16. PROCUREMENT
 Ensure that compliance of safety and health requirements for
the organization is evaluated and incorporated into
purchasing specifications
CONTRACTING
 Equivalent safety and health requirements should be applied
by all contractors and Suppliers plus their workers.
 Include OSH criteria in procedures for evaluating and
selecting contractors and suppliers
 Regularly monitor OSH performance of the contractor and
Supplier activities on site.
16

17. EVALUATION
Methods must be devised to monitor and review the effectiveness of the
arrangements put into place. This might be done reactively e.g. by
reviewing accidents, near misses, staff complains & ill-health statistics or
actively, e.g. safety inspections, safety tours, safety surveys & safety
sampling.
 Monitoring should be recorded so as to provide a basis for decisions
on improvement to be made.
Active monitoring also should include:
 Monitoring of the achievements of specific plans
 Systematic inspection of work systems, premises, plant, equipment.
 Surveillance of work environment, workers’ health
 Compliance with the OSH laws and regulations
17

18. ACTION FOR IMPROVEMENT
 Any short comings identified by the review process must be corrected as
soon as possible by making whatever adjustments to the policy,
organization & arrangement for improvement.
 Here the management should focus on Preventive and corrective
action. This will basically involve identifying and analyzing the root
causes of any non-conformity within the organization. (E.g. accidents
investigation, monitoring cases of ill health & absenteeism)
The management should also aim at continuous improvement by taking
into account:
 The OSH objectives of the organization
 The results of hazard and risk assessments
 Compare the S&H processes and performance of the organization with
others in the same industry or sector in order to improve on workplace
safety and Health
18

19. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH LEGISLATION
19

20. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK
THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH ACT, 2007
INTRODUCTION
 It is An Act of Parliament enacted in order to safeguard the health, safety
and welfare of ALL persons in employment.
20

21. 21
 The Act received Presidential Assent on 22nd October 2007
 Commencement: 26th October 2007 as the Occupational Safety and
Health Act No. 15 of 2007
 It repealed the Factories and Other Places of Work Act Cap 514.

22. ENFORCEMENT OF THE ACT
 The Act is enforced by the Director of Occupational Health and Safety
Services (DOHSS)
 DOHSS is a department in the Ministry of Labour
 The Director has officers below him known as the Occupational
Health and Safety Officers who visit workplaces to inspect compliance
22

23. GENERAL DUTIES
Duties Of Occupiers
 Every occupier shall ensure the safety, health and welfare at work of
all persons working in his workplace.
 Provide and maintain plant and systems and procedures of work that
are safe and without risks to health;
 Provide such information, instruction, training and supervision as is
necessary to ensure the safety and health at work of every person
employed
23

24. 24
 Carry out appropriate risk assessments
 To register his workplace under OSHA
 Prepare a Health and Safety Policy of the workplace.
 Establish a safety and health committee at the workplace if
there are twenty or more employees.
 Cause a Health and safety Audit of the workplace to be carried
out after every12 months

25. 25
NB:
 An occupier shall not penalise an employee who is a
member of a work place safety and health committee for
doing anything in furtherance of the object of this section.

26. HEALTH :GENERAL PROVISIONS
 Cleanliness
The occupier of a workplace should ensure
that the premises are kept in a clean state at all time
 Sanitary conveniences
The occupier should provide adequate sanitary
conveniences which must be kept in a clean state.
There also should be separate sanitary conveniences
for each sex.
26

27. 27
Overcrowding
 The occupier should ensure that the workrooms are not
overcrowded. Therefore;
1) Every person in the workroom should be allowed an average
of 10 cubic metres of space.
2) No workroom should be less than 3 metres in height
3) Machinery should be properly arranged and not overcrowded
in a room.

28. Ventilation
 Adequate and efficient ventilation should be provided in order to ensure
the circulation of fresh air in the workroom. The ventilation can be
either natural ventilation or mechanical ventilation or both. The
ventilation should be capable of removing pollutant gases, fumes or
dust from the working environment.
Lighting
The occupier should provide and maintain sufficient and suitable lighting
whether natural or artificial.
Drainage of Floors
If the processes being undertaken produces spillage of chemicals, water
etc., the floors should be provided with an effective drainage system
28

29. SAFETY PROVISIONS
A) SAFE USE OF PLANT, MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
 All machinery used in the workplace should be regularly serviced
 All dangerous parts of prime movers, transmission machinery, other
machinery and tools to be adequately encased, guarded or fenced.
 At least 1 m distance should be maintained from a fixed structure to a
machine
 All plant equipment should under go statutory inspection in accordance
with section 63 – 72 of OSHA, 2007.
29

30. EXAMPLES OF GOOD GUARDING

31. B)VESSELS CONTAINING DANGEROUS LIQUIDS
 Shall have a warning notice, indicating the nature of the danger, in a
form readily understood by the persons in the workplace and shall be
marked on or attached to the plant or, if this is not practicable, be posted
in a conspicuous location near the plant.
 MSDS should also be displayed.
31

32. 32

33. C) ERGONOMICS AT THE WORKPLACE
 Ergonomics is the study of work in relation to the environment in
which it is performed (the workplace) and those who perform it
(workers).
 Every employer shall take necessary steps to ensure that
workstations, equipment and work tasks are adapted to fit the
employee and the employee’s ability including protection against
physical and mental strain.
33

34. 34

35. 35

36. OFFICE ERGONOMICS
36

37. 37

38. D) SAFE MEANS OF ACCESS AND SAFE PLACE OF EMPLOYMENT
 All floors, steps, stairs, passages and gangways in a workplace shall be
of sound construction and be properly maintained.
 Safe means of access and egress to be provided in all workrooms and
exits should be easily opened from the inside if workers are within the
workplace.
38

39. 39
FIRE PRECAUTIONS
There shall be in every workplace;
 Adequate means of extinguishing fire e.g. fire extinguishers
 Adequate means of escape, fire exits, in case of a fire emergency
conspicuously marked.
 Proper storage facilities for flammable liquids and gases
 Proper warning signs where flammable substances are stored or
manipulated.
 People trained to use the extinguishers
 A Fire safety Audit of the workplace to be carried out.
 All exits should open outwards or slide sideways
 A Fire Assembly point

40. WELFARE PROVISIONS
 Supply of drinking water
Wholesome drinking water should be provided
 Washing facilities
Sufficient washing facilities should be provided.
 Accommodation for clothing not worn during working
hours should be provided.
 Facilities for sitting- to be provided for work done while
standing for employees to take regular rests in case of a
sitting opportunity.
 First Aid- To be provide a First Aid Box which should be
manned and stocked as per the First Aid Rules. 40

41. SPECIAL PROVISIONS
i. Permit to work- to be issued to any employee engaged in or likely to
be exposed to hazardous work/ environment.
ii. Work processes which may harm persons below 18 years- Not to
employ persons below 18 years.
iii. Supervision of apprentices & Indentured learners- Not to attend to
machinery, equipment without protection & supervision.
iv. Training & Supervision of Inexperienced workers- No person to be
employ at any machine/process unless fully instructed
v. Meals in certain dangerous trades: No meals where
poisonous/injurious substances are used.
vi. Protective clothing & appliances- Employer to provide & maintain
PPE to all workers exposed to hazards at work.
vii. Medical Surveillance- Pre-employment, Periodical and Post-
employment examinations.
41

42. REPORTING OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS
All accidents should be reported to the Area Occupational Health and
Safety Officer (DOSHS). In this connection;
1) All fatal accident should be reported within 24 hours,
2) In case of non-fatal accident which results in over 3 days of sick-off
a written notice of the accident should be sent within 7 days.
42

43. DUTIES OF EMPLOYED PERSONS
 Ensure his own safety and health and that of other persons
 co-operate with his employer or any other person in the discharge of
any duty or requirement imposed on the employer by the Act.
 At all times wear or use any protective equipment or clothing provided
by the employer
 comply with the safety and health procedures, requirements and
instructions given by a person having authority over him for his own or
any other person’s safety.
43

44. 44
 report to the supervisor, any situation which he has reason to believe
would present a hazard and which he cannot correct;
 report to his supervisor any accident or injury that arises in the course of
or in connection with his work;
 An employee who contravenes the provisions of this section commits an
offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty
thousand shillings or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three
months or to both.

45. SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION UNDER THE ACT
 Eyes protection rules
 Building operations and works of engineering construction rules
(1984)
 Electric Power Special Rules
 First Aid Rules
 Safety and Health Committee Rules
 Medical Examination Rules
 Noise Prevention Rules
 Hazardous Substances Rules LN No. 60/2007
 Fire Risk Reduction Rules LN No. 59/2007
45

46. OFFENCES, PENALTIES & LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
 Any person who contravenes any of the sections of the
Act is guilty of an offence.
 General penalty: Fine up to 300,000/= or up to 3 months
imprisonment or both.
 Penalty in case of Death: In case of death as a result of
occupier contravening the Act, the occupier will be liable
to a fine up to 1 million shillings or imprisonment up to
12 months or both.
 Forgery, False Declaration: Attracts a fine up to
200,000/= or 6 months imprisonment or both.
46

47. 47

48.  To regulate occupational safety and health
activities in workplaces by the owners.
How?
 By establishment of safety and health
committees,
 The committee will be made of safety
representatives from management and
workers.
48

49. Workplaces employing;
 Between 20 and 100 regular employees should have
not less than 3 safety representative each from the
management and workers
 Between 100 and 1000 regular employees should
have not less than 5 safety representative each from
the management and workers
 1000 and more regular employees should have not
less than 7safety representative each from the
management and workers
49

50.  Management representative will be appointed by
occupier.
 Workers representative will be elected by workers and
the occupier will be the overseer
Consideration to be made during appointment of safety
representative
 representation from different departments/
units/sections
 Representation reflecting gender parity
50

51.  Every member of the committee shall
undergo a basic course in occupational
safety and health training within a period
of six months from the date of
appointment or election and there after
from time to time
51

52. Members will be eligible for
three years and
May be re-elected for one
further term.
52

53.  Establish a schedule of inspection of the
workplace for each calendar year;
 Conduct safety and health inspections at least
once in every three months;
 Inspect, investigate and make recommendations
to the occupier immediately any accident or
dangerous occurrence takes place;
 Identify occupational hazards and cases of ill
health among workers at the workplace and
make appropriate recommendations to the
occupier
53

54.  Compile statistics of accidents, dangerous
occurrences and cases of ill-health as primary
data for providing remedial measures, plan and
allocation of resources
 Investigate complaints on health, safety and
welfare at the workplace
 Advise on the safety and health measures for
hazardous work or activities;
54

55.  establish effective communication between the
management and the workers
 organize contests or activities on occupational
health and safety
 conduct seminars on safety, health and
welfare at the workplace
55

56.  The Committee shall meet not less than four
times in every year, and not more than three
months shall elapse between the date of one
meeting and the date of the next meeting
 The chairman shall convene a meeting of the
Committee within twenty-four hours following
any accident or other dangerous occurrence, or
the outbreak of an unusual illness, at the
workplace. (forwarded to the director within
seven days)
56

57.  Without prejudice to the foregoing, the
chairman of a Committee may, at any time of
his own motion, convene a meeting of the
Committee, and shall on the application of at
least six members, convene a special meeting
of the Committee
57

58.  The quorum of a meeting of the Committee
shall be not less than two thirds of the
members representing employees and one
third of those representing the management.
 The director or his representative may, on
his own initiative or upon invitation by the
chairman, attend a meeting of the Committee
 At least seven days’ written notice of every
meeting of the Committee shall be given to
every member of the Committee.
58

59. The chairperson of the Committee shall –
 Preside over all committee meetings at
which he is present;
 Keep the members informed of the safety
and health policy of the organization;
 Assist the Committee in setting its
objectives and its scope of activities; and
 Assign responsibilities to members.
59

60. The Secretary to the Committee shall –
 Arrange and co-ordinate Committee meetings in
consultation with the chairman
 Take minutes at Committee meetings;
 Maintain an up to date record of the activities of
the Committee;
 Obtain and analyse statistics for Committee
meetings;
 Co-ordinate and monitor occupational safety and
health
programmes;
60

61.  disseminate safety and health information
to members;
 draw up safety and health inspection
schedules;
 ensure that all reports arising from the
functions of the Committee , the director
or persons approved under these rules or
under Act are availed to the Committee.
61

62. The members of the Committee shall –
 Attend all Committee meetings;
 Provide feedback to their departments or
units on safety, health and welfare issues
raised in the meetings.
 Set good examples of safe and healthy
work practices;
62

63.  Participate in the training of workers in
matters related to health and safety;
 Provide written recommendations to the
occupier on areas and issues requiring action
following inspections carried out under these
Rules.
 Monitor compliance with safety and health
rules in their respective departments or units;
 ........................................................................
...
63

64. The occupier shall –
 Provide, at no cost to the Committee, a
suitable venue and other facilities for holding
Committee meeting;
 Allow members to attend the meetings and
other functions of the Committee without
loss of earnings, opportunities for promotion
or advancement;
 Ensure that all safety representatives have
undertaken the training courses organized
for purposes of these Rules;
64

65.  Provide the Committee with –
 Any information or report on any accidents,
dangerous occurrences and incidents of occupational
diseases immediately it comes to his knowledge;
 Statistics of accidents, dangerous occurrences, and
incidents of of occupational diseases;
 All the necessary and relevant information on
hazardous substances;
 Safety and health reference material or facilities;
65

