The document provides guidelines for tank inspection, repair, alteration and reconstruction according to API Standard 653. It covers topics such as scope, references, definitions, suitability for service, brittle fracture considerations, inspection procedures, design considerations for reconstructed tanks, materials, welding requirements, examination and testing, repair and alteration procedures, dismantling and reconstruction, and marking and recordkeeping. The standard provides requirements and recommendations for ensuring tank integrity and safety throughout operation, maintenance, repair and reconstruction.

1. Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration and
Reconstruction.

2. 1. SCOPE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
13. MARCADO Y REGISTRO
API ESTÁNDAR 653
Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration
and reconstruction
2. REFERENCES
2.1 REFERENCIAL PUBLICATIONS
3. DEFINICIONES 4. ADECUADO PARA EL SERVICIO
5. CONSIDERACIONES DE
FRACTURA FÁGIL
6. INSPECCION 7. MATERIALES 8. CONSIDERACIONES DE DISEÑO PARA
TANQUES RECONSTRUIDOS
9. REPARACION Y MODIFICACION
DE TANQUES
10. DESMANTELAMIENTO Y
RECONSTRUCCION
11. SOLDADURA 12. EXAMINACION Y PRUEBAS

3. API RP–571
API ESTÁNDAR 653
Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration
and reconstruction
Damage Mechanisms
Affecting Fixed Equipment
in the Refining Industry
API RP–577 API RP–575
Welding Inspection
and Metallurgy
Inspection of Atmospheric and
Low Pressure Sorage Tanks
API ST–650 API RP–651 API RP–652
Welded Steel Tanks for Oil
Storage
Cathodic Protection of
Aboveground Petroleum
Storage Tanks
Linings of Aboveground
Petroleum Storage Tank
ASME
Secc. V PND
ASME
Secc. IX Soldadura

4. 4.1 General
4.- SUITABLE FOR SERVICE
4.2 Tank Roof Evaluation 4.3 Tank Shell evaluation
• General
• Fixed Roofs
• Floating Roofs
• Change of Service
• General
• Actual thickness determination
• Minimum thickness calculation for
welded tank shell
• Minimum thickness calculation for
riveted tank shell
• Distortions
• Flaws
• Wind Girders and Shell Stiffeners
• Shell Welds
• Shell Penetrations
• Operation at Elevated Temperatures
4.4 Tank Bottom Evaluation 4.5 Tank Foundation Evaluation
• General
• Causes of Bottom Failure
• Tnak Bottom Release Prevention
Systems (RPSs)
• Bottom Plate Thickness
Measurements
• Minimum Thickness for Tank Bottom
Plate
• Minimum Thickness for Annular Plate
Ring
• General
• Foundation Repair or Replacement
• Anchor Bolts

5. 9. TANK REPAIR AND ALTERATION
9.1 General
9.3 Shell Repairs Using Lap-welded
Patch Plates
9.2.1 Minimum Tickness of Replacement
Shell Plate
9.2.2 Minimum Dimensions of Replacement
Shell Plate
9.2.3 Weld Joint Design
9.2 Removal and Replacement
of Shell Plate Material
9.4 Repairs of Defects in Shell
Plate Material
9.5 Alteration of Tank Shells to
Change Shell Height
9.6 Repairs of Defective Welds
9.7 Repairs of Shell Penetrations
9.8 Additions or Replacement of
Shell Penetrations
9.9 Alteration of Existing Shell
Penetrations
9.10.1 Repairing a Portion of Tank Bottoms
9.10 Repair of Tank Bottoms
9.10.1.1 General Repair Requirements
9.10.1.2 Repairs within the Critical Zone
9.10.2 Replacement of Tank Bottom Plates
9.10.3 Additional Welded-on Plates
9.11 Repair of Fixed Roofs
9.11.1 Repairs
9.11.2 Supported Cone Roofs
9.11.3 Self-supporting Roofs
9.12 Repair of Floating Roofs
9.12.1 External Floating Roofs
9.12.2 Internal Floating Roofs
9.12.3 Repair of Leaks in Pontoons
9.13 Repair or Replacement of
Floating Roof Perimeter Seals
9.13.1 Primary Seals
9.13.2 Secondary Seals
9.13.3 Seal-to-shell Gap
9.13.4 Mechanical Damage
9.13.5 Deterioration of Seal Material
9.13.6 Installation of Primary and
Secondary Seals
9.14 Hot Taps
9.14.1 General
9.14.2 Hot Tap Procedures
9.14.3 Preparatory Work
9.14.4 Material Limitations
9.14.5 installation Procedure

