The document summarizes localization techniques for wireless sensor nodes. It discusses several common localization methods including known location-based using GPS, proximity-based using signal strength, angle-based using angle of arrival, and range-based using time of arrival or time difference of arrival. It also covers some challenges with each approach like accuracy limitations and environmental factors. Finally, it provides a brief comparison of the localization techniques and their typical accuracy ranges from 1-15 meters depending on the method.

1. A Survey on Localization of
Wireless Sensor Nodes
Masooda
&
Zuvairiya

2. Introduction
What is a Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)?
• A collection of sensing devices that can communicate wirelessly
• Each device can sense, process, and talk to its peers
• Sensor nodes can detect the the changes in the particular region or area
• Sensor nodes are made up of off-the shelf materials
• Each node requires GPS service
Localisation is widely used to find the location of these sensor nodes

3. Fields of application of wireless sensor
networks

4. Concepts and Properties of Localization
Known
location
Proximity
based
Angle
based
Range
based
GPS IR,
Bluetooth
AoA RssI,
TDoA, ToA
LOCALIZATION
Figure :overview of localization

5. Known Location Based Localization
• Sensor nodes know their location in prior
• Manually configuring or using a GPS
• Manual configuration of the sensor node is done with
the help of GPS GPS device can be effective where
there are no reference nodes
• available to get localized

6. Known Location Based Localization-GPS
• Location is calculated with the help of GPS satellites
• A minimum of four satellites are required to calculate
the location of the GPS receiver
• The distance between the GPS receiver and the GPS
satellites are calculated using the time taken for the
signal to reach the device
• Once the distances are known, the GPS receiver uses
Triangulation or Trilateration technique to determine
its location

7. Proximity Based Localization
• The WSN is divided into several clusters
• Each cluster has a cluster head which is equipped
with a GPS device
• Using Infrared (IR), Bluetooth, etc., the nodes find
out the nearness or proximity location

8. Angle based localization
• Angle based localization uses the received signals angle or
Angle of Arrival (AoA) to identify the distance
• Angle of Arrival can be defined as angle between the received
signal of an incident wave and some reference direction
• The reference direction is called orientation, which is a fixed
direction and against that the measurement of AoA is carried
out
• Using antenna array on each sensor node is the most common
approach
• Once the AoA is determined, triangulation is used to identify
the location co-ordinates

9. Localization Using Triangulation With
Orientation Information
Figure :Localization using triangulation with oriented information

10. Range Based Localization
• Localization is carried out based on the range
• The range is calculated using the Received Signal
Strength (RSSI) or Time of Arrival (ToA) or Time
Difference of Arrival (TDoA)
• In RSSI based localization the receiver sends the
signal strength with reference to the sender, and
sender calculates the distance based on the signal
strength
• ToA and TDoA use timing to calculate the range

11. Localization Schemes-Problems
Known Location based Localization
• Expensive
• GPS go wrong - underground, underwater or indoor
environment
Proximity based Localization
• Larger the range of central node smaller is the accuracy
• Localization is not achievable when the central server is down
Angle based Localization
• The angle measurement error can vary from 1◦ to 25◦ as an
effect of noise
Range based Localization
• Environmental changes

12. Performance Of Localization Schemes -
Comparison
Localization Techniques
Used
Accuracy (in meters) Limitations
GPS 2 to 15 Indoor localization is not
possible in many cases
Proximity based 1 to 30 Depends on the range of
the signal used
Angle based approach 1 to 8 Require special antenna
Range based approach 4 to 10 Require special hardware
and time synchronization
Table : Comparison of localization techniques

13. Summary
• Introduction to localization
• Localization techniques
• Problems in localization schemes
• Comparison of localization techniques

14. References I
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16. References II
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17. 18. Nils Ole Tippenhauer and Srdjan Capkun, “ID-based Secure Distance
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20. Zheng Yang and Yunhao Liu, “Quality of Trilateration: Confidence-Based
Iterative Localization,” IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed
Systems, May 2010

18. Thank You

19. Queries?