66.  cause the monitoring and evaluation of hazards
and risks identified by the Committee to be
carried out by a competent person;
 develop a clearly defined safety and health
policy and bring it to the notice of all employees
at the work place, and send a copy of the policy
to the director;
 facilitate the implementation and review of the
organization’s safety and health policy;
66

67.  make available to the Committee legislation on
occupational safety and health;
 make a report to the director on all accidents as
required under the principal Act;
 chair meetings, and, in his absence delegate
the function to a senior member of the
management;
67

68. cause to be maintained a record of the
proceedings of Committee meetings and
reports of the audit referred to in these rules;
and
 ensure that all matters set out in these Rules
are complied with;
68

69. 69

70.  Is a competent person appointed by the director ;
 Any person who holds a minimum qualification of
a certificate in occupational safety and health from
a recognised institution and has proven practical
experience in this field for a minimum period of
five years.
70

71.  Carry out safety and health audits of the
workplace at the request of the occupier.
 Advise the occupier and members of the
committee occupational health and safety
matters arising from the audit report.
 Submit a copy of the audit report to the
director.
71

72.  “audit” means, systematic, documented,
periodic, and objective evaluation of working
environment and organizational management
systems in a workplace for prevention of
accidents, occupational diseases and ill
health and damage to property.
72

73.  Every workplace shall be audited at least once in every
period of twelve months.
 the audit will be carried out by a registered safety and
health adviser at such fee as may be agreed upon with
such adviser
 The report of the audit shall be kept by the occupier.
 A copy of the same shall be submitted within a period of
thirty days following the audit;

73

74. If an auditor,
 fails to make a thorough report;
 makes a report which is false or deficient in
its technical content;
 fails to send to the director a copy of any
report as required,
Fines will be up to fifty thousand shillings
or imprisonment for a term not exceeding
three months ,or to both such fine and
imprisonment
74

75.  If the occupier or any other person
contravenes any of the rules, is guilty of an
offence and liable to a fine not exceeding fifty
thousand shillings.
75

76. What is a Hazard?
 Any situation or act that has potential to
cause harm or injury to people exposed or
damage to property.
76

77.  Occupational accidents
 Occupational diseases and ill health
 Death
 Damage to property.
77

78.  Sense of smell alerts a person to the presence of a wide range
of chemicals and other substances like gases.
 Sense of hearing alerts one to the presence of high levels of
noise or defect in machinery
 Heat and cold can be recognised through feeling.
 Eyesight is a very important in identifying hazards.
78

79.  Taste can enable one to recognize a problem
in what is being taken orally.
 And above all, knowledge.
Knowledge increases the perception of danger
and the strategies of handling the hazard at
hand.
79

80. Hazards are often categorised as follows:
 Mechanical
 Physical
 Chemical
 Biological
 Physiological
 Psychosocial
80

81. CHEMICAL & DUST
HAZARDS
(cleaning products,
pesticides, asbestos, etc.)
BIOLOGICAL
HAZARDS
(mold, insects/pests,
communicable diseases, etc.)
PHYSIOLOGICAL
HAZARDS
(repetition, lifting, awkward
postures, etc.)
PSYCHOSOCIAL
HAZARDS
Things that cause STRESS!
MECHANICAL
HAZARDS
(slips, trips and falls, faulty
equipment, etc.)
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(noise, temperature
extremes, radiation, etc.)

82.  Machines that are unguarded, poorly designed, or
manufactured, poorly maintained.
 Mobile machines-traffic accidents from vehicles
 Poorly designed Tools and Equipment
 Misuse of small portable tools
 Unprotected workstations at a height
82

83. The direct causes of the accidents include the following;
 contact with dangerous rotating parts of machines,
 trappings by in running nips of machinery,
 entanglement,
 explosions,
83

84. 84

85. 85

86. These include;
• Excessive levels of ionizing and non-ionizing electromagnetic
radiation,
• Noise,
• Vibration,
• Glare
• Extreme temperature
• Electrical energies
Adverse health effects may occur as a result of excessive exposure to
the above hazards.
86

87. 87

88.  These include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other living organisms
that can cause acute and chronic infections by entering the body
either directly or through breaks in the skin.
 Animal & insect bites (e.g. dogs, mosquitos) can cause a wide range
of health effects.
 Occupations that deal with plants or animals products or food
processing may expose workers to biological hazards.
 Laboratory and medical personnel also can be exposed to biological
hazards due to contact with human body fluid & waste.
 Sanitary facility should also be disinfected regularly.

89. 89

90.  Harmful chemical compounds in the form of solids, liquids, gases, mists,
dusts, fumes, and vapours exert toxic effects by inhalation (breathing),
absorption (through direct contact with the skin), or ingestion (eating or
drinking).
 Chemical hazards like vapours from paints, solvents or air borne
particles like photocopier toner, fumigation chemicals
 Standard require that all containers of hazardous substances in the
workplace have appropriate warning and identification labels.
 Adverse health effects may occur as a result of excessive exposure to
the above hazards.
90

91.  Ergonomics is the study of work in relation to the environment in which it is
performed (the workplace) and those who perform it (workers).
 It is used to determine how the workplace can be designed or adapted to
the worker in order to prevent a variety of health problems and to increase
efficiency; in other words, to make the job fit the worker, instead of forcing
the worker to conform to the job
 Ergonomic Hazards include: Improperly adjusted workstations and chairs,
Frequent lifting, Poor working/sitting posture, Awkward movements especially
if they are repetitive, Repeating the same movements over and over, Having
to use too much force especially if you have to do it frequently, Vibration from
machine etc.
91

92. 10/26/2023 92

93. Psychosocial factors include;
Ignorance
Over/under supervision
 Poor human relations: bullying at work
 Long working hours
 Inadequate training and instruction
 Terms and conditions employment
 Sexual harassment
 Violence
 Drug abuse.
93

94. 94

95.  THREE KEY STEPS:
 Recognition of the problem
 Assessment/evaluation
 Decision making on control strategy
95

96. 96

97.  The first consideration for controlling hazards is to eliminate the
hazard or substitute a less hazardous material or process.
 An example of this method is replacing a noisy machine with less
noisy one; or uncomfortable seat with a more comfortable one; or
toxic chemical with less toxic one.
 This control measure minimizes noise as well as eliminates health
concerns associated with noisy machine. Comfortable seats
eliminates health concerns like back pains.

98. 98

99.  If hazard elimination or substitution is not feasible, engineering
controls should be considered next.
 Engineering controls are physical changes to the work area or
process that effectively minimize a worker's exposure to hazards.

100.  Enclosed Hazard
◦ Enclosure of the hazard, such as enclosures for noisy equipment in
separate room.
 Isolate Hazard
◦ Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guarding and other
mechanisms.
 Remove / Redirect Hazard
◦ Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local ventilation
and exhaust ventilation.
 Redesign Workplace
◦ Redesign of workstation to minimize ergonomic injuries e.g. DSE
improvement.

101. Aimed at reducing employee exposure to hazards but not
removing them!
 Changes in work procedures such as:
 Written safety policies/rules
 Schedule changes, such as:
• Lengthened or additional rest breaks
• Job rotation
• Adjusting the work pace
 Training with the goal of reducing the duration,
frequency and severity of exposure to hazards
 Strict supervision
 Workplace hygiene survey
 Staff medical check up

102. Control of LAST RESORT!
 Eye Protection
 Hearing Protection
 Respiratory Protection
CONTROL IS AT THE WORKER LEVEL!

103. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(PPE)
103

104. WHAT IS PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT?
 PPE are devices and garments used to protect workers from hazards
that may cause injuries and diseases.
 "PPE", is an equipment worn to minimize exposure to a variety of
hazards. Examples of PPE include such items as gloves, safety boots,
gum boots, eye/face protection, protective hearing devices (earplugs,
muffs) hard hats & helmets, respirators and full body suits
104

105. WHEN IS PROVISION OF PPE NECESSARY?
 PPE must be provided if
The work environment,
The work process
During normal work,
presents a hazard or is likely to present a hazard to any part of an
employee’s body
AND 105

106. When it is not possible to eliminate the
exposure or potential exposure to the hazard
by
engineering,
work practice, or
administrative controls
106

107. COMMON TYPES OF PPE
 Head
 Eyes
 Face
 Hands
 Feet
 Body
 Hearing
 Respiratory

108. Personal Protective Equipment Program.
 Where the employees are likely to be exposed to
hazards that require them to use PPE, it is
necessary to develop a PPE program.
 Important factors to be considered when developing
the program are:
 The Hazard
 Selection
 Fitting
 Training and education
 Maintenance and repair
108

109. EYE & FACE PROTECTION
Injuries can be caused by
 Dust
 metal shavings
wool fibers
Wood chips
 Liquids
Molten metal
Acids and chemicals
Blood and other potentially infectious body fluids
 Intense light
welding arcs & glare 109

110. PPE for Impact Hazards
• Safety Glasses: Primary protectors
intended to shield the eyes from a variety
of hazards
• Goggles: Primary protectors intended to
shield the eyes against flying fragments,
objects, large chips, and particles.
• Face Shields: Secondary protectors
intended to protect the entire face against
exposure to impact hazards & corrosive
substances

111. Eyes: Goggles and Glasses
• Goggles
– Chemical Splash
– Impact
• Safety glasses

112. Types of Face Protection
Face Shield
Welding Shield

113. Foot and leg protection
• Some of the potential hazards include the following
– Heavy objects such as barrels or tools that might
roll onto or fall on employees’ feet.
– Sharp objects such as nails or spikes that might
pierce the soles or uppers of ordinary shoes.
– Molten metal that might splash on feet or legs.
• Hot surfaces
• Wet surfaces.
• Slippery surfaces
113

114. Foot Protection
Shoes or boots with
electrical protection must be
worn when there is a
danger of electrical hazards
to your feet.
Rubber boots or shoes
must be worn when you
work in or around water
or where there is a slip
hazard.

115. Foot Protection
• When working with
hazardous chemicals,
make sure you wear the
appropriate chemical-
resistant foot protection
in case of splashing or
spilling.
• This would be
impermeable rubber or
neoprene boots as
shown.

116. Foot Protection
• Metatarsal guards
must be worn when
you are around
objects that may fall
or roll.
 Shoes with puncture
resistant soles must be
worn when there is a
danger of objects
piercing the sole of your
work shoe.

117. HAND AND ARM PROTECTION
117
Injuries
Burns
Bruises
Abrasions
Cuts
Punctures
Fractures
Amputations
Chemical exposures

118. 118

119. TYPES OF PROTECTIVE GLOVES
Sturdy gloves
These are made from metal coating, leather, or canvas and provide
protection against cuts, burns, and sustained heat.
 Leather gloves.
 Aluminized gloves – they are used in very high temperature applications. The
aluminized surface of these high heat resistant gloves reflects most of radiant heat
while the lining helps reduce heat conduction.
 Electrical rubber (cut ) gloves – used for electrical work
119

120. 120
Fabric and Coated Fabric Gloves
These gloves are made of cotton or other fabric to
provide varying degrees of protection.
 Fabric gloves.
 Coated fabric gloves.

121. 121
Chemical- and Liquid-Resistant Gloves
These protect workers from burns, irritation, and dermatitis
caused by contact with oils, greases, solvents, and other
chemicals.
 Butyl rubber gloves- offer superior resistant to highly corrosive acids/
chemicals.
 Natural latex rubber gloves - used by medics and first aiders.
 PVC gloves - Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is a thermoplastic polymer of vinyl
chloride. PVC offers good abrasion resistance & effective against water and most
aqueous solutions, detergents, and diluted bases and acids.

122. 122

123. 123

124. GLOVES – TO NOTE
 No glove is good against all hazards
 Gloves have a finite lifespan and must be
periodically replaced
 When donning gloves, examine them for
signs of tears, cracks, holes and dry rot
 Hands should always be washed after
removing gloves

125. US&A (v. 2/07)
• Hardhats
• Helmets
HEAD PROTECTION

126. Head Protection
In general, protective helmets, or hard hats,
should:-
• Resist penetration by objects,
• Absorb the shock of a blow,
• Be water resistant and slow burning, and
• Come with instructions explaining proper
adjustment and replacement of the suspension and
headband.
126

127. Head Protection
• Hard hats must be worn in
areas around or where there
is a potential for falling
objects.
• Hard hats must also be worn
where there are low-hanging
obstructions.
• Helmets designed to reduce
electrical shock hazards must
be worn when your head is
exposed to electricity
• Some tasks require both head
& face protection.

