Ecotourism Essay

Ecotourism Essay
Ecotourism
The phrase ecotourism seems to be on the lips of many travel agents and corporations looking for new ideas in executive or "yuppie" getaways. But
many "civilians" are wondering what ecotourism is and what is expected of them if they do go on a so–called ecotour. Ecotourism is defined in
different ways, by different groups of people with different agendas. Many tourists are attracted to the adventure that is associated with many remote,
natural areas. Others wish to encourage conservation practices in environmentally sensitive areas, using profits to restore habitat, change public
perception through education, and develop community. However, local people also want the opportunity for new jobs and capitalist ventures. No matter
...show more content...
The entire trip, including advertisements, travel, upkeep of the site, souvenirs, food, and all accommodations need to be provided for in a completely
sustainable manner for it to attain level 5 status in Mader's opinion. While this system may appear rigorous in its entirety, it seems that many more
people are looking for more than just a few photo opportunities when they vacation. Some are looking for a way to give back to the earth for all that
it has provided them. People want to get back to nature in a very real and positive way. Peter Bowler has written many papers on the effects of habitat
restoration on the human psyche. Ecotourism is quickly becoming a new way for people to enjoy nature, hands–on, during their hard–earned free time.
Many critics and analysts of ecotourism have written about whether or not the activities involved are helping or actually harming rainforests and other
popular sites of respite. Mathieson and Wall have extensively examined what many scholars and critics believe to be flaws in this method of travel.
Environmental changes are seen to be caused simply by the building of hotels and accommodations, airports and roads in environmentally sensitive
areas (wetlands, indigenous agricultural areas, wildlife habitat). The problems associated with a booming tourism industry have taken many small areas
in different countries by storm. Towns have experienced many problems due to the poor planning in sewage system size, dumping of
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The Pros and Cons of Ecotourism
The pros and cons of Ecotourism
1. Introduction
Ecotourism is defined as responsible travel to natural areas that protect the environment and improve the welfare of local people (International
Ecotourism Society (TIES), 2005). It also follow certain principles such as minimize impact, build environmental and cultural respect, provide
financial benefits to local people (TIES, n.d.). Global ecotourism began in 1990, and has been growing 20–34% per year, especially in 2004,
ecotourism was growing globally 3 times faster than the tourism industry as a whole; with continuous growth, and ecotourism will occupy 25% of the
world travel market within six years (TIES, 2005). Ecotourism has advantages and disadvantages. It can contribute to a...show more content...
According to the research in Chicanab, Guatemala, the hosting family required to buy foam pads for tourists to sleep on and need to have a slightly
separated space for tourists including a table and bed (Bascomb & Taylor, 2008). For hotels, environmental alternatives are easily viewed as drop
in standards, the hotels have to provide recycled paper, soap dispensers, towel re–usage, and they may cannot satisfying their customers greatly.
Another drawback of developing ecotourism is the potential for 'leakage', the loss of income from the host country to international investors and
foreign–run tour companies (Fennell, 1999; Honey, 1999). This seems that the biggest beneficiary is not the host country but the foreign investors.
3. The impact to Environment.
Ecotourism is regarded as responsible tourism in natural areas able to facilitate conservation objectives and able to promote environmentally
sustainable development and conservation (Tisdell & Wilson, 2005). However, there is also a risk that human activities may harm to the local
species.
3.1 The positive impact to environment.
The development of ecotourism improved local people and visitors' environmental awareness. Bascomb and Taylor (2008) claimed that the hosting
family in Chicanab, Guatemala, agreed to discontinue slash and burn agriculture, farmers now practice crop rotation and use animal

