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Microbiology and its History.pptx
- 1. CHAPTER 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY
- 2. MICROBIOLOGY – broad term that encompasses the study of all different types of microorganisms
- 4. Amoeba
- 7. How Actually Small Are These Microorganisms?
- 11. Structural Parts • It is divided into three basic structural components, which can be explained as follows: Head: The head or body of a compound microscope contains the optical parts of the microscope. Base: The base of a compound microscope is helps in supporting the microscope and contains the illuminator. Arm: The arm acts as a connector between the base and the head of the compound microscope.
- 12. HEAD ARM BASE
- 13. Optical Parts • There are various optical parts of a microscope that help one observe the specimen or samples on a slide. Eyepiece: The eyepiece is the ocular lens that helps you look through to see a magnified image from the top of the microscope. The lens have a power of magnification of about 10x or 15x. Eyepiece Tube: The part that connects the eyepiece with the objective lens is the tube. Revolving nose-piece or Turret: The nose piece that supports the objective lens is known as turret or revolving nose-piece. You can rotate it and change the power magnifications.
- 15. Objective Lens: You can see three or four objective lens attached to the end of the tube. The lenses range from 4x to 100x magnifying powers. To make matters simple, you can identify the longest objective lens as the one that provides the highest magnification power. 1. Scanning Power Objective Lens (red band) 4x magnification - the shortest objective and is useful for getting a general overview of a slide. 2. Low Power Objective Lens (yellow band) 10x magnification- helps in viewing large specimens. 3. High (high-dry) Power Objective Lens (blue band) 40x magnification- used for a detailed view of the specimen and small specimens. 4. Oil Immersion Objective Lens or OIO (black and white band); 100x magnification - longest objective lens; used for examining the detail of individual cells, such as red blood cells; requires a special oil called “immersion oil”
- 17. Coarse and Fine Adjustment Knob/Focus: These are the knobs that help focus the microscope. -Coarse Adjustment Knob/Focus - This knob helps in focusing the specimen by adjusting the distance of the objective lens to the slide. The knob helps move the objective lens up and down till the magnified image is seen clearly. -Fine Adjustment Knob/Focus - This helps in switching from one objective lens to the other. The specimen can be easily observed under high or low magnification with the adjustment using fine adjust knob. Stage: The stage is the flat surface on which you keep the specimen to be observed. Microscopes with mechanical stage have two knobs. These knobs can be used to move the slide around, that is, left and right or up and down. Stage Clips: The stage clips are used to hold the slide in place on the stage. Aperture: The tiny hole in the stage that helps in transmitting base light to the stage.
- 18. • Illuminator/Mirror: The light source that is located at the base of the microscope. The mirror reflects the light from the outside source through the bottom of the stage. This helps in illuminating the sample on the slide. Many light microscopes use low voltage halogen bulbs. They have a continuous variable light control part at the base that helps in focusing in different light range. • Iris Diaphragm: This part helps in controlling the amount of light that reaches the specimen. The diaphragm is located above the condenser and below the stage.
- 20. 1 2 3 4
- 21. THE BIRTH OF MICROBIOLOGY
- 22. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) – was the first person to see and describe living microorganisms -was the first to develop a lens powerful enough to view microbes. - was able to observe single-celled organisms (“animalcules”)
- 24. A patient with anthrax Bacillus anthracis A patient with cholera Vibrio cholera
- 26. LOUIS PASTEUR - a French chemist, showed that individual microbial strains had unique properties and demonstrated that fermentation is caused by microorganisms - invented pasteurization (process used to kill microorganisms, usually in milk, responsible for spoilage) - developed vaccines for the treatment of diseases, including rabies, in animals and humans.