128. How Hard Hats Protect You
• A rigid shell that resists and
deflects blows to the head;
• Suspension system inside acts as a
shock absorber
• Some hats serve as an insulator
against electrical shocks
• Some can be modified so you can add
face shields, goggles, hoods or hearing
protection

129. 129

130. 130

131. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
 Respirators may be
 half-mask, covering nose and mouth, or
 full-faced, covering nose, mouth and eyes.
 Their function is to prevent the wearer from inhaling hazards.
 A filtering, medium on the respirator removes the hazardous substances
by absorption, adsorption or simple filtration.
131

132. TYPES OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
 Dust Mask
 Half mask
 Full face
 Powered Air Purifying respirator (PAPR)
 Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

133. EAR PROTECTION
 Important factors
 How loud is the noise as measured in decibels (d BA)?
 If noise is higher than 90 decibels, ear protection will be needed.
 What is the duration of each employee's exposure to the noise?
 Do employees move between separate work areas with different
noise levels?
 Is noise generated from one source or multiple sources?
133

134. 134

135. 135

136. EAR PROTECTORS: TYPES
 Earplugs.
 These ear plugs are self-forming and when properly inserted, reduces noise
exposure significantly.
 Earmuffs.
 require a perfect seal around the ear. Glasses, long sideburns, long hair, and facial
movements such as chewing may reduce the protective value of earmuffs.
136

137. FULL BODY PPE
 Needed when work presents a potential for contamination or
injury to other parts of the body such as legs, arms, back, chest.
 Examples of hazards:
 Heat
 Splashes
 Hot/cold metals and liquids
 Impacts
 Sharp objects
 Chemicals
 Radiation

138. TYPES OF BODY PROTECTION
 Lab/ dust coats
 Aprons
 Chemical resistant sleeves
 Full body suits
 Coveralls

139. TRAINING ON PPE
 Make sure anyone using PPE is aware of why it is
needed, when to use, repair or replace it, how to
report it if there is a fault and its limitations.
 Train and instruct people how to use PPE properly
and make sure they are doing this. Include managers
and supervisors in the training, they may not need to
use the equipment personally, but they do need to
ensure their staff are using it correctly. 139

140.  It is important that users wear PPE all the time they
are exposed to the risk. Never allow exemptions for
those jobs which take ‘just a few minutes’.
 Check regularly that PPE is being used and
investigate incidents where it is not. Safety signs can
be useful reminders to wear PPE, make sure that staff
understand these signs, what they mean and where
they can get equipment, eg for visitors or contractors
140

141. 141

142. ROLE OF MANAGEMENT IN THE PROVISION OF P.P.E
Management must;
 Provide free of charge the correct P.P.E by taking into account the
nature of hazard at their premises
 Demonstrate how to use the P.P.E
 Inspect P.P.E regularly before and after use
 Ensure P.P.E are cleaned dried and stored in a clean place after
use.
 Issue the P.P.E individually and ensure that no sharing before
cleaning takes place. 142

143. ROLE OF EMPLOYEES
 Must make full use of P.P.E provided
 Must report to the management the loss or damage of
or any defect in P.P.E
 Must take reasonable care of the P.P.E and not
willfully misuse them.
143

144. SUMMARY/ CONCLUSION
 In conclusion, it is important to note that the material
of PPE chosen must be able to withstand the specific
hazard prevailing in a given workplace.
 It is the last means of hazard control
 Must be carefully selected
 Good fit is important
 Only works if worn correctly 144

145. Stress at work
&
Stress Management

148. What Is Stress
 Stress is the response of the body to any demand
made upon it. The "demand" can be a threat, a
challenge or any kind of change which requires the
body to adapt.
 The response is automatic and immediate.
 Stress creates positive or negative feelings.
 Stress has both physical and emotional effects.

149. Sources of Stress
THE GOOD
 Get married
 Have children
 Buy property
 Go on vacation
 New Job
 Promotion
 Market demand
(competition)

150. Sources of Stress
The Bad
 Accidents
 Spouse loses/death
 Job loss
 Lose wallet & confidential
documents
 In-laws coming
 Unwanted pregnancy

151. Causes of workplace stress
 Demand – Excessive demands of the job in terms of
workload, speed, deadlines & work patterns
 Control – lack of control over what is to be done, how will it
be done, the priorities involved and even simple things like
control over the working environment (light, temperature,
back ground noise, etc.)
 Support – lack of support in terms of information, instruction
and training to do the work & having no one to turn to when
pressure increase

152. Causes of workplace stress
 Relationships – poor workplace relationships in particular
bullying & harassment
 Role – Lack of clarity about an individual’s role, what
responsibilities and authority they have, and how they fit in
the larger organization structure
 Change - the threat of change and the change process itself,
whether it is a change that affects just one worker (e.g.
demotion, re-assignment) or the whole organization (e.g.
redundancies, management take-over), can create huge
anxiety and insecurity.

153. Other stressors
 Family & life changes
 Discrimination
 Finances
 Health/illness
 Environment
 Bureaucracies
 Career development
 Organizational structure and
climate

154. Stressors
 There are three basic
types of stressors:
 1. Frustrations
 2. Pressures
 3. Conflicts

155. Frustrations
Frustrations occur when there are obstacles that block
one from reaching their goal.
Obstacles include;
 Losing a job
 Lack of enough money to pay bills
 Loss of a friend
 Fear of unknown outcomes
 Family issues
 Poor planning

156. Pressure
 Pressure can be good or bad.
 Stress can come from pressures that force people to
achieve specific goals by speeding up, working harder, or
changing the way they do something.
 It may come from expectations of others. People in
recovery may have external pressures from family and
friends to get better quickly.
 Some may be impatient with their recovery rate, while
others may feel guilty about the time they wasted during
their addiction

157. Conflict
 Conflicts occur when there are two opposing forces–
one force against the other.
– Internal
– External

158. Effects of Stress
Stress can have many effects, some of which will depend on the individual
concerned. These effects can be classified as;
1. Physical
- Workplace accidents
- Weight gain/loss
- Heart palpitations & sweating
- Skin rashes
- Dizziness & headache
- Impotency or rigidity
- Susceptibility to illness
- Muscle tension
- High blood pressure

159. Effects of Stress
2. Psychological
- Anxiety
- Scared
- Feeling of neglect
- Loss of interest in people
- Loss of humour
- Low self-esteem
- Can lead to depression

160. 3. Behavioural
- Mood swings & irritability
- Sleeplessness
- Preoccupied with thoughts
- Inability to concentrate & forgetfulness
- Poor decision-making ability
- Increased absence from the workplace
- Can lead to alcoholism & drug misuse

161. Consequence of Stress
1. Individual
- Job loss
- Divorce
- Alcoholism & drug addiction
2. Employer
- Increased absenteeism
- Poor relationship
- Conflict & higher staff turnover
- Potential civil legal action

162. Managing Stress
ABCs of stress management
 Acquire awareness of responses to stress
 Believe one can change their behavior
 Commitment to taking action to prevent
conflicts

163. Role of employer in stress prevention
 Job demand - Speed of work & deadlines should be reasonable and
where possible set in consultation with workers. Working hours &
patterns should be carefully selected with reference to guidance and
worker preference. Workers should be selected on basis of their
competence, skills and ability to cope with difficult or emotionally
demanding work. Arrangement should be made to allow workers to
recover from high stress situations without fear of punishment.
 Job control – workers should be given as much control of their work as
possible, especially where the work is demanding i.e. encourage
(where possible) to take control over;
What work is to be done & how
Priorities
The working environment

164. Role of employer in stress prevention
 Relationships – clear policies should exist concerning acceptable
standards of behavior in the workplace; bullying & harassment should
not be tolerated.
 Support – workers should be provided with adequate information,
instruction & training; they should have access to additional support
when they need it.
 Role – the organization should be clear about what an individual’s role
actually is, their responsibilities and authority and how they fit in to the
larger organization structure. This should be clearly communicated to
the workers.

165. Role of employer in stress prevention
 Change – there should be careful planning & preparation of change
process. The reasons for change should be clearly explained & workers
consulted where possible. In some situations, change is best done
gradually to allow workers adapt; in others, it is better to implement
change quickly to minimise the impact of uncertainty.
 Counselling services – should be offered by trained employees or
outsourced. This service can be useful to employees in dealing with
both work-related and non work-related matters.

166. Stress Management Techniques
 Build rewarding, pleasant cooperative relationships
with employees
 Don’t bite more than you can chew
 Build especially effective and supportive relationships
with employees.
 Negotiate with employees for realistic deadlines on
important projects.
 Learn as much as you can about upcoming events
and get as much lead-time as you can to prepare
them

167. Other ways of managing Stress
Stress Relief Strategies
 Body relaxation exercises e.g.
breathing techniques, nature
walk & guided imagery
 Physical exercise e.g. yoga &
work out routine
 Belly laugh
 Connect with your network
 Meditation e.g. recite phrases
 Listening to music or play some
tunes
 Counseling i.e. talk therapy & life
coaching

168. Psychological first aid
 Give the person a chance to speak his mind to relieve
himself
 Listen and offer good advice
 Show understanding & encourage them
 Show an interest in the problems of the person under
stress

169. Other Helpful tips
 Changing perceptions and expectations
 Set reasonable/realistic goals
 Avoid procrastination
 Set boundaries
 Don’t compromise your values/beliefs
 Schedule “me” time

170. Benefits of Stress Management
 Physical health gets better, more energy and stamina
 Emotions stabilized, positive attitude, hopeful/happier
 Ability to focus improved, able to learn and achieve

171. Occupational Diseases

172. Occupational Diseases:
Definition
 An occupational disease is a disease or
disorder that is caused by the work or
working conditions.
 This means that the disease must have
developed due to exposures in the
workplace and that the correlation
between the exposures and the disease is
well known in medical research.
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172

173. Occupational Diseases:
Definition
 Or put in another way, it must
be likely, beyond reasonable
doubt that the disease was
caused by work and not any
other factors
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173

174. Shengli Niu 174
Occupational diseases

175. Occup. Diseases Defn cont……
 According to the Factories & Other Places
of Work (Medical Examination) Rules,
2005, an occupational disease is any
departure of health occasioned by exposure
to any factor or hazard at the workplace.
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175

176. Occup. Diseases Defn cont……
 Occupational diseases are defined by
etiological characteristics i.e. the slow
acting occupational cause (contrary to
accidents where the cause acts rapidly)
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176

177. Why study occupational
diseases?
a. There is need to identify the
occupational origin of these diseases for
the purpose of their:-
i. Prevention
ii. compensation
b. Help to better health surveillance of
workers
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177

178. General Comments
 Most occupational diseases result from
chronic exposure to small quantities of
hazards
 There is individual susceptibility to the
hazards
 Allergy exists in some workers
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178

179. General Comments
 Some individuals can get used to hazards
 Most take many years before showing
symptoms and signs
 Most are not treatable!!!!!!
 All are preventable.
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179

180. Prescribed occupational
diseases in Kenya
 There are 40 prescribed occupational
diseases in Kenya as outlined in the
second schedule of the OSHA 2007
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180

181. Exposures leading to
occupational diseases
 Chemicals - by far the most
common causes taken as a
group, examples are solvents,
pesticides, and minerals such
as heavy metals etc. They
cause respiratory disorders,
skin diseases, cancer etc.
 E.g. lead compound,
phosphorous, manganese etc.
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181

182. Musculo-skeletal
disorder
 Due to Excessive load on the muscles, ligaments,
tendons and bone.
 Due to Insufficient circulation to the
Musculoskeletal system.
 Work that requires activity of a small group of
relatively weak muscles (such as continuous use
of fingers of the dominant hand in data entry).
Awkward work postures, manual lifting etc.

183. Common sites for Musculo-skeletal
problems
 Neck
 Fore-arm
 Wrist
 Fingers
 Back
 Knee

184. Exposures leading to
occupational diseases
Physical agents
 Noise: - One can suffer from Noise Induced
Hearing Loss if exposed to noise levels above 90
dB (A) over an eight hour period every day.
Temporary ringing in the ears (about 140 dB (A)
over a significant period of time.
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184
Tinnitus- persistent ringing in the
ear as result of repeated exposure
to excessively loud noise.
Other effects include; stress
caused by nuisance noise and
difficulty in concentrating.