Socio-Cultural Impact of Eco-Tourism
Socio–cultural Impact of Eco–Tourism Dr. Anjani Kumar
Abstract
Ecotourism is entirely a new approach in tourism. Born in its current form in late 1980s, ecotourism came of in age in 2002, when the United Nations
celebrated the "International year of Ecotourism. Today's market place is becoming greener and more environmentally sensitive than ever, with 85
percent of the industrialized world does citizen believe that the environment is the number one public issue. This attitude has evidently had an effect on
the rise in popularity of ecotourism. Ecotourism has emerged as one of the most important sectors of the international tourism industry. It is a
responsible travel to natural areas that safeguards...show more content...
1. To identify and evaluate the socio–cultural impact of ecotourism on the local people in Uttarakhand.
2. To determine specific recommendations to enhance the awareness of the government, local community and tourist of the impacts on the local people
Study Area:
In the present research, Uttarakhand has been selected as it has immense ecotourism potential for growth of tourist traffic. It is divided into two broad
regions Garhwal and Kumaon.The state is comprised of 13 districts, namely, Chamoli, Pauri, Tehri, Uttarkashi, Dehradun, Hardwar and Rudraprayag in
the Garhwal region and Nainital, Almora, Pithoragarh, Udham Singh Nagar, Champawat and Bageshwar in the Kumaon region. Of these 13 districts,
four districts (Nainital, Haridwar, Dehradun and Udham Singh Nagar) have large areas in the plains, whereas the other nine districts comprise the hill
region of the state. So, Hardwar, (Rishikesh) and Dehradun, (Mussoorie) districts from Garhwal region and Nanital, (Corbet National Park) and Almora
from Kumaon region were selected deliberately by the researcher.
Research Hypothses:
Two hypotheses have been derived through a thorough review of literature that focused on the soico– cultural impacts of ecotourism.

H2a: There will be a significant relationship between the perceptions of socio–cultural impacts of eco tourism and demographic variables such as age,
level of education and income
H2b: There will be difference between

Literature Review: Nature-Based Tourism
"Literature Review: Nature–based Tourism"
Nature Based Tourism
Nature–based tourism is defined any kind of tourism that depends on experiences openly connected to natural lures and this does involve things like
ecotourism, extractive tourism, wildlife tourism adventure tourism, and nature retreats (Schumacher, 2007). From the position of conservation,
nature–based tourism delivers inducements for local communities and landowners to protect wildlife environments that are upon which the industry
becomes contingent it endorses conservation by engaging a better value on residual natural parts (Wood, 2007). As nature tourism develops into
something that is important to the local budget, communities have added reason to preserve their enduring natural parts for wildlife and wildlife fanatics.
Ecotourism
It appears to be a little difficult to define "Ecotourism" since this word has been still contentious. LominГѓ© and Edmunds displayed that "In 2001,
David Fennell establish over 80 diverse meanings of ecotourism, regard to both industry and academic sources" (Ahamad, 2010). Some of them will
be talked about in this literature review, in order to get a better understanding about "ecotourism". The first one that will be explained is the
description of Hector Ceballos Lascurain, who is normally recognized as the first individual using the word of "ecological tourism" which is initially
called "tourisimo ecologico" (Spanish). He acknowledged ecotourism as "travel to somewhat

Tourism Planning
Introduction
Robinson and Novelli (2005) note 'niche tourism' has become a growing trend occurring in current years in contrast to what is frequently related to as
'mass tourism'. Cusack and Dixon (2006) add niche tourism is known to present diversity and provide opportunities with a form of tourism that aims
towards sustainability alongside considering expenditure from tourists. Furthermore, it suggests a more practical set of strategies that distinguishes
tourists. Gartner (1996) demonstrates how niche tourism consists of distinct interests, culture and/or activity built tourism including small proportion
of tourist in authentic surroundings. Moreover, niche tourism can fall into more specific categories where cultural, environmental,...show more content...
It is important to note Ecotourism accounts for 6% of the worldwide GDP with an astounding growing rate of 5% per annum (Nora, 2012).
Page and Dowling (2002) cite the relevance of understanding the different components between "hard" and "soft" ecotourism. For example hard
ecotourism is the desirable type which emphasises a long term attitude towards nature. Additionally, trips tend to be specialised i.e. undertaken for
ecotourism purposes only, with participants likely to be environmentalists who are dedicated to the principles of sustainability (Sharpley and Telfer
2002). In contrast soft ecotourism is the consideration of the short term and favourable with many participants who are tourists with less appreciation
for the environment. Moreover, soft ecotourism occurs in a less natural setting such as wildlife parks, however is usually accompanied by a high level
of service and facility provision (Weaver and Lawton, 2002).
Orams (1995) highlights the purpose for ecotourism becoming an important aspect in recent years. He suggests the term can be outlined back to the
1980's, with invention being the outcome of increased acknowledgment of and response to negative effects as a consequence of mass tourism in natural
spaces. Middleton and Hawkins

