This document discusses biomechanics and its application to sports. It covers Newton's laws of motion and how they relate to concepts like inertia, acceleration, and reaction forces. It also discusses levers, equilibrium, center of gravity, and forces like centripetal and centrifugal forces. Biomechanics helps improve sports performance and technique, prevent injuries, and optimize training and equipment by analyzing human movement and applying principles of mechanics.
1. Biomechanics and Sports
1. Biomechanics and Sports
1.1 Meaning and Importance of Biomechanics in Physical Education and Sports
1.2 Newton’s Law of Motion and its Application in Sports
1.3 Levers and its types and its Application in Sports
1.4 Equilibrium- Dynamic and Static and Centre of Gravity and its Application in Sports
1.5 Force- Centrifugal and Centripetal and its Applications in Sports
2. Meaning of Biomechanics
The study and analysis of human movement patterns in sports is called Biomechanics
The study of the structure and function of biological systems such as humans, animals,
plants, organs, and cells by means of the methods of mechanics
The application of mechanical laws to living structures
3. Importance of Biomechanics in Physical Education and Sports
Helps in Improving Technique
a) Correct or rectify the errors of a sports person to improve the execution of a skill
b) Discover a new and more effective technique for performing a sport skill
c) Fosbury Flop and straddle technique
d) Qualitative biomechanical analysis for correction
e) Quantitative biomechanical analysis for discovering new techniques
Helps in Improving Equipment
a) Helps in improving the designs of the equipment
b) Shoes & sports clothes design improved
c) Better equipment improves performance and reduces the risk of injury
d) Better Rackets in racket games
e) Better Helmets to reduce risk of injury in ice hockey, football and many other games
f) Aerodynamic clothing in skiing, speed skating, cycling, swimming etc.
Helps in improving the performance
a) By utilizing biomechanics to improve techniques
b) By utilizing biomechanics to improve equipment
c) By utilizing biomechanics to reducing the risk of sports related injuries
Helps in preventing injuries
a) Identifies the causes of injury
b) Helps in process of rehabilitation
c) By identifying cause and rehabilitation exercises changes are made in techniques,
equipment to reduce the risk of sports related injuries
2. Helps in the improvement of the training
a) Mechanical analysis of the technical deficiencies of a sports person helps identify the
type of training required
b) The weak areas may be strength, endurance, speed of movement or body actions
c) Customized training can be imparted to the sports person
Helps in improving teaching and learning process
a) Biomechanics helps in moving the body with precision
b) Understanding of biomechanics helps the teacher to take right decisions
c) Understanding of biomechanics helps sports person to learn his weaker areas and
provides motivation to correct the actions/ postures to enhance performance and prevent
injuries
4. Newton’s Laws of motion and their application in Sports
When exploring the area of biomechanics and human movement, it is useful to look at
motion through the observations made by Sir Isaac Newton.
Newton was a famous seventeenth- century scientist who developed the three laws that
govern all motion.
5. Newton’s 1st Law – The law of Inertia
‘A body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.’
In other words, a body will remain at rest or in motion unless acted upon by a force. In
order to get a body moving, a force must overcome the body’s tendency to remain at rest
or inertia. The amount of inertia a body has depends on its mass.
Newton’s 1st Law – The law of inertia
This soccer ball will remain at rest, until a force acts on it
6. Newton’s 2nd Law of Acceleration
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force causing it, is in the
same direction as the force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
When a force is applied to an object it will move in the direction the force was applied,
and, depending on the size of the force and the size of the object, the object will
accelerate accordingly.
Smaller object will move faster than a larger one
A greater force will move an object faster than a smaller force.
Newton’s 2nd Law – mass, force & acceleration f = ma
Newton’s 2nd Law of Reaction
‘Whenever a force is applied there is an equal and opposite reaction.’
If an athlete exerts a force onto the ground in order to push off, the ground will exert an
equal and opposite force on the athlete, pushing them up into the air.
5. balance when the center of gravity falls within the base of support 2. A person has
balance in the direct proportion to the size of the base. The larger the base of support, the
more balance
26. 41. 9.4 Principles of Stability 3. A person has balance depending on the weight
(mass).The greater the weight, the more balance 4. A person has balance, depending on
the height of the center of gravity The lower the center of gravity, the more balance 5. A
person has balance, depending on where the center of gravity is in relation to the base of
support Balance is less if the center of gravity is near the edge of the base
27. 42. 9.4 Centre of gravity Centre of gravity can be defined as “the single point at which
all parts of an object are equally balanced”. A persons centre of gravity can change
depending on their body position as the centre of gravity is the exact point where all parts
of an object are equally balanced.