185. Physical agents……..
 Heat/radiation – one can suffer from heat
cataract when frequently exposed to rays from
molten or red hot materials with increased risk
of skin cancer. Dehydration, heat exhaustion &
may lead to heat stroke.
 Light/glare – causes eyes irritation & cataract.
 UV from welding leads to pain and inflammation
to the surface of the eye leading to temporary
blindness (often called arc-eye or snow-
blindness)
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185

186. Physical agents……..
 Vibrations– One can suffer from vibration-white
finger (VWF) disease when exposed to vibrating
machines such as pneumatic drills or chain saws.
The disease starts when the fingers becomes
numb. The same effect can occur in the spine
(damage intervertebral discs) due to vibration of
dumper-trucks seats. There is no cure
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186

187. Dusts
Pneumoconiosis (dusty lungs)- mining,
quarrying and dressing of sandstone, slate and
granite; any occupation involving exposure to
asbestos dust; iron and steel foundry work; steel
dressing; work in the pottery industry; the
manufacture of refractory products such as silica;
wood work and sorting processes.
Examples are:-
 Silicosis due to exposure to silica dust – in
mining, quarrying and construction industries.
Symptoms include breathlessness and chest pain,
can prove extremely disabling & fatal.
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187

188. Dusts
 Asbestosis which leads to mesothelioma &
lung cancer due to exposure to asbestos dust
from roofing materials, steam pipe lagging, floor
tiles etc. There is a world wide campaign against
the use of asbestos
 N.B The mineral fibers responsible are those
small enough to reach the terminal bronchioles
and alveoli in the lungs and are less than five
microns. They cause scar tissue then severe
breathing difficulty occur.
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188

189. Dusts……
 Cement dust cause irritation of eyes &
respiratory. Dermatitis & cementitious burn.
 Chronic obstructive bronchitis which causes
airflow limitation (FEV1 < 60% of predicted
value) induced by exposure to dusts and irritant
gases.
 Wood dusts
Certain wood dust is likely to causes asthma
Exposure to hard wood dust may cancer of the
nose
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189

190. Biological agents
These include:-
 Viruses e.g. rabies, HIV AIDS & hepatitis A
(contracted orally by cross-contamination with
faecal materials containing the viruses) & hepatitis
B (transmitted in body fluids such as blood).
Hepatitis virus survives long periods outside the
body & can survive harsh treatment which kills
other micro-organisms.
 Contaminated body fluids can cause infection by
contact with damaged skin, needle injury & even
splashing to the eye & mouth. Symptoms of
hepatitis include jaundice & liver damage.
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190

191. Biological agents
These include:-
 Bacteria e.g. anthrax ( handling of wool, hair,
bristles, hides or skins or other animal products
or residues, or contact with animals infected with
anthrax), TB etc.
 Animal – fur from pet is a respiratory sensitizer.
 Fungi – e.g. Candida infections
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191

192.  Job description/nature of job
 Hours of work/shift work
 Types of hazards
 Past occupation
 Other jobs
 Domestic exposures
 Hobbies
The component of an
occupational disease
history
192

193.  Smoking/ alcohol intake/drugs
 Similar complaints among other
workers
 Time relationship between work
and symptoms
 Degree of exposure
 Use of protective device
 Methods of materials handling
193

194. Screening Approach :
1. History : questionnaire
2. Physical Examination
3. Tests :
 Spirometry > lung function test
 Eye test
 Cholinesterase test
 Biologic monitoring
 Audiometry etc.
Screening for Occupational
Disease

195. Prevention of occupational
diseases
 Substitution of hazardous substances;
 Ventilation – General/local exhaust;
 Dust suppression;
 Noise control via insulation & isolation;
 Transfer of highly susceptible persons
from risk areas;
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195

196. Prevention of occupational
diseases
 Environmental, health and biological
monitoring of people at risk;
 Use of personal protective equipment.
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196

197. Prevention cont…..
 Medical examination i.e.
Pre-employment medical examination followed
by
Subsequent in job (periodic) medical exams or
Statutory (special) medical examination.
 Education of workers
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197

198. Prevention cont…..
N.B
The Factories and Other Places of Work
(Medical Examination) Rules, 2005 makes
provision for medical examination of
workers.
Occupational diseases are compensable.
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198

199. ELECTRICAL SAFETY

200. DEFINITION
 Electricity is the flow of charge or electrons
 Flow of electricity requires a complete circuit
Complete circuit
Incomplete circuit

201. A SIMPLE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
 Electricity exists in the form of:
1. Direct Current, d.c.
2. Alternating Current, a.c.
 Current, I, is the movement of
electric charges and is
measured in amperes (amps),
A.
 Voltage, V, is a measure of
electrical force and is
measured in Volts, V.
 Resistance, R, is the ability of
a material to resist the flow of
electrical current and is
measured in Ohms, Ω.

202. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
 Electric shock
 Electrocution
 Short-circuits
 Explosions
 Sparks
 Fire
 Burns
 Damage to equipment
NB. What kills is the current not voltage

203. ELECTRICAL SHOCK
 An electrical shock is the effect or injury resulting from the
direct or indirect passage of an electrical current through
the body.
 Electric shocks occur when the body becomes part of the
electric circuit.
 The current must enter the body at one point and leave at
another.

204. SHOCK SEVERITY
The severity of electric shock is determined by:
 The amount of current (amperes) flowing.
 The path of the current through the body.
 The length of time of contact.
 Frequency of the current
 Nature of the PPE in use
 Gender and age
 Environment e.g. wet surface, metal surface
 The general health of the person etc

205. EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON THE BODY
AC current (mA) Effect on human body
1 Slight tingling sensation
2-9 Small shock
10-24 Muscles contract causing you to freeze
25-74 Respiratory muscles can become paralysed; pain;
exit burns often visible
75-300 Usually fatal; ventricular fibrillation; entry & exit
wounds visible
>300 Death almost certain; if survive will have badly burnt
organs and probably require amputations

206. INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTRICAL
HAZARDS.
 Burns
 Blood clots
 Nerve damage
 Falls
 Fractures
 Internal bleeding
 Heart attack/cardiac arrest

207. TYPES OF BURNS CAUSED BY ELECTRICITY.
 Direct electrical burns - from electric current flowing
through the body tissues.
 Arc/flash burns (indirect electric) – arcing from high
voltage conductors or explosion from short circuit.
 Thermal contact burns - from overheated conductors
or electrical appliances.

208. CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS
 Unsafe equipment and/or installation
 Unsafe environment
 Unsafe acts (work practices).

209. UNSAFE ACTS (WORK PRACTICES)
o Failure to de-energize, lockout and tag out hazards
during maintenance, repair or inspections
o Use of defective and unsafe tools
o Overloading outlets with too many appliances
o Poking naked cables into sockets.
o Wrong insulation of cables

210. 210

211. 211

212.  Not verifying power is off when making repairs (e.g.:
drilling into a 240-Volt line can kill)
 Working in an elevated position near overhead live
electrical lines
 Failure to read and follow all safety signs, symbols and
barriers
 Failure to use good housekeeping with respect to tools
and work areas e.g. a grinder left connected to power
supply after use.

213. UNSAFE EQUIPMENT
 Un-inspected electrical equipment
 Un-inspected portable extension cords
 Improper grounding (removal of third prong)
 Defective parts
 Overloaded outlets
 Faulty electric cording

214. UNSAFE ENVIRONMENT
 Area with flammable fumes/gases and combustible
fuels.
 Poor housekeeping e.g. blocked electrical boxes,
flammable materials stored in equipment rooms, lack
of proper hazard signs and excess clutter.
 Using equipment in wet, corrosive, damp or humid
condition.
 Working near overhead power lines
 Excavations with underground power cables

215. PREVENTING ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
 Cables should be insulated & avoid hazardous environment.
 Use of standard fused plugs, circuit breakers & earthing.
 Double insulation and use of armoured cables
 Residue Current Devices (detects current imbalances between live and
neutral)
 Reduced and low-voltage systems where possible

216. PREVENTING ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
 Competent persons for electrical works like maintenance
 Regular inspection & testing of electrical installations and equipment
 Safe work practices and user checks before using equipment.
 All workers training in electrical safety.
 Consistent use of PPE.

217. SAFE WORK PRACTICES
 De-energizing (lockout/tag-out) electric equipment
before inspecting or making repairs.
 Using tools that are in good repair (never use
defective tools.)
 Using proper plugs (avoid poking naked wires into
sockets)
 Using good judgment when working near energized
lines or overhead lines.

218. SAFE WORK PRACTICES
 Using appropriate personal protective equipment
(PPE).
 Covering junction/panel boxes.
 Using good/proper and neat wiring techniques
 Avoid placing electrical cables on the floor.

219. ELECTRICAL EMERGENCIES
PROCEDURES
Protect Yourself:
• Assess the situation – never put yourself at risk
• If possible, disconnect the electrical supply (switch off)
• Do not touch the person- they may be energized.
• Do not use a conductive tool to free the person

220. 220

221. ELECTRICAL EMERGENCIES
PROCEDURES
• Call for help & ambulance
• Check for breathing. If not breathing apply
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
• If breathing but unconscious place the casualty in
recovery position.
• Reassure the casualty.

222. CONCLUSION
 Equipment be installed and maintained by qualified
personnel.
 Electrical fires are best controlled using CO2 fire
extinguishers but first de-energize.
 In case of a serious fault the responsible person should
immediately contact the Kenya Power and Lighting
Company.
 Your safety is in your own hands!
END!!

223. 10/26/2023
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224. Machine: A machine is a piece of equipment
that is designed to do a specific job and has
moving parts that are powered by electricity,
steam, gas, water, wind etc.
Safety:- a situation with minimal danger, risk or
hazards.
Most accidents in many workplaces involve
machines.
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225. Machines have two major parts:-
 fixed parts
 moving parts
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226. Mechanical hazards typically involve
dangerous moving parts in the
following four basic areas:
◦ A prime mover
◦ Point of operation
◦ Power transmission apparatus
◦ Other moving parts
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227. A PRIME MOVER
A prime mover is a device which generates
motion (mechanical energy) derived from
either electricity, steam, gas, water, wind or any
other source and includes a motor and an
engine.
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228. 10/26/2023
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229.  This is the point where work is performed on
the material, such as cutting, shaping,
punching, Stamping or boring Etc.
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230.  Any components of the mechanical system which
transmit energy to the parts of the machine
performing the work.
 These components include flywheels, pulleys,
belts, connecting rods, couplings, spindles,
chains, and gears
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232. All parts of the machine which move while the
machine is working, such as reciprocating, rotating
and transversely moving parts, as well as feed
mechanisms and auxiliary parts of the machine
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233. 1. Rotating motion
◦ Rotating motion can be dangerous; even smooth,
slowly rotating shafts can grip clothing and force an
arm or hand into a dangerous position.
◦ Injuries due to contact with rotating parts can be
severe, some examples of rotating motions are ;
 Couplings, flywheels, shaft ends, spindles and
horizontal or vertical shafting.
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235. 10/26/2023
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236. Reciprocating motions may be hazardous
because during the back-and-forth or up-
and-down motion, a worker may be struck
by or caught between a moving part and a
stationary part.
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237. 10/26/2023
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238. 10/26/2023
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BACK AND FORTH

239. Transverse motion (movement in a straight,
continuous line) creates a hazard because
a worker may be struck or caught in a
pinch or shear point by a moving part.
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240. 10/26/2023
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241. 10/26/2023
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242.  Recognition of hazardous parts of machines
 Minimization of machinery hazards during
design
 Safeguarding dangerous parts of machines
 Use of correct and safe work practices
 Training operators.
24
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243. Guards are physical devices that prevent access
to dangerous parts of machines.
Guards built into machines should:
 Prevent contact.
 Provide security.
 Not create new hazards.
 Not create interference.
 Not be easy to by-pass/defeat
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244. 10/26/2023
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245. a) Fixed Guards
A fixed guard is a permanent part of the
machine and is not dependent upon
moving parts to perform its intended
function.
Fixed guards are usually preferable to all
other types because of their relative
simplicity and permanence
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246. 10/26/2023
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247. b) Interlocking Guards
 Prevent you from operating the machine
if the guard is not in place, or
automatically stop the machine if part of
your body enters a dangerous area.
Photoelectrical or mechanical-sensing
devices are examples of interlocking
guards.
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248. c) Automatic guards: actually pull or push
your hands, arms, or body away from the
danger zone as the work is being done.
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249. Remote control, feeding, placement or ejecting
guards: these control methods protect you
from dangerous points of operation.
For example, a two-handed control requires
both of your hands to be on the controls
(away from the danger zone) when you
operate the machine. This is a common
method with punch/stamping presses; a
feeding mechanism may use an automatic
device to feed material into the machine, so
that you do not feed by hand.
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250. Machinery inspection & maintenance
Personal protective equipment
Switching the machine on/off
Use of lock out & tag out (LOTO)
Care when using machine with exposed moving parts
House keeping.
Use of hand signals and safety signs.
Not operating machine when ill or under influence of drugs.
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SAFETY IN MACHINES THE WAY
TO GO
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251. For machine operators.
Detailed training on individual machine operation.
Detailed training on safety aspects of each machine
in use.
Detailed training on machine manuals & SOPs
For other workers.
General training on:
 emergency procedures;
 The dos & the don’ts.
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SAFETY IN MACHINES THE WAY
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252. 10/26/2023
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253. 253
Plant Safety

254. 254
Definition of plant
A plant is a machine or equipment at the
workplace, which has the potential to cause injury,
disability, and death or damage to property owing
to the way they are built and the work they do.
Plants used in industry are: -
a. Pressure vessels and
b. Lifting machines

255. 255
Pressure vessels
Examples are:-
Steam boilers (closed vessel in which steam is
generated under pressure greater than
atmospheric pressure);
Steam receivers;
Air receivers (air compressor);
Compressed, liquefied and dissolved gases
cylinders.
Refrigeration plants

256. 256
NB
Boilers and other pressure vessels need
particular precautions. Especially stringent
regulations apply to them.
They entail risks of explosions or accidents
due to component failures. The high internal
pressure and frequent pressure changes give
rise to these risks.

257. 257
Lifting machines
• Examples are:-
Cranes and other lifting machines e.g. chain
blocks
Hoists (normally for hauling goods) and lifts
(human cargo)
Lifting tackle (chain slings, rope slings, rings,
hooks, shackles, swivels)

258. 258
Hazards associated with the above plants
Plant Associated hazards
Steam boilers Explosions, burns
Steam receivers Explosions, burns,
scalds
Air receivers Explosions
Compressed liquefied
and dissolved gasses
cylinders
Explosions, burns,
fires, gas poisoning

259. 259
Plant Associated hazards
Cranes, hoists
and lifts
Falls of persons from
plant
Collapse of plant
Toppling of plant
Falling objects
Injuries due to breaking
ropes and chains
Being trapped in the
plant

260. 260
In order to ensure safety of plants, the
plants should:-
Be installed and operated according to
regulations
Be installed and maintained by qualified
persons
Be inspected at regular intervals by
authorized, competent persons.