Pros And Cons Of Ecotourism
Abstract
Eco–tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the world today. It is a form of natural resources based tourism focused on experiencing and
learning about nature. The term ecotourism can be well described with the following five criteria: nature conservation, low impact, sustainability,
meaningful community involvement, and environmental education. Environmental education must be fulfilled to perform ecotourism and is the step
towards the process of understanding the natural ecosystems.
Ecotourism has been growing rapidly over the last decades. Yet, while ecotourism has the potential to create positive environmental and social impacts,
it can unfortunately be as damaging as mass tourism if not done properly.
What is Ecotourism?...show more content...
Heavy traffic from environmentalists can hurt or destroy natural landscapes.
To promote ecotourism to improve their economy, the traffic can put these natural systems at risk. Significantly altered by industrialization and the
various hotels, roads, cars, and pollution that come with it.
Forest and marine habitats are being destroyed and some of the wildlife they contain is being driven to extinction under the pressures of hunting,
logging, agriculture, and fishing. Where areas have been officially reserved for nature conservation, many developing country governments lack
sufficient funds to manage and protect them. These areas are being destroyed because they are not fully valued for their role as nature's genetic
reservoirs of the world's biological resources. It is the major threat to the rich biodiversity and natural habitats of the wilds in the jungles.
Competition for eco tourism income between the various groups leads to social disharmony. Increased use of resources by the human population, even
in the smallest sense cause problem to the

The concept of Ecotourism ( a concept pioneered during the early 1970's to combat the negative impacts of mass tourism) is defined as
"environmentally conscious, enlightening travel, to relatively undisturbed natural areas in order to enjoy and appreciate nature, while promoting local
environmental conservation...and providing local socio–economic benefits through the participation of the local communities". Responsible ecotourism
programs are those that (1) minimize negative aspects of mass tourism on the environment, (2) contributes to environmental preservation efforts, (3) is
economically beneficial for the local population and, (4) educates the tourist themselves. Ecotourism today is one of the tourism industry 's fastest
growing subsector, with an estimated global annual growth of 15–19%. With this much money involved, governments as well as, tourism corporations
heavily promote ecotourism programs, with their claims of environmental and social sensitivity but, there exist well founded concerns on its actual
environmental impact, and whether it is viable as a solution to the world 's environmental problems. In this paper we will try to dissect the supposed
benefits brought by ecotourism and provide an alternative and more viable solution.
We will start by attacking the claim (1) which is that ecotourism minimizes the negative aspects of mass tourism. Due to the fact that environmental
regulations in areas where ecotourism programs are often badly implemented or

A Report On Eco Tourism Essay
1.0 INTRODUCTION:
This report is all about the eco–tourism business in South Africa. The chosen business is wild life experience park in which different activities are
included like wild life safari, eco–friendly boating, whale and dolphin watching. In the wild life experience park the species are protected because the
different species are placed at different part of the jungle. This report demonstrate the brief knowledge about the eco–tourism, Sustainable eco–tourism,
sustainable practices, Impact are minimized by the practices and how effective are their policies and procedure in reducing the impact.
2.0 ECO–TOURISM
Ecotourism can be defined as trip responsible to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local residents. It should
describe the journey in fragile areas where fauna, flora and cultural heritage are the main reasons to travel.
(Untamed path, 2015)
(BLOG, 2015)
3.0 STATUS OF ECO TOURISM IN SOUTH AFRICA
Eco tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the South Africa. The members of the tourism industry have the social and economic
responsibilities towards the society. Experience tourism based environment including the benefit of the local communities for their living hood. The
economic tourism management implementing the planning for eco–tourism improvement and trying hard to maximize the society welfare through the
eco–tourism.
(Eco tourism, 2015)
4.0 IMPORTANT ROLE PLAYER IN ECO
–TOURISM:
Eco–tourism is a

What Is Ecotourism
What is ecotourism? Normally, natural travel can be called as ecotourism. Eco came from the Greek words called 'OIKOS', it means the habitat and it
is an abbreviation of the words 'ecology'. This word actually came from the scientific study of the relationship of living organisms to each other and
their surroundings. Therefore, in this point of view, ecotourism means ecologicaltourism; whereby ecological has both of the social content and
environmental. According to Page & Dowling (2002), since most of the definition of ecotourism have been explained, it is not so much as a word but a
philosophy and a commitment which evolved from environmental awareness of 1960s, there have been various flow of thoughts about ecotourism.
Besides that, ecotourism...show more content...
Besides that, ecotourism is a tourism which emphasize on the responsibility of protecting Mother Nature. These responsibilities include the protection of
tourism resources and the sustainable development of tourism. Because of these characteristics of ecotourism to meet the needs of tourism demand and
tourism supply, so it brings the ecotourism in the ascendant today. But nowadays, in the modern world, more and more people try to damage or pollute
the nature around them in order to make their life live better. Because of the modern world, many things had changed. People do not know how
importance the nature is and they almost spend their whole time just face in front of electronic devices like mobile phone, computer and videos games.
They nearly forgot that the nature is very wonderful and amazing in the world. Although ecotourism brings some pollution to theenvironment, they are
more beneficial than harmful to the environment because they can benefits people through the quality of life, technological development,
environmental conservation and human

