Anatomy and Physiology I

1. 1
The
Integumentary
System
BIOL
121:
A&P
I
Chapter
5
Rob
Swatski
Associate
Professor
of
Biology
HACC
–
York
Campus
Textbook images - Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved.

2. 2
Integumentary
System
Skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Accessory
structures
Hair
Glands
Nails

3. 3

4. 4
FuncLons
of
Integumentary
System
Protec5on
Regula5on
Sensory
input

5. 5

6. 6
Epidermis
Most
superficial
layer
Stra5fied
squamous
epithelium
5
main
layers
(strata)

7. 7
Dermis
Thickest
layer
Dense
irregular
CT
Accessory
structures

8. 8

9. 9
Hypodermis
Deepest
layer
Areolar
CT
&
adipose
Stores
energy
Regulates
temperature
Blood
vessel
&
nerve
passage

10. 10

11. 11
Overview
of
the
Epidermis

12. 12
4
Main
Cells
of
the
Epidermis
KeraLnocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans
cells
(Intraepidermal
macrophages)
Merkel
cells
(TacLle
epithelial
cells)

13. 13

14. 14
KeraLnocytes
Kera5n
Lamellar
granules
Cell
junc5ons

15. 15
Melanocytes
Melanin
Skin
color
pigment
Absorbs
UV

16. 16

17. 17
Langerhans
Cells
Develop
in
bone
marrow
Immune
func5on

18. 18
Merkel
Cells
On
Merkel
(tac5le)
discs
Respond
to
touch
s5muli

19. 19

20. 20
Layers
(Strata)
of
the
Epidermis
Stratum
corneum
Stratum
lucidum*
Stratum
granulosum
Stratum
spinosum
Stratum
basale

21. 21

22. 22

23. (d) Sectional view of dermal papillae, epidermal
ridges, and epidermal layers
Epidermal ridge
Corpuscle of touch in
dermal papilla
LM 250x
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

24. 24
Stratum
Basale
Deepest
layer
Ac5ve
mitosis
Tonofilaments
Desmosomes

25. 25
Desmosomes

26. 26
Stratum
Spinosum
8-­‐10
layers
“Spiny”
Strong
&
flexible
Absorbs
melanin
Desmosomes

27. 27
Stratum
Granulosum
3-­‐5
layers
Transi5on
zone
Flat,
dying
cells
(apoptosis)
Lamellar
granules
Keratohyalin
granules

28. 28
Stratum
Lucidum
4-­‐6
layers
Clear,
flat,
dead
cells
Finger5ps,
palms,
soles

29. 29
Stratum
Corneum
25-­‐30
layers
Flat,
dead
cells
Rich
in
kera5n
&
lipids
Constantly
shed
Strong
barrier

30. 30

31. 31
Growth
of
Epidermis
Stratum
basale
(stem
cells)
Mitosis
Kera5niza5on
Epidermal
Growth
Factors
(EGFs)

32. 32
Psoriasis

33. 33

34. 34
Skin
graVs

35. 35
Dermis
CT:
collagen,
elas5c
fibers,
adipose
Papillary
&
Re5cular
regions
Fibroblasts
&
macrophages
Hair
follicles
&
glands
Blood
vessels
&
nerves

36. 36
Papillary
Region
Areolar
CT
Adipose
Hair
follicles
Glands
Sensory
receptors

37. 37
FuncLons
of
Papillary
Region
Strength
Elas5city
Extensibility

38. 38
Sensory
receptors
Paccinian
corpuscles

39. 39
Epidermal
Ridges
sweat
pores

40. 40
ReLcular
Region
Dense
irregular
CT:
collagen!
Adipose
Hair
follicles
Glands
Sensory
receptors

41. 41

42. 42
stretch
marks
Lines
of
cleavage

43. 43
Skin
Color
Jaundice
Cyanosis
Erythema

44. 44
Jaundice
Yellowish
skin/eye
color
Bilirubin
build-­‐up
Liver
disease

45. 45

46. 46
Cyanosis
Bluish
color
to
skin/nails
Hemoglobin
deple5on

47. 47
Erythema
Redness
of
skin
Dermal
capillary
enlargement
Inflamma5on,
infec5on,
burns

48. 48
InflammaLon

49. 49
Melanocytes
Tyrosine
Melanin
(results
may
vary)

50. Melanin
ProducLon
Freckles
Albinism
Vi5ligo
50

51. 51
Freckles

52. 52
Albinism

53. 53

54. 54
ViLligo

55. 55
Papa
Smurf
is
real…

56. 56
Accessory
Structures
Hair
(Pili)
Nails
Sudoriferous
glands
Sebaceous
glands
Ceruminous
glands

57. 57

58. 58
Hair
(pili)

59. 59
FuncLons
of
Hair
Insula5on
UV
protec5on
Protects
eyes
Touch
sensa5on
(hair
root
plexus)

60. (b) Several hair shafts showing the
shinglelike cuticle cells
Hair shaft
SEM 70x
Epidermal cells

61. 61
Anatomy
of
Hair
ShaV
Medulla
Cortex
Cu5cle
Root
Internal
&
external
sheaths
Hair
Follicle
Bulb
Matrix

62. 62
Hair
follicle

63. 63

64. (c) Frontal and transverse sections of hair root
Hair root:
Medulla
Cortex
Cuticle of the hair
Hair follicle:
Internal root
sheath
External
root sheath
Epithelial
root sheath
Dermal root sheath
External root sheath
Internal root sheath
Epithelial
root
sheath Cuticle of the hair
Cortex
Medulla
Hair matrix
Melanocyte
Papilla of the hair
Blood vessels
Bulb
Dermal root sheath