261. 261
Provision for inspection of plants under
OSHA, 2007
The Occupational Safety & Health Act has made
provision for the examination of the above plants by
government authorized/approved persons
The authorized person should make a report of the
examination and test, in a prescribed form, which
should be entered in or attached to the general
register.

262. 262
Examination interval
Plant Section
of Act
Examination interval
Steam boiler 67 Every 12 months or
after extensive repairs
Steam
receivers
68 Every 24 months or
after repairs
Air receiver 69 Every 24 months or
after extensive repairs
Cylinder for
compressed,
liquefied and
dissolved
gases
70 Every 2 years for
corrosive gas cylinders
Every 5 years for non
corrosive gas cylinders

263. 263
Examination interval
Plant Section
of Act
Examination
interval
Refrigeration
plant
71 Every 12 months
Hoist/lift 63 At least once every 6
months
Chains,
ropes and
lifting tackle
64 At least once every 6
months
Cranes and
other lifting
machines
65 At least once every 12
months
SWL should be indicated

264. OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS,
CAUSES & PREVENTION
264

265. Definition:
An accident is an unplanned, unexpected, unwanted
occurrence, but controllable event which interrupt or
interfere with the orderly progress of an activity.
Accidents causes; injury to persons, damage to
property, or both the above.
 Accidents are predictable and preventable events
 They don’t have to happen.
265

266. Whenever an accident occurs it must be
investigated to establish the “source” and
“cause” so as to be able to come up with
strategies that can help prevent accidents.
The “source” is the type of work being done or
the activity. This includes:
 handling of materials,
 using hand tools,
 operating machinery etc.
266

267. The “cause” is normally in two
categories;
Root causes – failure in management
systems
Immediate causes – unsafe
conditions, unsafe acts & human
(personal) factors
267

268. Root causes may be separated into two categories:
System Design
Weaknesses
System implementation
weaknesses
Missing or inadequate safety
policies/rules
Safety policies/rules are not being
enforced.
Training program not in place Safety training is not being
conducted
Poorly written plans Adequate supervision is not
conducted
No procedures in place Lockout/tag out procedures are not
followed
268

269. The “immediate causes” can be;
an unsafe condition, or
an unsafe act of person, or
Human (personal) factors
269

270. Unsafe conditions
These are physical conditions, which, if left
uncorrected may cause accidents. They include:
defective machines/equipment
Unguarded machines
Uninspected plant equipment
slippery, uneven or weak working floor
improper or inadequate lighting
Unstable stacks
lack of or inadequate fire precautions
untrained workers
270

271.  lack of safety and health policy
 poor housekeeping, e.g. extension cables & materials
causing obstruction in walkways.
 lack of safety devices
 Noise
 Unsuitable temperatures, ventilation
271

272. Unsafe acts are caused by;
 physical and/or mental inadequacies,
 faulty attitudes,
 lack of knowledge and/or skill.
272

273. UnsafeActs
These are the wrong actions of persons who disregard correct
procedures. These include:-
 using equipment incorrectly or without authority
 making safety devices inoperative, e.g. by removing or
disconnecting
 unsafe loading or stacking
 hazardous movements, e.g. running, jumping, climbing over
where not required
 using defective equipment or tools
 using wrong tools for a job
 horseplay – practical jokes
 failure to use proper protective equipment
273

274. Human (Personal) Factors
Your own performance can increase the risks of having an accident.
The factors which may contribute to accidents in this respect
include:-
 Job experience
 Lack of awareness of hazards
 Lack of information and instructions on the working methods and
risks involved
 Not properly trained for the task
 Hidden psychosocial issues
 Age - older people are more easily injured e.g. when falling
- decline in eyesight and hearing with age
274

275. Types of accidents:-
There are many types of accidents, all of which are
classified according to how they occur.
 Falls i.e. from height, slips, trips
 Cuts i.e. kitchen cuts & machine cuts
 Ergonomic injuries
 Eye injury
 Burns from fire mostly electrical fires & hot kitchen appliances.
 coming into contact with irritant chemicals
 Abrasion. Etc.
275

276. Prevention of Accidents
Accidents due to human factors & unsafe acts, can be prevented or
substantially reduced by: -
• Proper worker training on the job.
• Creating safety awareness in the workplace.
• Formation and training of safety and health committee.
• Proper and strict supervision of the young and untrained
workers.
• Willingness to help solve workers problems including the
domestic ones. This helps improve the worker’s interest and
willingness to work.
• Observance of discipline by workers while at work.
276

277. Accidents due to unsafe conditions can be prevented by: -
• Proper housekeeping with clear walkways
• Proper maintenance of machines and tools.
• Inspection & servicing of plant equipment
• Providing and ensuring the use of the right tools or
equipments for the job. E.g. use of ladder while
accessing high shelves.
• Adequate lighting & ventilation in the workplace
• Staff training
• Warning signs of hazards e.g. slippery floor
• Provision of adequate ERPs
• Provision of PPE where necessary
277

278. In general, occupational accidents can be
prevented through;
a) Compliance with the health and safety
legislation.
b) Formulation and implementation of safety
policy.
278

279. Cost of Accidents
Accidents are costly!!
They cause:
 Enormous financial loss to an establishment,
 Cause business loss and
 Manpower loss as well.
279

280. Probable cost to the victim (injured person)
 Pain and suffering
 Loss of earnings (wages, overtime etc.)
 Disablement
 Curtailment of social activities
 Psychological damage
 Family distress
 Death
280

281. Probable cost to the employer (company)
 Lost production
 Cost of repair and replacement of equipment
 Consequential overtime costs
 Increased insurance claims and premiums
 Legal penalties
 Compensation expenses
 Cost of treating victims
 Loss of goodwill and reputation
 Loss of skilled manpower
281

282. Accident
Investigation

283. Focus of any accident investigation
283
 Primary focus of any investigation should be the
determination of the facts surrounding the incident and the
lessons that can be learned to prevent future similar
occurrences.
 The focus of the investigation should NEVER be to place
blame. The process should be positive and thought of as
an opportunity for improvement.

284. Other reasons for conducting investigations
284
 To fulfill any legal requirements
 To determine the cost of an accident
 To determine compliance with applicable safety
regulations
 To process workers' compensation claims
 Maintain workers’ morale

285. Research Statistics
285
 95% of all workplace accidents are caused by unsafe work
acts
 3% of workplace accidents are caused by unsafe
conditions
 2% caused by “Acts of God”
 All these statistics imply that management system
weaknesses account for 98% of all workplace accidents.
 Effective accident investigation identifies these root
causes and recommends strategies to eliminate the
management system weaknesses.

286. When do you conduct an investigation?
286
As a general rule, investigations should be conducted for:
 All incidents
 All injuries (even the very minor ones)
 Property and/or product damage situations
 All “Near Misses” where there was potential for serious
injury

287. Developing accident investigation procedures
287
These should be done before accident and procedures
include;
 Who should be notified of accident.
 Who is authorized to notify outside agencies (fire, police,
DOHSS etc.)
 Who is assigned to conduct investigations.
 Training required for accident investigators:
 Who receives and acts on investigation reports.

288. Consider the following issues
 Reporting whether internally or externally
 Preservation of the scene of the
accident/incident
 Composition of the investigation team
 Competence of the team
 Investigation procedure
 External relations
Preparing for an accident Investigation

289.  May be secured by means of:
 Excluding all except essential personnel
 Locking access
 Displaying warning signs
 Using security personnel to restrict access
 Recording the scene with photos or narrating
video recording
 Sketch identifying key objects
 Measure distances
Preservation of the scenes

290.  Requires a competent team
 Someone familiar with the task and work
environment
 Responsible person for performance standard eg
supervisor or manager
 Someone with authority within the organization
 Safety and Health expert
 Employee representative
 Victim
 Technical expert eg engineer or medical doctor
Composition of the Investigation team

291.  Types of evidence
 Physical evidence – materials and equipment
 Human evidence – witness statements and
interviews
 Documentary evidence – inspection records,
maintenance log
Carrying out an investigation

292. 292
1. Gather information
 Interview eyewitnesses as soon as possible after the accident.
Interview witnesses separately, never as a group.
 Interview other interested persons such as supervisors, co-
workers, etc.

293. Witness Interviews
 Interview promptly.
 Establish rapport with witness (treat as equal).
 Use open questions i.e. beginning with what?,
why? When? Where? etc.
 Keep an open mind
 Get the facts and note them.
 Write down the witness’s statement

294. Interviewing cont.…
294
 What was (were) the injured worker(s) doing at the
time?
 In your opinion, what caused the accident?
 How might similar accidents be prevented in the
future?

295.  Within the report there must be statements on the
following:
 Process used by the investigation team
 Facts relevant to the accident
 Method of analysis used and the result
 Causal factors of the accident
 The team should go through the report before it is
released outside the investigation team to ensure
technical accuracy, thoroughness and consistency.
Accident Investigation Report

296.  A full accident investigation report should contain the
following elements:
 A disclaimer
 List of contents, figures, photographs and tables
 List of acronyms
 Executive summary
 Introduction
 Facts of the accident or incident and analysis of information
 Conclusions and judgements of need
 Names of investigation team and consultants if used
 Signatures of team members
 appendices
Accident report

297. Background information
297
Review related records such as:
 Training records
 Medical records (as allowed)
 Maintenance record
 Safety Committee records (minutes & inspection report)
 External audits reports & risk assessment
 Company policies
 Past accident reports
 Formalized safe-work procedures
 Legislations like OSHA, 2007

298. 298
Document the scene with photographs, videotape, or sketches &
appropriate measurements.
3. Analyze the accident
 Causes of accident are determined
 events must be analyzed to discover immediate cause(s) for the
accident, and then, by asking “why” a number of times the related
root causes are uncovered e.g.
 Was the worker distracted? If yes, why was the worker distracted?
 Was a safe work procedure being followed? If not, why not?
 Were safety devices in order? If not, why not?
 Was the worker trained? If not, why not?
 Its easy to determine the immediate causes unlike the weaknesses in the
management system (root causes)

299. 299
Develop preventive actions
 Recommendations should relate directly to the immediate and root
causes of the accident
 These recommendations should include recommended actions
such as:
 Engineering controls (e.g. local exhaust ventilation or use of an
lift assisting device)
 Work practice controls (e.g. pre-plan work or remove jewelry
and loose fitting clothing before operating machinery)
 Administrative controls (e.g. standard operating procedures,
worker rotation, staff trainings and regular maintenance)
 Personal protective equipment (e.g. helmet, safety boots etc.)

300. ALCOHOL AND DRUGS ABUSE
AT THE WORKPLACE

302. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• What is a drug?
• What is drug abuse

303. DEFINITION OF TERMS
•A drug
Any chemical which when taken into
the body through a defined mode may negatively or positively affect the functioning of
one or more of the body organs and create a desired or unintended change.
•A substance
Any mixture or compound of
chemicals which when taken into the body through a defined mode may affect the
functioning of one or more of the body organs and create a desired or unintended
change.

304. Drug Abuse - A drug is abused when;
 Legally misused
 Illegally used
 Used to produce a different booking condition than
intended to.
 Used without prescription or use that ignores
prescription instructions
 Harms the user, family and community

305. What is Drug Addiction?
Drug addiction – also known as chemical/substance
dependency, dipsomania, alcoholism:
 Is a complex illness which may be physical and/or psychological
 Users ignores negative consequences in search of euphoria,
positive expectations and escape from reality; often characterized by
the belief of not being able to do without the drug.
 Characterized by compulsive use and behavior, withdrawals,
tolerance and distortions in thinking & most notably denial (refusal to
acknowledge problem)

306.  Psychological craving
Psychological craving is a strong desire or urge to
use drugs. Cravings are most apparent during drug
withdrawal.

307.  Tolerance
Tolerance is a state in which a person no longer responds
to a drug as they did before, and a higher dose is required
to achieve the same effect.

308. WITHDRAWAL
The following symptoms may occur
when drug use is reduced or
discontinued:
 Tremors, chills
 Cramps
 Emotional problems
 Cognitive and attention deficits
 Hallucinations
 Convulsions
 Death
308

309. CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
 Stimulants
 Depressants
 Hallucinogens
 Prescription drugs
 Steroids
 Inhalants
 Narcotics
 Designer drugs

310. CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE
1. Stimulants
 Affect the central nervous system
 Examples:-Tobacco, cocaine and miraa, longterm
usage eventually leads to disease, disability and
finally death.
2. Depressants
 Generally decrease the activity of the central
nervous system
 These include Heroin, alcohol, and codeine

311. 3. Steroids
Anabolic steroids foster the formation of living tissue
 Increase muscular mass, and are used as body
building substances especially by athletes and body
builders
 Long term usage causes fits of rage, liver damage,
baldness and depresses immunity causing death
 4. Hallucinogens
 They cause hallucinations, a pronounced
alteration of perception. It is the state of fantasy or
illusion, being lost in the world of dreams.
 Examples: cannabis (ganja, kushu, vela, kinduku,
kindom) and hashish

312.  5. Prescription Drugs
 Examples: Valium, Codeine, piriton and other pain
killers

314. CAUSES OF ALCOHOL AND
DRUG ABUSE
Why do people initiate drug use?
 Much, if not most, drug use is motivated by the
pursuit of pleasure.