Ecotourism Essay
Yufei Wang
No. 43140444
Ecotourism improve Sustainability of Tourism Industry
Yufei Wang
No. 43140444
Executive Summary
In order to discuss the importance of ecotourism in improving sustainability of tourism development, this report is first of all going to discuss the
relationship between ecotourism and sustainability; following that, this report is going to identify problems of ecotourism in reality. Sometimes
ecotourism will be merely a form within tourism marketing, which means natural resource using instead of protection. And stakeholder involvement is
not always implemented. Consequently, this report is going to provide recommendation on ecotourism development. To improve sustainability of
tourism development, it is...show more content...
2.1Envionmental Sustainability Through defining ecotourism as the tourism activities that making use of natural resource for sightseeing along with
protection on natural environment, Schianetz& Kavanagh (2008) is emphasizing the environmental sustainability of tourism industry through
environment protection. The natural environmental sustainability within tourism industry not only refers to the ecological environment but also refers
to the cultural environment (Habibullah, 2013). On the one hand, within ecotourism, tourists are enjoying the unique natural ecological scenery with a
relatively small population; due to the low industrialization level, the ecological environment has been preserved in its original state (Habibullah,
2013). On the other hand,
1
Yufei Wang

No. 43140444
the unique historical and cultural way of living has attraction to tourists (Habibullah, 2013), which is different from tourists' original culture model.
Based on both original natural and cultural environment, ecotourism is designed with specific tourism activities and visiting line to reflect the specific
characteristics of the local environment. Through combining those natural and cultural resources together, the ecotourism activities and line can help
tourism feel specific tourism experience they can hardly

The Causes And Positive Effects Of Ecotourism
Topic: Tourism
Title: Positive Effects of Ecotourism
Type: Cause and effect
Word count: Currently, the earth has some profitable ways to earn more money and investing it to other infrastructures which are required the attention
from governments. Tourism is one of the developing industries in the world. In addition, revenues which come from tourism most of countries utilizing
it to develop of the medicine or building the skyscrapers. However, tourism itself can be divided into several types and one of the types that develops in
fast pace, is ecotourism which amount of people increases by 30% annually(Mozgovaya, 2003). Ecotourism focused on strengthening and sustenance of
natural system by tourism(Kiper,2013). It means that the main role...show more content...
Despite to economical gains which utilize for environmental safety, usage of natural resources, environmental education promotes using the natural
resources in correctly and being in responsible behavior(Beaumont, 2001 as cited in Sander,2010, p21). Being well–educated in that kind of tourism
has numbers of advantages. In the first step, it helps to expand mental outlook of a person, to encourage others who are visitors if they teach them how
to keep clean and protect environment and flora and fauna because that ideas might help to governments to standing out from crowd that competitors it
is obvious that is advantage of country and in tourism sphere. conversation nature from international tourists, and the most important side locals can
find work in entertainment places such as parks, gardens and guiding visitors and explanations about places. Some governments invest money which
have gotten by tourism and they invest it to the education fully in order to prevent them from poverty rate for instance increasing the amount of
individuals who are non–educated can influence to children of the illiterate parents. However, the tourism is the best way to avoid from illiteracy
because politics think that investing our young generation might be useful and hopeful for government development. On the other hand, getting positive
result from education can require many years and time consuming and it requires huge amount of

Taking a Look at Ecotourism
Some of the definitions of ecotourism have proved popular in recent years. Although any number of principles of ecotourism can be devised, an
analysis of definitions such as these indicates that three dimensions can represent the main essence of the concept. According to this interpretation,
ecotourism is:
nature based,
environmentally educated, and
sustainably managed.
The last dimension is taken to encompass both the natural and cultural environments involved in supplying the ecotourism experience (Blamey, 2001).
Thus, where Ross and Wall (1999) outline five fundamental functions of ecotourism; namely:
i.protection of natural areas; ii. education; iii. generation of money; iv. quality tourism; and
v.local participation.
The seemingly endless definitional rhetoric has not only caused mass confusion for the operational–side of the industry, but it has also proved a
challenge in terms of identifying legitimacy. In this way, the major struggle has been a matter of operational implementation and monitoring
(Donohoe, 2006; Ross and Wall, 1999; Russell and Wallace, 2004). The actual application of a given ecotourism definition then often takes the form
of adhering to a corresponding set of principles. Honey (2008) advocates for the all–or–nothing principle, meaning authentic ecotourism is only present
if all of the predetermined principles are in effect.
Conversely, Orams (1995) views the application of ecotourism on a spectrum with the level of human