28. 43. 9.4 Centre of gravity = Centre of gravity For a ‘normal’ human being standing
upright, their centre of gravity lies around the area of their navel
29. 44. 9.4 Centre of gravity Centre of gravity of a boy whose hands are stretched in the air =
Centre of gravity
30. 45. The centre of gravity can also lie outside an object, especially if the object is bent
over or leaning in a certain direction 9.4Centre of gravity = Centre of gravity
31. 46. Line of gravity Line of gravity is the vertical line that passes through the centre of
gravity to the ground. If the line of gravity falls within the object’s base of support (i.e.
its contact with the ground), the object is relatively stable. If the line of gravity falls
outside the object’s base of support (i.e. its contact with the ground), the object is
relatively unstable.
32. 47. Line of gravity Centre of gravity STABLE Centre of gravity UNSTABLE Line of
gravity Line of gravity
33. 48. Base of support – The object on the left is more stable because of its relatively larger
BOS BOS is the area within an objects point of contact with the ground. The larger the
area the base of support covers, the more stable an object will be. Wide BOS Narrow
BOS BOS BOS
34. 49. 9.5 Force- Centripetal and Centrifugal and its Applications in Sports
35. 50. 9.5 Force Forces either push or pull on an object in an attempt to affect motion or
shape Without forces acting on an object there would be no motion Force - product
of mass times acceleration Mass - amount of matter in a body
36. 51. 3- 53 9.5 Force Force = mass x acceleration F = M x A Momentum (quantity of
motion) - equal to mass times velocity The greater the momentum, the greater the
resistance to change in the inertia or state of motion
37. 52. 3- 54 9.5 Factors related to Movement Activities 1. The production of Force 2. The
application of Force 3. The absorption of Force
38. 53. 3- 55 9.5 Factors related to Movement Activities 1. The production of Force
External forces are produced from outside the body & originate from gravity, inertia, or
direct contact Only muscles can actively generate internal force, but tension in tendons,
connective tissues, ligaments, and joints capsules may generate passive internal forces
39. 54. 3- 56 9.5 Factors related to Movement Activities 1. The production of Force The
appropriate sequence to get maximum force is necessary
6. 40. 55. 3- 57 9.5 Factors related to Movement Activities 2. The application of Force The
force on an object must be applied in the direction in which it has to travel All activities
require a summation of forces from the beginning of movement in the lower segment of
the body to the twisting of the trunk and movement at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist
joints
41. 56. 3- 58 9.5 Factors related to Movement Activities 3. The absorption of Force
Significant mechanical loads are generated & absorbed by the tissues of the body
Tension in tendons, connective tissues, ligaments, and joints capsules may generate
passive internal forces
42. 57. 3- 59 9.5 Factors related to Movement Activities 3. The absorption of Force
Internal forces can ◦fracture bones ◦dislocate joints ◦disrupt muscles & connective tissues
To prevent injury or damage from tissue deformation the body must be used to absorb
energy from both internal & external forces
43. 58. 3- 60 9.5 Centripetal & Centrifugal Force When an object is rotating around a fixed
axis in a circular path, two opposing forces act on the object- 1. Centripetal Force 2.
Centrifugal Force
44. 59. 3- 61 9.5 Centripetal Force The force which keeps the body moving with a uniform
speed along a circular path and is directed along the radius towards the centre 1. Causes
object to move towards the centre
45. 60. 3- 62 9.5 Centrifugal Force When centripetal force acts upon a body, another force
equal to the centripetal force but opposite to the direction also acts upon it. This force is
called Centrifugal force. 1. Causes object to move away from the centre
46. 61. 9.5 Force – its Application in Sports In the performance of various sport skills such
as throwing, many applications of the laws of leverage, motion, and balance may be
found In throwing, the angular motion of the levers (bones) of the body (trunk,
shoulder, elbow, and wrist) is used to give linear motion to the ball when it is released
47. 62. Application of centripetal and Centrifugal force in Sports
48. 63. Application of centripetal and Centrifugal force in Sports