315. WHY THE YOUNG PEOPLE ABUSE DRUGS
 ►Stress
Stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the
demands of life and our ability to cope with them
 What is stress?
Stress is the response of the body to any demand
made upon it.
 The "demand" can be a threat, a challenge or any kind
of change which requires the body to adapt.
 The response is automatic and immediate.
 Stress creates positive or negative feelings.
 Stress has both physical and emotional effects

316. Why the people abuse drugs
 Work pressure e.g. Too much workload, Unmet
deadlines, Low achievement
 Low or high self esteem
 Poor/lack of conducive environment
 Peer pressure
 Highly dynamic population
 Hidden psychological disorders (stress, low
 self esteem, depression)
 Lack of education or information on drugs.
 Freedom
 Experimentation/curiosity, thrill, myths
 Escapism (drugs solve problems)
 Glamorization of drug culture
 Misleading advertisements, Identity crisis

317. 317

318. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
DRUG ABUSE
 Typical signs and symptoms of drug and substance
abuse include failure to fulfill major role obligations
at work, school, college or home
1. Signs of physical deterioration
 Memory lapses or blackouts, short attention span,
difficulty in concentration
 Sexual problems which include lack of appeal,
function and promiscuity
 Insomnia (lack of sleep), moodiness, fatigue,
restlessness, shakes, agitation, easily startled,
dread of facing people, nausea, vomiting, sweating,
hallucinations and convulsions

319.  Physical signs contd..
 Poor physical co-ordination, slurred or incoherent
speech
 Chronic cough
 Unhealthy appearance, indifference to hygiene or
marked deterioration in physical hygiene and grooming
 Blood shot eyes or red eyes, dilated pupils, drooping
eyelids
 Burnt or stained thumb nails or finger tips, burnt holes
on clothing
 Injection marks as evidence of using needles
 Watering eyes and nose (itching eyes)
 Dark circles under the eyes and a blank facial
expression
 Suicidal behavior
 Pathological jealousy and lies
 Migraine headaches

320. 2. Signs of drugs and related items
a) Possession of drug related paraphernalia.
E.g rolling papers
b) Possession of drugs or evidence of drugs
c) Odor of drugs, ‘cover up scent’
d) Identification with drug culture
 Possession of drug related paraphernalia
 T-Shirts, stickers, caps – pictures of bhang leaf
 Necklaces bearing signs of bhang leaf
 Medicines to relieve constipation
 Syringes and needle
 Brushing teeth many times a day
 Constantly sucking mint and chewing gum
 Wearing dark glasses even in the house

321. 3. Dramatic changes in performance
 Work and assignments not completed or up to date
 Increased absenteeism or tardiness (slow inarrival),
lethargy (lack of energy)
 Inattentiveness, lack of concentration, loss of interest
 Increased job related accidents particularly head
injuries

322. 4. Changes in behaviour
 Quarrelsome
 Chronic dishonesty (Lying, stealing, trouble with law enforcers)
 Changes of friends, evasiveness in talking about new friends-
referred by the first name
 Nervous mannerism:- Frequent lip licking, jittery and foot
tapping
 Unnecessary privacy
 Reduced motivation, energy, self-discipline, self-esteem
 Sudden laughter outbursts for reasons not really worth
 Disorientation in time and space
 Increased isolation and alienation from close friends and
family members

323. HEALTH EFFECTS
OF DRUG ABUSE
 Does the type of alcohol matter ?
 ADDITIVES TO ALCOHOL
 • Methanol
 • Sisal juice
 • Used torch batteries
 • Car battery fluids (acid)
 • Human urine
 • Used sanitary pads
 • Wash out water from dead bodies
 • Hospital drugs
 • Dead rodents/ snakes
 • Cockroach-aches
 • Mouldy bread/ cakes
 • Laboratory reagents, jik
 • Tobacco, bhang, opium etc.

324.  General effects of Alcohol
 Loss of inhibition e.g. to attempt a crime
 Impaired visual ability
 Altered sense of time and space
 Loss of pain perception: never fight with a drunkard
 Unclear hearing
 Slow reaction time: causes accidents
 Stomach ulcers
 Cancers

326. CANCER OF THE OESOPHAGUS
An unknown chemical
quality in alcoholic
beverage causes
alcoholics to have a far
greater chance of
developing cancer of the
esophagus than non-
alcoholics. Cancer
causes difficulty in
swallowing and a
sensation of blockage
behind the sternum.
Surgery is the only
treatment, and the cure
rate is very low.

327.  Alcohol effect on Heart
 Enlargement of the heart
 Damage of heart valves
 High blood pressure
 Heart failure
 Liver damage by alcohol
 Enlargement
 Hardening
 Cancer
 Liver failure {Liver cirrhosis}

328.  Comparison of normal liver to one damaged by alcohol

329. OTHER EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL
 Kidney
 Reproductive system (low sperm count, bad ova,
ed, still births, prostrate cancer etc)
 Birth defects
 accidents

330. SMOKING
 Causes cancer of the mouth, lungs, stomach
ulcers, respiratory infections, amputations,
peripheral vascular diseases

331. EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE TO INDIVIDUAL:
 Personal neglect
 Lack of self respect
 Immorality
 Poor performance at any task
 Poor health
 Accidents
 Sensitivity to criticism
 Very emotional
 Coming to work late and leaving early
 Absenteeism
 Failure to accomplish tasks on time
 Poor concentration
 inability to follow instructions/ repeating
 mistakes
 Poor relationship at place of work
 Loss of job
 Poor self esteem
 Suicidal thoughts

332. CONTROL METHODS.
 Policy and procedure
 Training/ awareness
 Moral support
 Random testing

333. H.I.V. IN THE WORKPLACE

335. WHAT IS HIV??
 “Human Immunodeficiency Virus”
 Invades the helper T cells (CD4 cells) in the
body of the host
 Threatening a global epidemic.
 Preventable, manageable but not curable.

336. WHAT IS AIDS ???
 “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome”
 Is caused by HIV
 Disease impairs the body’s ability to fight infection
due to markedly reduced helper T cells
 Results in a weak immune system
 Patients are predisposed to multiple opportunistic
infections
 Leads to death.

337.  SEXUAL CONTACT
 BLOOD TRANSFUSION
 CONTAMINATED SHARPS
 MOTHER TO CHILD(VERTICAL TRANSMISSION)
 INTRAVENOUS DRUG USE (IDU)
Modes of HIV/AIDS
Transmission

338. Through Bodily Fluids
 Blood products
 Semen
 Vaginal fluids
 Breast milk

339. IntraVenous Drug Abuse
 Sharing Needles
 Without sterilization Increases the chances of
contracting HIV
 Unsterilized blades

340. Through Sex
 Unprotected Intercourse
 Oral
 Anal
 Vaginal

341. Mother-to-Baby
 Before Birth
 During Birth
 After birth

342. Factors Contributing To Spread Of
HIV/AIDS
 Cultural & Gender
 Biological
 Social factors
 Economic factors
 Stigmatization

343. Cultural and gender
 Marriage increase exposure to HIV/AIDs if one is not
faithful.
 Women are exposed to infection as they give care to
infected people
 Teenage marriage and forced marriage of young girls to
older men.
 Widow inheritance is a risky cultural practice accounting
for high HIV infection rates.
 Collapse of positive cultural value systems
 Inadequate communication and awareness campaigns
about HIV and its prevention in the community.
 Parents shy away from discussing sex issues with their
children
 Age at first sexual intercourse.

344. Biological factors
 If the infected mother suffers from severe inflammation of
foetal membrane during birth.
 There is a greater exposed surface area in the female genital
tract than in the male genital tract.
 There are higher concentrations of HIV in semen than in
vaginal fluids.
 There is a larger amount of semen exchanged during
intercourse than vaginal fluids.
 Forced sex might lead to microlesions in the genital tract
that facilitate entry of the virus.
 Traditional practices (FGM) can expose women to risk
 Women often have STIs that are left untreated
 Young women may be particularly vulnerable for biological
reasons

345. Social factors
 Women are often expected to remain monogamous, yet being
married often places them at high risk for infection
 Women lack the social power to reduce their risk for infection.
 The threat of physical violence, the fear of abandonment, or the
loss of economic support can act as significant barriers for women
to negotiating condom use, discussing fidelity with their partners,
or leaving relationships they perceive to be risky
 Cultural norms often deny women knowledge of sexual health
 Women often have little control over their bodies and little
decision making power
 Social pressure to bear children may also affect women’s choice
concerning the relative importance of pregnancy versus protection
from disease
 Women are at greater risk than men for rape, sexual coercion, or
being forced into sex work or sexual slavery

346. Economic factors
 Globalization lead to separation of families for
long periods.
Increased mobility in search of jobs, rural-urban
migration, and industrialization
 Mobile workers most vulnerable (fish industry,
transport, tourism, roads, mining)
Some women are forced to enter into sex work for
economic gain or survival, including food, shelter
and safety.

347. Economic Factors Cont..
Many women are economically dependent on
their husbands for survival and support, which
limits their decision-making and negotiating
power.
Sex workers in general are at an extremely high
risk for infection, particularly when they do not
have the ability to negotiate with clients who
refuse to wear a condom or when they are in
settings where commercial sex work is illegal.
 Young women are often forced into relationships
with older men for economic survival

348. Stigmatization
 Stigmatisation of people with HIV leads to
discrimination and rejection at place of work
 Workers with HIV are dismissed from
employment or denied common benefits
 Discourages many from going public about their
HIV status
 Causes dejected person to strike back with
vengeance, deliberately spreading AIDS

349. HIV Stage 1 - Primary
 Short, flu-like illness
- occurs one to six
weeks after infection
 Mild symptoms
 Infected person can
infect other people

350. Stage 2 - Asymptomatic
 Lasts for an average of ten years
 This stage is free from symptoms
 There may be swollen glands
 The level of HIV in the blood drops to low
levels
 HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood

351. Stage 3 - Symptomatic
 The immune system deteriorates
 Opportunistic infections and cancers start to
appear.

352. Stage 4 - HIV AIDS
 The immune system
weakens too much as
CD4 cells decrease in
number.

353. KAPOSIS SARCOMA LESIONS

354. Opportunistic Infections associated with
AIDS
CD4<500
 Bacterial infections
 Tuberculosis (TB)
 Herpes Simplex
 Herpes Zoster
 Vaginal candidiasis
 Hairy leukoplakia
 Kaposi’s sarcoma

355. Opportunistic Infections associated with
AIDS
CD4<200
 Pneumocystic carinii
 Toxoplasmosis
 Cryptococcosis
 Cryptosporiosis
 Non hodgkin’s
lymphoma

356. Other complications
CD4 <50
 Cytomegalovirus retinitis
 CNS lymphoma
 HIV dementia

357. TB & HIV CO-INFECTION
 TB is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV
 Common cause of mortality in HIV infected patients (10-
30%)
 Immuno suppression induced by HIV modifies the
clinical presentation of TB :
Subnormal clinical and X- RAY presentation
High rate of MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE to anti TB drugs
High rate of treatment failure and relapse

358. HIV Testing
 No name is used
 Unique identifying number
 Results issued only to test recipient
23659874515
Anonymous

359. PRIMARY PREVENTION:
Five ways to protect yourself?
 Abstinence
 Being in a monogamous Relationship
 Protected Sex
 Use of sterile needles, new shaving/cutting
blades
 Refraining from intravenous drug use

360. Protected Sex
 Use condoms every time you have
sex
 Always use latex or polyurethane
condom
 Always use a latex barrier during
oral sex

362. When Using A Condom Remember To:
 Make sure the package is
not expired
 Make sure to check the
package for damages
 Do not open the package
with your teeth for risk of
tearing
 Never use the condom
more than once
 Use water-based rather
than oil-based condoms

363. WHAT WE CAN DO??
UNAIDS Outcome Framework 2009–2011: nine priority areas
 We can reduce sexual transmission of HIV.
 We can prevent mothers from dying and babies from becoming infected with
HIV.
 We can ensure that people living with HIV receive treatment.
 We can prevent people living with HIV from dying of tuberculosis.
 We can protect drug users from becoming infected with HIV.
 We can remove stigma and discrimination that block effective responses to
AIDS.
 We can stop violence against women and girls.
 We can empower young people to protect themselves from HIV

365. CHEMICAL SAFETY

366. HAZARD COMMUNICATION
 Communication allows workers to know the hazards and
identities of the chemicals they are exposed to while working.
 Describes measures workers can take to protect themselves.
Hazards are communicated by:
 Labels
 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
 Education and Training

367. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)
 MSDS is a document prepared by the chemical manufacturer that
describes the:
 physical and chemical properties
 physical and health hazards
 routes of exposure
 precautions for safe handling and use
 emergency and first aid procedures
 control measures

368. Harmful effects of chemicals
 Poisoning (acute/chronic)
 Chemical burns (mild/severe)
 Gene mutations (cancer)
 Neurotoxin :damage to the nervous
system
 Allergies, Skin diseases, irritation
368

369. Harmful effects of chemicals
 Hepatotoxic: liver damage
 Asphyxiation
 Teratogen: birth defects
 Nephrotoxic: kidney damage
 Fire & Explosion
 Environmental pollution
369

370. TYPES OF CHEMICALS FORMS/STATES
FOUND IN THE WORKPLACE
 Solids
 Dusts
 Liquids
 Vapours
 Gases

371. Chemical Classification
 Classification
Chemical
class
Signal
colour code
Signal word Toxicity
status
I Red Danger, Poison,
Toxic
Very toxic
II Yellow Warning Toxic
III Blue Caution Moderately
toxic
IV Green - Mildly toxic
371

372. ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
 Chemicals can enter the body in four ways:
1. Inhalation
2. Skin absorption/contact
3. Ingestion
4. Injection

373. EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS
 Toxic substances can have different kinds of
effects on the body.
 Local effects occur at the place where the
hazardous agent comes into contact with or
enters the body.
 Systemic effects occur inside the body once
a hazardous agent has entered the body.