Positive And Negative Effects Of Ecotourism
The purpose of the films is to bring to light the positive and negative impacts of tourist that include social, cultural, and environmental changes from
when the destination first became a sought–after destination moving to present day in the direction the region would like to head. In addition, the films
placed a heavy emphasis on a more sustainable form of tourism known as ecotourism. Ecotourism also known as sustainable, nature, cultural or
communal tourism, is the fastest growing sector of the tourism industry (Cornell University, 2017). Furthermore, ecotourism promotes maintaining
green spaces with little disruption to the environment all while keeping the profits earned from ecotourism in the local economy unlike the
commercial tourism in which most of the time the money leaves the area. Lastly, if we would like to continue visiting such exotic and beautiful
destinations changes need to be made or else they will be lost by over consumption of the goods a region has to offer.
The most recognize message in the films would be the need for change considering commercial tourism is destroying the culture and environment of the
regions being visited. Each of the films included different ways in which tourism has affected that particular destination and how they are trying to turn
it around with ecotourism. The messages in the films are very important considering the only way to correct a problem is by teaching people the effects
of tourism on the environment and culture in

Essay On Ecotourism
Definition of Ecotourism
'Ecotourism is responsible travel to natural locations that conserves the environment, sustains or if possible benefits the well–being of the local people,
and involves interpretation and education' –as put by TIES, and now one of my understandings of ecotourism.
Benefits Provided By Organisations/Bodies Regarding Ecotourism
There are many benefits of ecotourism:
Financial gains are made by the local people by bringing in tourists to the area while still keeping the environment safe and in a good state. A good and
stable economy can result from this. Poverty can be diminished with this influx of tourism and income of money. So too can a fragile environments be
saved if there is ecotourism: protecting various flora, flora and natural structures. And a major benefit to the local community would be the fact of
advising to other parts of society, politics etc., of the importance of the natural environment to if successful influence greatly on the state of their
homeland.
Appeal of Ecotourism, and used as a Marketing Tool...show more content...
From a student setting off on her/his first adventure to a foreigner interested in the local society. But there is one defining trait to them all: responsible
behaviour towards the environment they seek out, that and an interest to the area, a cultural, environmental, social or personal interest. They seek to
find knowledge or an experience from the area without causing harm to the environment. Their interests in a foreign area may be made possible to
visit and now can be used as a marketing tool with the varied amounts of travellers or soon–to–be–travellers–giving the shadowy, suit wearing business
men an idea–by now making it a possibility to travel to these areas, providing an

Essay about Tourism
Currently, ecotourism is rapidly becoming one of the world's largest industries. According to the World Trade Organization, 600 million people traveled
to see "environmental areas" in 2000, spending more than 500 billion U.S. dollars. This makes ecotourism one of the world's number one earners,
ahead of automotive products, chemicals, petroleum, even food .
But, what exactly is ecotourism? Ecotourism happens to be a special branch of tourism. The Conservation International defines it best saying it is
"responsible travel that promotes the conservation of nature and sustains the well being of local people ."
There has been dramatic growth of...show more content...
Now, that's a lot of water, just for a golf course and if this kind of water usage continues, the tourist developers are using huge portions of our water
resources that really aren't necessary. The tourism developers are also putting additional pressures on all the other resources such as energy, food, and
other raw materials. The tourist developers have a high demand on these resources to meet the demanding expectations that most traveling tourists have.
Second, tourist developers are continuously adding all types of pollution: air, noise, solid waste and littering, releases of sewage, oil and chemicals, even
architectural and visual pollution. One study estimated that a single transatlantic return flight emits almost half the CO2 emissions produced by all
other sources (lighting, heating, car use, etc.) consumed by an average person yearly .
This large amount of pollution not only has effects on the environment but it has global effects as well. Transport emissions have also been linked to
acid rain, global warming and photochemical pollution . And some of these impacts are quite specific to tourist activities. For example, especially in
very hot or cold countries, tour buses often leave their motors running for hours while the tourists go out for an excursion because they want to return
to a comfortably