- 27. ROBERT KOCH- a German physician, was the first to demonstrate the connection between a single, isolated microbe and a known human disease. For example, he discovered the bacteria that cause anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), cholera (Vibrio cholera), and tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
- 28. Spontaneous Generation Aristotle • The belief in the spontaneous generation of life from nonliving matter was introduced by Aristotle, who lived around 350BC. • According to Aristotle “it was readily observable that aphids arise from the dew which falls on plants, fleas from putrid matter, mice from dirty hay. • This belief remained unchallenged for more than 2000
- 29. Theory of biogenesis Francesco Redi • The spontaneous generation was controverted by Francesco Redi, who showed that fly maggots do not arise from decaying meat if the meat is covered to prevent the entry of flies. • He disproved spontaneous generation of maggots. • This arose questions on Aristotle’s theory of Abiogenesis.
- 30. John Needham Spontaneous generation for small organisms again gained favor when John Needham showed that if a broth was boiled and then allowed to sit in the open air, it became cloudy
- 31. Lazzaro Spallanzani • Lazzaro Spallanzani disputed the theory by demonstrating the air carrying germs to the culture medium. • Repeated Needham’s experiment in boiled sealed flasks. • No growth was observed until the flasks were opened. • Then Spallanzani showed that microbes come from air and that • boiling the microbes can kill it.
Editor's Notes
- Microorganisms - a diverse group of generally minute, simple life-forms that include bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.
- These microorganisms are really small that their unit of measurement is usually micrometers or nanometers.
- Microorganisms differ from each other not only in size, but also in structure, habitat, metabolism, and many other characteristics. While we typically think of microorganisms as being unicellular, there are also many multicellular organisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope. Some microbes, such as viruses, are even acellular (not composed of cells).
- Most microbes are unicellular and small enough that they require artificial magnification to be seen. However, there are some unicellular microbes that are visible to the naked eye, and some multicellular organisms that are microscopic. An object must measure about 100 micrometers (µm) to be visible without a microscope, but most microorganisms are many times smaller than that. For some perspective, consider that a typical animal cell measures roughly 10 µm across but is still microscopic. Bacterial cells are typically about 1 µm, and viruses can be 10 times smaller than bacteria Next slide (how small are these microorganisms
- It has much higher magnification or resolving power than a normal light microscope. Electron microscope are crazily expensive since they are cutting edge tools used in microbiology. Electronic microscopes are commonly used in research laboratories in different fields, and nanotechnology centers and in some prestigious universities.
- OIO - This lens requires a special oil to form a link between the edge of the objective and the cover slip. Before you use an oil immersion objective lens, ensure the specimen is in focus under the high-power objective lens. After you remove the high-power objective, put a tiny amount of oil onto the cover slip above the specimen, and then move the oil immersion lens into position.
- If you view a specimen under a microscope, what do you think is the correct order of the objectives lens that you will used? Why?
- While the ancients may have suspected the existence of invisible “minute creatures,” it wasn’t until the invention of the microscope that their existence was definitively confirmed. Were you curious of the first person ever to see and observe a living microorganism?
- While it is unclear who exactly invented the microscope, a Dutch cloth merchant named Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) was the first to develop a lens powerful enough to view microbes. In 1675, using a simple but powerful microscope, Leeuwenhoek was able to observe single-celled organisms, which he described as “animalcules” or “wee little beasties,” swimming in a drop of rain water. Nearly 200 years after van Leeuwenhoek got his first glimpse of microbes, the “Golden Age of Microbiology” spawned a host of new discoveries between 1857 and 1914.
- Two famous microbiologists, Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, were especially active in advancing our understanding of the unseen world of microbes (Figure 1.6). Louis Pasteur, a French chemist, showed that individual microbial strains had unique properties and demonstrated that fermentation is caused by microorganisms. Robert Koch, a German physician, was the first to demonstrate the connection between a single, isolated microbe and a known human disease. For example, he discovered the bacteria that cause anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), cholera (Vibrio cholera), and tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).[10] We will discuss these famous microbiologists, and others, in later chapters.
- German physician, was the first to demonstrate the connection between a single, isolated microbe and a known human disease. For example, he discovered the bacteria that cause anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), cholera (Vibrio cholera), and tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).[10] We will discuss these famous microbiologists, and others, in later chapters.
- Spontaneous Generation - the supposed production of living organisms from nonliving matter The theory of spontaneous generation held that living creatures could arise from nonliving matter and that such processes were commonplace and regular.
- What can we infer from this experiment?