374. ACUTE EFFECTS
 Acute effects are usually immediate, obvious,
short-term responses to exposure to a hazard. E.g.
eye irritation, nausea, dizziness, skin rash, burns,
headache
 They can be localized to one part of the body, or
they can be systemic.

375. CHRONIC EFFECTS
 Chronic effects develop over time. You may not see
any symptoms until many years after the exposure
occurred because of long latency periods.
 Chronic conditions can result from a short exposure,
or from repeated contact with a substance or work
process. E.g cancer
 Chronic effects can be localized to one part of the
body or systemic.
 Prevention is the only cure for chronic conditions.

376. PLEASE TAKE CARE!!
 Toxic chemicals which are improperly disposed
of may eventually end up in your drinking water,
in the places where your children play, in the soil
where your food is grown, etc.
 Your family can be exposed to your workplace
hazards if you bring chemicals or other
workplace contaminants home with you on your
clothes, hair or skin.

377. CONTROLLING PHYSICAL AND HEALTH HAZARDS
 There are three major ways to protect yourself:
1) Administrative Controls
2) Engineering Controls
3) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

378. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
 Product substitution (most desirable)
 Substitute highly toxic materials where possible
 Less flammable/volatile (higher flash point and boiling point)
 Less corrosive (closer to a pH of 7)
 Limiting time around hazard
 Taking breaks & job rotation
 Training and communication
 This training, bulletin boards, safety meetings, MSDSs

379. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
 Safe work practices
 No smoking, food or beverage in the labs or section where
chemical application is taking place.
 Do not use fume hoods for storage.
 Review MSDS first and SOPs
 Avoid working alone

380. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
 Safe work practices
 Maintain a clean, uncluttered work area.
 Know the location of the nearest two emergency exits and
safety equipment (i.e., shower, eye wash stations.)
 Do NOT block access to emergency equipment, showers,
eyewashes, fire extinguishers, exits and circuit breakers

381. PROPER CHEMICAL STORAGE
 Segregate incompatible materials.
 Store corrosives & flammables below eye level.
 Store flammable materials in a flammable storage cabinet
 Store corrosives in a corrosive cabinet.
 Dispose of unused/outdated materials properly.
 Confine heavy objects to lower shelves.
 Store poisons/toxics in a secure location.
 Label the contents of all containers!

382. PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL
 Do not drain liquid waste down the sink.
 Label all containers with approved labels.
 Do not allow waste to accumulate

383. ENGINEERING CONTROLS
 The most common for labs are fume hoods,
ventilation chambers
 Fume hoods are checked annually for adequate
airflow.

384. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
 Protective Clothing
 A full-body-length rubber, plastic, or neoprene
apron appropriate for the material being handled
should be worn if there is risk of splash or spill.
 Lab coats and sleeve covers are other examples
 Eye Protection:Safety glasses, chemical-
resistant goggles, or face shields shall be worn at
all times in labs where chemicals are being used.

385. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
 Gloves
 Rubber (depending on chemical used)
 No one glove can protect against all hazards.

386. SAFETY EQUIPMENT
 Know the location of safety equipment.
 Safety showers, eye wash stations & first aid equipment. The
eyewash and shower should be tested weekly. It keeps clean
water in the pipes.
Make sure safety equipment is not blocked.
 Emergency numbers must be posted

387. EYE WASH STATION
 Must flush regularly
 Identify with sign

388. FIRE SAFETY
AT
THE WORKPLACE

389. Introduction
 Understanding of fire behavior is the basis for all
firefighting principles and actions.(increases
effectiveness)
 Understanding fire behavior requires knowledge of
physical and chemical processes of fire.
 It is therefore necessary for every worker to possess
some knowledge of fire chemistry in order to
understand the science of fire prevention, control
and extinguishment.

390. How fire can be started:
 Direct ignition- throwing a cigarette butt on dry
grass, arson attack, lighting a stove/jiko using a match
stick
 Prolonged heat –stove pipes, UPS, electrical
appliances etc (careless use of heat producing
appliances)
 Explosion –gas, ignited petrol vapour
 Chemical reaction-lime, acids
 Friction-shafts heating against each other (welding
activities)
 Natural causes- thunder, earthquake etc

391. Chemistry of fire
 Fire is a chemical union/process btwn substance &
oxygen in the presence of adequate heat to form
Heat/Light energy + Other Products.
 The combustion process continues in a chain
reaction until one of the components is
insufficient to support the reaction.
 This reaction produces heat and light and other
products.

392. The Triangle Of Fire
 Three components
Oxygen
Heat
Fuel
 All the three must be
present in sufficient
proportions for a fire
to start

393. Components of fire
OXYGEN: The air that supports combustion
HEAT: The minimum temperature at which a substance
will ignite.
FUEL: Anything which can burn; either in solid, gaseous
or liquid form.

394. How Fire Spreads
Once fire has started, unless it is extinguished
the next step is to spread and can do so in the
following ways:
 Convection: circulation of super heated
gases e.g. liquids, smoke.
 Radiation: Heat transmission through space
e.g. from sun to earth
 Conduction: heat energy traveling through
solid materials e.g. through metals.

395.  Four distinct phases:
 Ignition
 Growth
 Fully developed
 Decay
Phases of Fire

396.  Fuel, heat, and oxygen are present.
 Fuel is heated to its ignition temperature.
Ignition Phase

397.  Additional fuel is involved.
 Fire grows larger.
 Convection draws more air into fire.
 Thermal layering
 Hot gases collect at ceiling and bank downward.
Growth Phase

398.  Point between growth phase and fully developed phase
 All combustible materials in a room ignite at once.
 Temperatures can reach 1000 °F. (537.8°C)
 Flashovers are deadly!
A condition which occurs due to excessive amount of heat. As
the fire continues to burn, combustibles in the room are heated
to their ignition temperatures resulting to a simultaneous
ignition and a sudden fully fledged fire in the entire room
 High heat level from floor to ceiling.
 As the fire continues to burn, all the contents of the fire area are gradually heated to their
ignition temperatures, through “thermal radiation feedback”. When they reach this point,
simultaneous ignition occurs and the area becomes fully involved in fire.
Flashover

399.  Heat produced at maximum rate
 Oxygen consumed rapidly
 Fire will burn as long as fuel and oxygen remain.
Fully Developed Phase

400.  Fuel is nearly exhausted.
 Intensity reduces.
 Eventually fire will go out.
Decay Phase

401. Extinction of Fire
 Combustion will continue as long as oxygen, ignition
temperature and fuel are present.
 Removal of any one of them leads to collapse of the
triangle of combustion.
 To suppress fire just remove any one of the 3
components

402. Methods Of Extinguishing Fire
Heat Oxygen
Cooling (water) Smothering
Fuel
Starvation (physical removal)
Fire prevention at its most basic is keeping fuel
away from heat sources

403. Extinction cont…
 SMOTHERING/BLANKETING- Eliminating oxygen
 STARVATION- Removing the fuel (starving)
 COOLING- Removing heat by lowering temperature
 Extinction is achieved by breaking the chain
reaction between the bond of fuel, heat and oxygen.
 Portable fire extinguishers and fixed installation
systems use various extinguishing agents to attack
and break the chemical reaction of combustion
directly and hence extinguish the fire

404. Colour coding of pipes
Pipes carrying water for fire fighting should be
painted in red
Fire fighting appliances should be coded as
follows: -
Water red
Foam cream
Powder (all types) blue
Carbon dioxide black

405. Identifying fire extinguishers
Fire extinguishers are colour coded as
follows:-
Water - Red Dry Chemical
Powder – Blue
Foam – Cream Carbon Dioxide
– Black

406. Portable/ First Aid Fire Extinguishers
• Water type- ( class A-wood, paper, trash)
• Hose reel ”
• Carbon Dioxide- (class B & C-Electrical
equipment)
• Dry Chemical Powder (ABC)- Multi-Purpose
• Air foam (AFFF)- class B-flammable liquids
• Fire Blanket
• Fire ball
• Sand

407. Chemistry of Fire
 Classifications of Fires:
407
– Class “A” (Alpha)
– Class “B” (Bravo)
– Class “C” (Charlie)
– Class “D” (Delta)
.
It is important to note that Fires are classified according to
what is burning or according to the fuel or the combustible
material.

408. Chemistry of Fire
 Class “A” Fire:
408
– Characteristics:
n Leaves an ash
– Examples:
n wood
n paper
n people
– Extinguishing Agents:
water
.
These are fires that involve solid organic materials in nature. In other
words class A fires are those fires that will leave a residue when they
burn.

409. Chemistry of Fire
409
Class “B” Fire:
– Characteristics:
flammable liquids
– Examples:
gasoline
oil
paint
– Extinguishing Agents:
Foam
Dry Powder .
These are fires that involve liquids, liquefiable
solids and gases.

410. Chemistry of Fire
410
Class “C” Fire:
– Characteristics:
energized electrical fire
– Examples:
motors
cables
lighting
– Extinguishing Agents:
*De-energize first*
carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder as a last resort.
.
These are fires that involve energized electrical
equipment.
It is therefore important to
note that, they are only
class C fires when electrical
current is flowing, but when
the power has been
switched off, they assume
any other class of fire
depending on what is
burning.

411. Chemistry of Fire
411
Class “D” Fire:
– Characteristics:
combustible metals
special fires
– Examples:
Aircraft wheels
Weapons (missiles, flares)
– Extinguishing Agents:
DCP
sand
.
These are fires that involve combustible metals.

412. Common Features of portable fire
extinguishers
Locking pin
Carrying handle / operating
lever
Pressure gauge
Label :
 Type (Water, C02, Dry Chemical)
 Classification (A, B, C)
 Capacity Rating
 Instructions
Discharge nozzle or horn

413. Deciding To Use A Fire Extinguisher
Below is a decision making guide for using a portable fire
extinguisher during a fire. Ask yourself each of the questions
before attempting to extinguish the fire. If your answer is
“NO” to any of these questions:
Leave the building immediately.
Shut all doors as you leave to slow the spread of the fire.
If your answer is “YES” to all the questions, you may attempt
to extinguish the fire. But do not put yourself in danger

414. Deciding To Use A Fire Extinguisher Cont..
Can I Escape Quickly and
Safely From The Area If I
Attempt to extinguish the
fire?
NO LEAVE
IMMEDIATELY !
YES
Do I have the right type of
extinguisher?
NO
LEAVE
IMMEDIATELY !
YES

415. Deciding To Use A Fire Extinguisher Cont..
Is The Extinguishers’
Capacity Enough For the
fire?
YES
NO LEAVE
IMMEDIATELY !
Is The Area Free from Other
Dangers Such As Hazardous
Materials and Falling Debris?
YES
NO LEAVE
IMMEDIATELY !

416. Operation of extinguishers
Remember PASS
 P = Pull the pin.
 A = Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire.
 S = Squeeze the handle.
 S = Sweep from side to side.
 The PASS Method will work on all types of
extinguishers.

417. P.A.S.S. Method
Pull the pin
This will allow you
to squeeze the
handle in order to
discharge the
extinguisher

418. P.A.S.S. Method
Aim at the base
of the fire
 Aiming at the middle
will do no good.
 The agent will pass
through the flames.

419. P.A.S.S. Method
Squeeze the
handle
 This will release the
pressurized
extinguishing agent

420. P.A.S.S. Method
Sweep side to
side
 Spray the extinguisher
at the base of the fire.
 Cover the entire area
that is on fire.
 Continue until fire is
extinguished.
 Keep an eye on the
area for re-lighting.

421. Rules for Fighting Fires
When a fire is discovered…
 Assist any person in immediate danger to safety
 Activate the building fire alarm; Shout for help- Fire!
Fire! Fire! and Call 999
 Switch off electricity and air conditioning system to
prevent and slow the spread fire and smoke
 Know what is burning.
 Use the available suitable equipment to prevent the
spread of fire while awaiting fire brigades’ arrival.
 The time to use an extinguisher is at the beginning
stages of the fire.
 If the fire is spreading rapidly beyond its starting point
simply evacuate the building and close doors and
windows behind you as you leave.

422. Rules cont…
Do not fight the fire if:
 You don’t have adequate or
appropriate equipment.
 You might inhale toxic smoke.

423. Rules cont…
 Always position
yourself with an exit
or means of escape
at your back before
you attempt to use
an extinguisher to
put out a fire.

424. Rules cont…
 Stay upwind to the
fire.
 Stay low, never try to
work over top of the
fire.

425. Rules cont…
 Spray the
extinguisher at
the base of the
fire.

426. Rules cont…
 Never go into
unknown area to
fight a fire.

427. Make sure your extinguisher can be used
in an emergency.
 The extinguisher should be
mounted on the wall.
 The area in front of the
extinguisher shall be clear of
any obstructions
 The pressure gauge should be
in the green zone
 The inspection tag should
show that the extinguisher has
been inspected within the last
6 months.