Moreover, tourism and the environment are balancing sectors in terms of vision and goals. The environment is the right climate for sustainable tourism
development, and sustainable tourism focuses on environmental planning. Perhaps the most important element on which eco–tourism is based is not
to disturb the ecological balance resulting from human actions, which are represented by the behavior of tourists in the case of ecotourism and the
pollution it may cause. In addition, natural areas form the basis for ecotourism from marine tourism and land tourism, and recent studies have shown
that eco–tourism generates direct financial resources. What is more, the main objective of ecotourism is to promote and improve the standards of living
of the local community (Kuhdairi, 2012)
7.The Importance of Ecotourism
Eco–tourism has an importance that it helps to achieve different importance. One is keeping environmental balance and protecting the natural life of
land, sea and air from pollution. Therefore, it is way to protect environment. Another is that sets behavioral controls in the use of materials or
consumption in order to maintain public health and safety, and renew resources. Another importance is that ecotourism provides easy, simple life away
from discomfort, anxiety and stress by preventing noise and gaseous emissions that affect human efficiency because tourists go to clean and
comfortable areas. Moreover, there is an economic importance for eco–tourism as it brings

Criticism of Ecotourism
Ecotourism (also known as ecological tourism) is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and
(often) small scale. It purports to educate the traveller; provide funds for conservation; directly benefit the economic development and political
empowerment of local communities; and foster respect for different cultures and for human rights. Ecotourism is held as important by those who
participate in it so that future generations may experience aspects of the environment relatively untouched by human intervention. Most serious studies
of ecotourism including several university programs now use this as the working definition.
Definitional problems and greenwashing
Part of the problem, a...show more content...
Ecotourism channels resources away from other projects that could contribute more sustainable and realistic solutions to pressing social and
environmental problems. "The money tourism can generate often ties parks and managements to eco–tourism" (Walpole et al. 2001). But there is a
tension in this relationship because eco–tourism often causes conflict and changes in land–use rights, fails to deliver promises of community–level
benefits, damages environments, and has plenty of other social impacts. Indeed many argue repeatedly that eco–tourism is neither ecologically nor
socially beneficial, yet it persists as a strategy for conservation and development (West, 2006). While several studies are being done on ways to improve
the ecotourism structure, some argue that these examples provide rationale for stopping it altogether.
The ecotourism system exercises tremendous financial and political influence. The evidence above shows that a strong case exists for restraining such
activities in certain locations. Funding could be used for field studies aimed at finding alternative solutions to tourism and the diverse problems Africa
faces in result of urbanization, industrialization, and the over exploitation of agriculture (Kamuaro, 2007). At the local level, ecotourism has become a
source of conflict over control of land, resources,

The debate over ecotourism's success as a tool for conservation and development in the developing world is aggravated by the dispute over what exactly
ecotourism is. The International Ecotourism Society offers a succinct and often cited definition: "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the
environment and improves the well–being of local people" (TIES). Ecotourism is often tied to the concept of sustainable development. "Sustainable
tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future" (WTOa).
As the notion of ecotourism gained popularity, Boo (1990) was one of the first to express reservations over ecotourism's potential. She warned that it
...show more content...
While these areas enjoy a high level of protection, they often displace local people or mean enforcement of land use that marginalizes historical
stewards of the land. However, "it is now recognized in parts of Africa, for example, that local people should be compensated for the loss of access to
resources they suffer when wildlife parks are created" (Scheyvens 1999: 246).
Private reserves that tourists pay to visit have been successful in terms of conservation in Latin America and Africa (Kiss 2004; Langholz et al
2000). When Costa Rica imposed steep hikes in park entrance fees in 1994 there was a shift of visitation to private reserves (Hearne and Salinas
2002). If these parks choose to register with the government they receive benefits ranging from tax breaks, to assistance with projects, and expulsion
of squatters (Honey 1999). Langholz et al (2000) studied the economics of 68 private reserves in Costa Rica and found that although they can be
profitable this was not the only motivator for their preservation. Most owners placed a high non–market worth on the land such as its bequest value.
Although the reserves in Costa Rica are not big in size, the quality of protection they are receiving is very high (Langholz et al 2000). In South
Africa the total area of private reserves now exceeds that of state owned protected areas despite being smaller in average size (Kiss 2004). These
reserves can be particularly successful in the

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