6. 1. SCOPE
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Compliance with This
Standard
1.3 Jurisdiction
1.4 Safe Working Practices
2. REFERENCES 4. SUITABILITY FOR SERVICE
2.1 Referenced Publications
2.2 Other References
6.1 General
6.2 Inspection Frequency Considerations
6.3 Inspections from the Outside of the Tank
6.4 Internal Inspection
6.5 Alternative to International Inspection to Determine Bottom Thickness
6.6 Preparatory Work for Internal Inspection
6.7 Inspection Checklists
6.8 Records
6.9 Reports
6.10 Nondestructive Examinations (NDEs)
6. INSPECTION
8. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR RECONSTRUCTED TANKS
5.1 General
5.2 Basic Considerations
5.3 Assessment Procedure
8.1 General
8.2 New Weld Joints
8.3 Existing Weld Joints
8.4 Shell Design
8.5 Shell Penetrations
8.6 Windgirders and Shell Stability
8.7 Roofs
8.8 Seismic Design
3. DEFINITIONS
4.1 General
4.2 Tank Roof Evaluation
4.3 Tank Shell Evaluation
4.4 Tank Bottom Evaluation
4.5 Tank Foundation Evaluation
7. MATERIALS
7.1 General
7.2 New Materials
7.3 Original Materials for Reconstructed Tanks
7.4 Welding Consumables
Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration and
Reconstruction. API STANDARD 653
FOURTH EDITION, APRIL
2009
5. BRITTLE FRACTURE CONSIDERATIONS

7. 11. WELDING
11.1 Welding Qualifications
11.2 Identification and Records
11.3 Preheat or Controlled Deposition
Welding Methods as Alternatives to
Post-weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)
12. EXAMINATION AND TESTING
12.1 NDEs
12.2 Radiographs
12.3 Hydrostatic Testing
12.4 Leak Tests
12.5 Measured Settlement During Hydrostatic Testing
A N E X O S
Annex A Background on Past Editions of API Welded Storage Tank Standards
Annex B Evaluation of Tank Bottom Settlement
Annex C Checklists for Tank Inspection
Annex D Authorized Inspector Certification
Annex E (Intentionally Left Blank)
Annex F NDE Requirements Summary
Annex G Qualification of Tank Bottom Examination Procedures and Personnel
Annex H Similar Service Assessment
Annex S Austenitic Stainless Steel Storage Tanks
13. MARKING AND RECORDKEEPING
13.1 Nameplates
13.2 Recordkeeping
13.3 Certification
9. TANK REPAIR AND ALTERATION
9.1 General
9.2 Removal and Replacement of Shell Plate Material
9.3 Shell Repairs Using Lap-welded Patch Plates
9.4 Repair of Defects in Shell Plate Material
9.5 Alterations of Tank Shells to Change Shell Height
9.6 Repair of Defective Welds
9.7 Repair of Shell Penetrations
9.8 Addition or Replacement of Shell Penetrations
9.9 Alteration of Existing Shell Penetrations
9.10 Repair of Tank Bottoms
9.11 Repair of Floating Roofs
9.12 Repair of Floating Roofs
9.13 Repair or Replacement of Floating Roof Perimeter Seals
9.14 Hot Taps
10. DISMANTLING AND RECONSTRUCTION
10.1 General
10.2 Cleaning and Gas Freeing
10.3 Dismantling Methods
10.4 Reconstruction
10.5 Dimensional Tolerances