428. Fire prevention precautions
(A) Housekeeping
 Keep your house /office clean and well arranged at all times
 Store flammable substances in a safe, clean and dry place
away from other buildings
 Where flammable liquids are in use and in all stores,
smoking and use of naked flames or lights should be
prohibited by displaying suitable and prominent notices.
 Elsewhere provide smoking zones with non –combustible
receptacles for cigarette ends and matches.
 Discourage cooking in offices and where it must be done, it
should be in specially designated kitchenettes equipped
with appropriate fire extinguishers

429. Precautions cont…
(B) Notices
 Means of escape should always be accessible
during working hours and be clearly marked
“FIRE EXIT” or “WAY” OUT
 Notices bearing suitable instructions to
occupants in the event of fire should be
prominently displayed.
 Notices instructing on how to call the nearest
Fire Brigade/Police should be posted at every
telephone exchange and any other suitable
place.

430. Fire Safety Signs

431. Precautions cont…
(C) Formulate a fire plan at the place of work
to ensure that:
 Fire fighting equipment are provided and well maintained.
 All personnel are made aware on what immediate action to take in
the event of fire and other emergencies.
 A fire fighting team (fire marshals) is established to be in charge of
fire safety.
 A responsible officer is appointed to ensure that efficient fire
prevention measures are in force at all times; and organize for
regular fire drills.

432. 432

433. FIRSTAIDMANAGEMENT
What is First Aid?
 First Aid is the Skilled Application of
Accepted principles of Immediate
Treatment given to a person who has
fallen ill or got injured before he/she
is taken to a more qualified person or
facility e.g. a doctor or hospital using
the available materials.
433

434. AIMSOFFIRSTAID
To preserve life
To limit worsening of the
situation
To promote recovery
434

435. The First-Aider should be:
 Trained
 Examined and regularly re-
examined
 Up-to-date in knowledge and skill
 Work-place injuries or medical problems are
best handled by Occupational Health Nurse
(OHN) or Occupational Medical Doctor
(OMD) 435

436. Responsibilities of First-Aiders
Your priorities are to:
a) assess the situation – do not put
yourself in danger;
b) make the area safe;
c) assess all casualties and attend first
to any unconscious casualties;
d)send for help – do not delay.
436

437. Priorities.....
e) Check for a response
 Gently shake the casualty’s
shoulders and ask loudly, ‘Are you all
right?’ If there is no response, your
priorities are to:
 shout for help;
 open the airway;
 check for normal breathing;
 take appropriate action. 437

438. A
Airway
 To open the airway:
place your hand on the
casualty’s forehead and
gently tilt the head
back;
 lift the chin with two
fingertips.
438

439. 439
B
Breathing
 Look, listen and feel for normal
breathing for no more than 10
seconds:
 look for chest movement;
 listen at the casualty’s mouth for
breath sounds;
 feel for air on your cheek.

440. Breathing......
 If the casualty is
breathing
normally:
 place in the
recovery position;
 get help;
 check for
continued
breathing.
440

441. Breathing......
If the casualty is not
breathing normally:
 get help;
 start chest compressions
(see CPR).
441

442. C
CPR
To start chest
compressions:
 lean over the
casualty and with
your arms
straight, press
down on the
centre of the
breastbone 4-5 cm,
then release the
pressure;
442

443. 443
•repeat at a rate of about 100 times a
minute;
• after 30 compressions open the
airway again;
• pinch the casualty’s nose closed and
allow the mouth to open;
• take a normal breath and place your
mouth around the casualty’s mouth,
making a good seal;
•blow steadily into the mouth while
watching for the chest rising;

444. 444
•remove your mouth from the
casualty and watch for the chest
falling;
• give a second breath and then start
30 compressions again without delay;
• continue with chest compressions
and rescue breaths in a ratio of 30:2
until qualified help takes over or the
casualty starts breathing normally.

445. Severe Bleeding
If there is severe bleeding:
 apply direct pressure to the
wound;
 raise and support the injured part
(unless broken);
 apply a dressing and bandage
firmly in place.
445

446. Broken Bones and spinal injuries
 If a broken bone or spinal injury is
suspected, obtain expert help. Do not
move casualties unless they are in
immediate danger.
Burns
 Burns can be serious, so if in doubt, seek
medical help.
 Cool the affected part of the body with
cold water until pain is relieved.
446

447. Burns....
 Certain chemicals may seriously irritate
or damage the skin.
 Avoid contaminating yourself with the
chemical.
 Treat in the same way as for other
burns but flood the affected area with
water for 20 minutes.
 Continue treatment even on the way to
hospital, if necessary.
 Remove any contaminated clothing
which is not stuck to the skin. 447

448. Eye Injuries
 All eye injuries are potentially serious. If
there is something in the eye, wash out
the
eye with clean water or sterile fluid from a
sealed container, to remove loose
material.
Do not attempt to remove anything that
is embedded in the eye.
 If chemicals are involved, flush the eye
with water or sterile fluid for at least 10
minutes, while gently holding the eyelids448

449. Record Keeping
It is good practice to use a book for recording
any incidents involving injuries or
illness which you have attended. Include the
following information in your entry:
 the date, time and place of the incident;
 the name and job of the injured or ill person;
 details of the injury/illness and any first aid
given;
 what happened to the casualty immediately
afterwards (eg went back to work, went home,
went to hospital);
 the name and signature of the person dealing449

450. WORKPLACE FIRST AID FACILITIES
 Workplaces must have first aid facilities
(cupboards, boxes, kits) that are
stocked at least to the standard
prescribed by Legal Notice no. 160 of
1977.
 Every first aid facility must kept under
the charge of a trained first-aider and
both must be readily available during
working hours.
450

451. LegalNoticeNo.160
THEFACTORIES (FIRST AID)RULES, 1977
1. These rules may be cited as the Factories
(First Aid) Rules, 1977.
2. Contents of the First-aid Boxes
The first-aid boxes or cupboards required by
section 50 (1) Of the Act to be provided and
maintained in factories shall comply with the
following standards;
451

452.  for factories in which the number of persons
employed does not exceed ten, each first-aid
box or cupboard shall contain at least-
i. a copy of the first aid leaflet (L.D. 250/1);
ii. a sufficient number (not less than six) of small
sterilized unmedicated dressings for injured
fingers;
iii.a sufficient number (not less than three) of
medium sized sterilized unmedicated
dressings for injured hands or feet;
452

453. iv. a sufficient number (not less than three) of
large sized sterilized umedicated dressings for
other injured parts;
v. a sufficient number (not less than twelve) of
adhesive wound dressings of a suitable type of
assorted sizes;
vi. a sufficient number (not less than two) of
triangular bandages of unbleached calico, the
longest side of which measures not less than
fifty-one inches and each of the other sides not
less than thirty-six inches;
vii. a sufficient supply of adhesive plaster;
453

454. viii. a sufficient supply of absorbent sterilized
cotton wool, in fourteen-gram packets;
ix. a sufficient supply of Factory Eye Drops,
B.P.C.;
x. a sufficient number (not less than two) of
sterilized eye-pads in separate sealed
packets;
xi. a tourniquet; and
xii. a sufficient supply of safety pins;
454

455. b) In every factory in which there are between 10-
50 employees -(x2)
3. Grade and quality of drugs and dressings
 All materials for drugs and dressings contained
in first aid boxes or cupboards shall be those
designated in, and of a grade or quality not
lower than the standards specified by the
British Pharmaceutical Codex or any
supplement thereof
455

456.  each first-aid box or cupboard shall be plainly
marked “FIRST AID”.
 In every factory where there are between 10 to 50
employees there shall be at least two persons
trained in first aid and at least one such person
shall always be available in the work place at all
times during all working hours.
 In every factory where there are between 50 to 100
employees there shall be at least three persons
trained in first aid and at least one such person
shall always be available in the work place at all
times during all working hours.
456

457.  In every factory where there are between 100
to 500 employees there shall be at least three
persons trained in first aid, plus one
additional person for each extra hundred
employees (or part thereof) beyond the first
one hundred employees, and two such
trained persons shall always be available in
the work place at all times during all working
hours.
 In every factory where more than five
hundred persons are employed there shall be
a first-aid room which shall always be open
and manned by a trained nurse during
working hours.
457

458. Application of Rules
 The Provisions of these Rules apply to both
day and night shifts and during all the hours a
factory is open.
Offences, penalties and legal proceedings
 Where offence is committed under these
Rules, the owner of the occupier of the
factory concerned, as the case may be, shall
be guilty of an offence and shall be liable to a
fine of Kshs. 50,000/=.
458

459. OTHER REQUIREMENTS:
 Means of summoning further medical aid
should be available.
 All injuries should be reported and
recorded as soon as practicable.
 Injuries where a person is disabled for
at least three days should be entered in
part III of the General Register.
459

460. WorkplaceInspection
Techniques

461. WhyWorkplaceInspections?
 Help prevent injuries and illnesses
Who does the inspection?
 Joint occupational health and
safety committees plan,
conduct, report and monitor
inspections
461

462. Whatisthepurposeofinspections?
◦ Listen to the concerns of workers and
supervisors
◦ Gain further understanding of jobs and
tasks
◦ Identify existing and potential hazards
◦ Determine underlying causes of hazards
◦ Monitor hazard controls (PPE, engineering
controls, policies, procedures)
◦ Recommend corrective action
462

463. Howdoyouplanforinspections?
Everyinspection mustexamine:
◦who
◦where
◦what
◦when
◦how
463

464. WorkplaceGeneralandRoutineInspections
The workplace Inspections should cover all
aspects of the workplace such as:
◦ Workplace environment and design
◦ Systems of work
◦ Employee behavior
◦ The identification of unsafe conditions and
working trends
◦ The checking of new facilities, equipment
and processes
464

465. WorkplaceInspectionsContd.
 Workplace Inspections should be
supported by a checklist, which has
been developed specifically for that
workplace.
 Any checklist used must function as
an aid to stimulate questions and
discussion about the safety of the
work environment.
465

466. Othersourcesofinformation
 Material safety data sheets and
chemical labels
 Investigating accidents and near
misses
 Examining accident, leave and
workers’ compensation records
 Hygiene surveys
 Medical examinations
466

467.  Nobody can accurately estimate how long each
inspection will take.
 The purpose of an overall schedule is to keep the
workplace free of hazards.
The schedule should state:
◦ when to inspect each area or item within the
workplace
◦ who carries out the inspection
◦ what degree of detail to inspect each area or item
◦ conduct inspections as often as committee
meetings.
467
Inspection Scheduling

468. How are Inspections actually done?
 Discuss the planned inspection route before undertaking the
inspection.
 Review where inspection team members are going and
what they are looking for. For example, during the
inspection, "huddle“ (crowd together) before going into
noisy areas. This eliminates the need for arm waving,
shouting and other unsatisfactory methods of
communication.
 The committee cannot inspect as a whole. Each member
should have a clipboard or note pad, and checklists for the
area or items to be inspected.
 For inspections, wear personal protective equipment (PPE)
where required. If you do not have PPE and cannot get any,
do not enter the area. List this as a deficiency during the
inspection. Re-inspect the area when PPE is provided.
 Before inspecting a department or area, the committee
should contact the supervisor in charge but the supervisor
should not act as a tour guide. The inspection team must
remain independent and make uninfluenced observations.
468

469.  Although a supervisor may interpret reporting as a criticism,
committee members cannot fail to report hazards. Retain
objectivity and maintain an attitude that is firm, friendly, and fair.
 Do not operate equipment. Ask the operator for a demonstration.
 Look up, down, around and inside. Be methodical and thorough.
Do not spoil the inspection with a "once-over-lightly" approach.
 Clearly describe each hazard and its exact location in your rough
notes. Allow "on-the-spot" recording of all findings before they
are forgotten.
 Ask questions, but do not unnecessarily disrupt work activities.
 Consider the static (stop position) and dynamic (in motion)
conditions of the item you are inspecting.
 Discuss as a group, "Can any problem, hazard or accident
generate from this situation when looking at the equipment, the
process or the environment?"
 Determine what corrections or controls are appropriate
 ….
469

470. Contents of the final report?
 To make a report, first copy all unfinished items from the
previous report on the new report.
 On top of the page, write the title, date and the
inspection team's names, the department or area
inspected, write down the observed hazard, controls in
place & recommended methods of control.
 State exactly what has been detected and accurately
identify its location. Instead of stating "machine
unguarded," state "guard missing on upper pulley #6
lathe in North Building."
470

471. Assign a priority level to the hazards observed to indicate the
urgency of the corrective action required
For example:
A = Major--requires immediate action
B = Serious--requires short-term action
C = Minor--requires long-term action
After each listed hazard, specify the recommended corrective action
and establish a definite correction date.
Each inspection team member should review for accuracy, clarity
and thoroughness.
471

472. Follow-up and Monitoring
 Review the information obtained from regular
inspections to identify where immediate
corrective action is needed.
 Identify trends and obtain timely feedback.
 The health and safety committee should review
the progress of the recommendations, especially
when they pertain to the education and training
of employees.
 Identify trends for the maintenance of an
effective health and safety program
472