65. (d) Transverse
section of hair root
Hair root:
Cuticle of the
hair
Cortex
Medulla
Dermal root
sheath
Internal root
sheath
External root
sheath
Epithelial
root
sheath
Hair
follicle:

66. 66
Surrounding
Structures
of
Hair
Arrector
pili
Hair
root
plexus
Sebaceous
glands

67. 67

68. 68
Types
of
Hair
Lanugo
Vellus
Terminal

69. 69
Lanugo

70. 70
Vellus

71. 71
Terminal
hair

72. 72
Terminal
hair

73. 73
Demodex

74. 74
Blinky

75. Growing
Stage
ResLng
Stage
75
Hair
Growth
Cycle

76. 76
Hair
Color
Dark
hair
Blonde
&
Red
hair
Graying
hair
White
hair

77. 77
Sudoriferous
Glands
Eccrine
Apocrine

78. 78
Eccrine
gland

79. 79
Eccrine
gland

80. 80
Apocrine
gland

81. 81
Sebaceous
Glands
Near
hair
follicles
Produce
sebum
Moistens
hair
Waterproofs
skin
Inhibits
bacteria
growth

82. 82
Sebaceous
gland

83. 83
Sebaceous
gland

84. 84
Ceruminous
Glands
In
external
auditory
meatus
Produce
cerumen
Physical
barrier
An5microbial
Lubrica5on

85. 85

86. 86
Nails

87. 87
Structure
of
Nails
Free
edge
Nail
body
Lunula
Eponychium
(cu5cle)
Nail
root
w/
matrix

88. Free edge
Nail body (plate)
Lunula
Eponychium
(cuticle)
Nail root
(a) Dorsal view

89. NAIL ROOT
is the portion
that is not
visible
(b) Sagittal section showing internal detail
EPONYCHIUM
(cuticle) is the
stratum
corneum
of the epidermis
LUNULA
is the thick,
white part
of the nail
NAIL BED
is the skin
below the
nail plate
Sagittal plane
FREE EDGE
extends past
the finger or toe
HYPONYCHIUM
secures nail to
the fingertip
Epidermis
Dermis
Phalanx
(finger bone)NAIL MATRIX is the epithelium proximal to the nail
root.
It contains dividing cells, which produce new nail
cells
NAIL BODY
is the visible
portion of

90. 90
Thin
Skin
<
0.5
mm
Covers
most
of
body
No
epidermal
ridges

91. 91
Thick
Skin
0.5
-­‐
5
mm
Palms,
soles,
digits
Epidermal
ridges
Stratum
lucidum
No
hair
follicles,
sebaceous
glands

92. FuncLons
of
Skin
Cutaneous
SensaLon
Thermo-­‐
regulaLon
Blood
reservoir
ProtecLon
-­‐
Physical
-­‐
Chemical
-­‐
Biological
ExcreLon
and
AbsorpLon
Vitamin
D
synthesis
-­‐
calcitriol
92

93. 93
Thermo-­‐
regulaLon
PerspiraLon
Evapora5on
Cooling
Shivering
Vasoconstric5on
Warming

94. 94

95. 95
Epidermal
Wound
Healing
MigraLon
InhibiLon
Thickening

96. 96
MigraLon

97. 97
InhibiLon
&
Thickening

98. 98

99. 99
Deep
Wound
Healing
InflammaLon
MigraLon
ProliferaLon
MaturaLon

100. 100
InflammaLon

101. 101
MaturaLon

102. 102
Hypertrophic
scar
Fibrosis

103. Keloid
scar
103

104. 104
Collagen
fibers
ElasLc
fibers
Fibroblasts
Melanocytes
Langerhans
cells
Phagocytes
Effects
of
Aging

105. 105
Wrinkling
Dryness
&
cracking
Blood
vessel
walls
thicken
Subcutaneous
fat
lost
…There’s
More!

106. 106
Photodamage

107. 107
Cancer
Hyperplasia
Tumor
(Neoplasm)
Benign
Malignant
Normal
cells
Tumor-­‐
forming
cells

108. 108
Cancer
cell

109. 109
Carcinogenesis
Carcinogens:
x-­‐rays,
viruses,
toxins
Gene
muta5ons
Metastasis
Angiogenesis

110. 110
Metastasis

111. Types
of
Cancer
Carcinoma
Melanoma
Sarcoma
Leukemia
Lymphoma
111

112. 112
Skin
Cancer
Basal
cell
carcinoma
Squamous
cell
carcinoma
Malignant
melanoma

113. 113
Basal
cell
carcinoma

114. 114
Squamous
cell
carcinoma

115. 115
Malignant
melanoma

116. 116
Normal
nevus
(mole)
Malignant
melanoma

117. 117

118. 118
Risk
Factors
for
Skin
Cancer
Skin
type
Sun
exposure
Family
history
Age
Immune
health

119. 119
Treatment
of
Cancer
Chemotherapy

120. 120
RadiaLon
therapy

121. 121
Burns
Heat,
electricity,
radia5on,
chemicals
Systemic
vs.
local
effects
Severity:
depth,
area,
age,
health
Shock,
circulatory
&
kidney
problems,
infec5on
Rule
of
nines

122. 122
Burn
ClassificaLon

123. 123
1st
Degree
Burn

124. 124

125. 125
2nd
Degree
Burn

126. 126
3rd
Degree
Burn

127. 127
Rule
of
Nines

128. 128
Pressure
Sore
(DecubiLs
ulcer)