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1. Engines

2. Goals
• Identify the three common types of engines
used today
• Identify and understand the purpose of the
major engine components
• Identify common engine problems

3. Engine Types

4. Engine Types
• Inline engines
– 4 Cylinder
– 5 Cylinder
– 6 Cylinder
– 8 Cylinder
– 9, 10, 12, 14 too!

5. Hey! That’s under MY hood!

6. Dad had one of these…

7. Jag with Weber carbs-for Duke Buzza

8. High-end six cylinder

9. The Japanese just have to do it bigger

11. Engine Types
• V Type Engines
– V 2
– V 4
– V 6
– V 8
– V 10
– V 12
– 16, 20
– and 24!

12. Aprilla V-4

13. Lancia V-4…just barely

14. Todays compact V-6

15. VW CRAZY!

16. Out of acorns…

17. …mighty Big Blocks grow!

18. First, take one 12 cylinder block…

19. …then add a handful of parts.

20. 27 Liter or 1650 c.i. 2600 h.p.

21. Grandpa’s grocery getter

22. Engine Types
• Flat / Horizontally Opposed
– 2 Cylinder
– 4 Cylinder
– 6 Cylinder
– 8 Cylinder
– 10 Cylinder
– 12 Cylinder
– 16 Cylinder

23. Less common engine configs
• There have also been “W” engines-Volkswagen
has one!
• And Square 4’s too
• And let’s not forget …

24. Rotary Engine
• 1, 2 or 3 Rotor design
made famous by Mazda
Zoom!-Zoom!

25. Rocket motors-not in this class!

26. Engine Components
• Engine Block
• Crank Shaft
• Piston
• Connecting Rod
• Bearings
• Cylinder Head
• Cam Shaft
• Valves
• Valve Springs
• Push Rods
• Lifters

27. Engine Block
• Can be cast iron or aluminum
• Used to house engine components
• Designed to keep combustion in and lubricate
and cool internal components

28. Performance block with
“4 bolt main caps”
• Main caps:
• Keep the crank
true
• Hold up to
greater pressure

29. Crank Shafts
• Used to transmit and change the linear power of
the pistons to rotational power and apply it to
the transmission
• The crankshaft turns 720 degrees (2 revolutions)
for every 4 stroke cycle

30. Crank Shafts
• Two types
– Cast
– Forged (Stronger)
• Stroker Crank
– A crank shaft that has
had the journal
placement changed to
increase the stroke of
the piston

31. Connecting Rod
• Attaches piston to crank shaft
• Several types
– Standard Duty
– Forged “H” beam
– Cracked Cap

32. Connecting Rods
• H Beam connecting rod is stronger
and usually forged

33. Piston and Rings
• Pistons allow the rapidly expanding gasses a
surface to “press” on and force the crank shaft
to turn
• Pistons use Rings to form a seal against the
cylinder wall
– Compression Rings
– Oil rings
• Pistons are attached to the connecting rod by a
Piston Pin / Wrist Pin

34. Pistons
• Pistons must be matched to cylinder head
• Type of Induction system must be considered
• Cam shaft profile must be considered

35. Bearings
• Several types of bearing
– Rod bearings
– Crank Shaft Bearings
– Cam Bearings
• Used to reduce friction in rotating components
• Can be different sizes to compensate for
machining tolerances

36. Bearings
Main Bearings Rod Bearings

37. Engine Lubrication System
• Oil pump
• Oil filter
• Oil By-pass valve
• Oil Galleys
• Crank Shaft
• Cam Shaft
• Top End Lube

38. Oil Pumps
• Driven by distributer
and drive rod
• Pick-up attached to
pump

39. Oil Pumps
• Driven by crank shaft

41. Oil Filters
• Oil filters are cheap
insurance
• You can cut them open
to look for potential
problems
• Stick a magnet on the
end for extra protection

42. Oil Filter Bypass Valve

43. Oil Galleys

44. Oil Flow
• Oil flows through holes
in crank shaft to
lubricate bearings
• Falls into pan when done
• Oil flows through block and
into crank shaft to lube
bearings

45. Oil Change
• Start with good oil
– API Rating
• Look for SN or GF-5 rating (this is latest/highest quality)
in gas engines
• Look for CJ-4 if it’s a Diesel engine
• Check Owners Manual for Viscosity rating
– Using wrong viscosity can hurt fuel economy and
cause engine damage!

46. API Doughnut
• Oil is tested at 0° F
and 212° F
• The “W” means
winter not weight!
• 15W40
– This oil flows like
SAE 15W at 0°
– This oil flows like
SAE 40 at 212°

47. Synthetic Motor Oil
• Less sensitive to thermal break down
• Lower viscosity at low temperatures
• Group IV or V best (Mobil 1 or Red Line)
• Great for use in air cooled engines

48. OIL , AIR and FUEL Filters…
You get what you pay for!
• Purchase good oil and filters (OEM)
• Refer to service manual for proper oil weight (at
least $3.00/qt.)
• New drain plug washer

49. Oil System Diagnosis
• Low oil pressure
– Wrong oil used
– Worn bearings
– Bad sender or gauge
• Burning oil
– Leaks due to failed gaskets
– Blocked PCV
– Worn piston rings

50. Cylinder Head & Valvetrain
• Completes combustion chamber
• Houses valves and spark plug
• Can house cam shaft (OHC)
• Most cost affective performance improvement
that you can make!

51. Multi Valve Cylinder Heads

52. Valve Train
• Timing Gear and Chain
• Timing Belt
• Cam Shaft
• Rocker Arms
• Push Rods
• Lifters

53. OHV & OHC

54. OHV Valve Train
• Timing Gears and Chain
– Connects Crank Shaft to
Cam
– Crank Spins 2 times for
every Cam Shaft
Revolution
• Gear Drive
– More accurate
– Very noisy (But sounds
cool!!)

55. OHC Timing Belt

56. Cam Shaft
• Cam shafts open and
close the valve
– directly (OHC)
– Indirectly (OHV) by
means of Lifter and
Push Rod
• How FAR the Valve
opens is LIFT
• How LONG it is
open is DURATION

57. Push Rods, Lifters… & Rocker Arms
• Camshaft lobes push
on lifters
• Lifters push up on
Push Rods
• Push Rods push on
Rocker Arms
• Rocker Arms open
Valves

58. … & Rocker Arms

59. DOHC Valve Components
• Valve Spring
• Valve Stem Seal
• Valve Guide
• Valve
• Valve Seat

60. Review
Technician A says that in a OHV engine, the
cam shaft works directly on the rocker arm
Technician B says that the OHV engine uses
push rods
Who is correct?
Technician B

61. Review
What is this part?
A. Push Rod
B. Cam Shaft
C. Drive Shaft
D. Crank Shaft

62. Review
How many times does the crank shaft rotate
for every rotation of the cam shaft?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

63. Base Engine Problems
• Blue Smoke
– Cause by burning oil
• Rings
• Valve Stem Seals
• Valve Guides

64. Base Engine Problems
• Engine Noise
– Valve Train Noise (Top End)
• Misadjusted rocker arms OHC
• Misadjusted lifters OHV
• Worn Rocker Arms or Push Rods
– Main / Rod Noise (Bottom End)
• Worn bearings
• Low oil pressure
• Carbon build up on pistons

65. Diagnostic Tools
• Compression Tester
• Cylinder Leak Down Tester
• Stethoscope
• Oil Sample Diagnosis