8. 1. SCOPE
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Compliance with This
Standard
1.3 Jurisdiction
1.4 Safe Working Practices
2. REFERENCES
4. SUITABILITY FOR SERVICE
2.1 Referenced Publications
2.2 Other References
6.1 General
6.2 Inspection Frequency Considerations
6.3 Inspections from the Outside of the Tank
6.4 Internal Inspection
6.5 Alternative to International Inspection to
Determine Bottom Thickness
6.6 Preparatory Work for Internal Inspection
6.7 Inspection Checklists
6.8 Records
6.9 Reports
6.10 Nondestructive Examinations (NDEs)
6. INSPECTION
8. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
FOR RECONSTRUCTED TANKS
5.1 General
5.2 Basic Considerations
5.3 Assessment Procedure
8.1 General
8.2 New Weld Joints
8.3 Existing Weld Joints
8.4 Shell Design
8.5 Shell Penetrations
8.6 Windgirders and Shell Stability
8.7 Roofs
8.8 Seismic Design
3. DEFINITIONS
4.1 General
4.2 Tank Roof Evaluation
4.3 Tank Shell Evaluation
4.4 Tank Bottom Evaluation
4.5 Tank Foundation Evaluation
7. MATERIALS
7.1 General
7.2 New Materials
7.3 Original Materials for
Reconstructed Tanks
7.4 Welding Consumables
10. DISMANTLING AND RECONSTRUCTION
10.1 General
10.2 Cleaning and Gas Freeing
10.3 Dismantling Methods
10.4 Reconstruction
10.5 Dimensional Tolerances
Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration and
Reconstruction. API STANDARD 653
FOURTH EDITION, APRIL
2009
5. BRITTLE FRACTURE
CONSIDERATIONS
11.1 Welding Qualifications
11.2 Identification and Records
11.3 Preheat or Controlled Deposition
Welding Methods as Alternatives to
Post-weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)
13. MARKING AND RECORDKEEPING
13.1 Nameplates
13.2 Recordkeeping
13.3 Certification
A N E X O S
Annex A Background on Past Editions of API
Welded Storage Tank Standards
Annex B Evaluation of Tank Bottom
Settlement
Annex C Checklists for Tank Inspection
Annex D Authorized Inspector Certification
Annex E (Intentionally Left Blank)
Annex F NDE Requirements Summary
Annex G Qualification of Tank Bottom
Examination Procedures and Personnel
Annex H Similar Service Assessment
Annex S Austenitic Stainless Steel Storage
Tanks
9. TANK REPAIR AND ALTERATION
9.1 General
9.2 Removal and Replacement of Shell Plate Material
9.3 Shell Repairs Using Lap-welded Patch Plates
9.4 Repair of Defects in Shell Plate Material
9.5 Alterations of Tank Shells to Change Shell Height
9.6 Repair of Defective Welds
9.7 Repair of Shell Penetrations
9.8 Addition or Replacement of Shell Penetrations
9.9 Alteration of Existing Shell Penetrations
9.10 Repair of Tank Bottoms
9.11 Repair of Floating Roofs
9.12 Repair of Floating Roofs
9.13 Repair or Replacement of Floating Roof Perimeter Seals
9.14 Hot Taps
11. WELDING
12. EXAMINATION AND TESTING
12.1 NDEs
12.2 Radiographs
12.3 Hydrostatic Testing
12.4 Leak Tests
12.5 Measured Settlement
During Hydrostatic Testing

9. 4.1 Inspección de Áreas Corroídas (Cuerpo)
1) Determinante t2
2) Calcule L = 3.7 Dt2 pero no > 40 pulgs.
3) Localice L para obtener t promedio el cual es t1.
4.3.3 Cálculo del Espesor mínimo para el cuerpo de tanques soldados
t min < 0.1 in
√
t min = 2.6 (H-1) DG
SE
t min = 2.6 HDG (Para un área localizada)
SE
D Es el diámetro nominal del tanque, en pies (f t)
H Es la altura del fondo al cuerpo del tanque bajo consideración del nivel máximo de líquido, cuando se evalúa el cuerpo total, en pies (f t).
G Es la gravedad específica más alta del contenido.
S Es el esfuerzo máximo permisible (Lb/pulg2): usar el más pequeño de 0.8 de X ó 0.429 T para el fondo y el 2do. course: usar el más
pequeño de 0.88 Y ó 0.427 T para los otros courses.
NOTA: Para tanques reconstruidos, S deberá ser de acuerdo al estándar actual aplicable.
E Es la eficiencia de junta original del tanque.
Si el tanque debe ser probado hidrostáticamente, la altura Ht de la P.H. deberá ser limitada por uno de los siguientes métodos.
Ht = ST ET min + 1
2.6 D
a)
Ht = ST ET min
2.6 D
b)
Ht = Es la altura del fondo al cuerpo bajo consideración para la altura de la P.H., cuando se evalúa todo
el cuerpo (f t)
ST = es el máximo esfuerzo permisible en la P.H. Lb/pulg2 usar el más pequeño de 0.88 X ó 0.427 T para
fondo y segundo courses; use el más pequeño de 0.9 Y ó 0.519 T para otros courses.

10. 4.3.4 Cálculo del Espesor mínimo para el cuerpo de tanques remachados
S = 21,000 Lb/pulg2
t min = 2.6 (H-1) DG
SE
t min = 2.6 HDG
SE
E = 1

11. API RP 651
CATHODIC PROTECTION OF
ABOVEGROUND PETROLEUM
STORAGE TANKS
1. SCOPE
5. DETERMINATION OF NEED FOR
CATHODIC PROTECTION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Corrosion Mechanisms
4.3 Internal Corrosion
4. CORROSION OF ABOVEGROUND
STEEL STORAGE TANKS
6. METHODS OF CATHODIC PROTECTION
FOR CORROSION CONTROL
7. DESIGN OF CATHODIC
PROTECTIONS SYSTEMS
2. REFERENCES
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Safety
11.3 Cathodic Protection Surveys
11.4 Cathodic Protection Records
11. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF
CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
3. DEFINITIONS
2.1 Standards, Codes, Publications,
and Specifications.
2.2 Other references.
8. CRITERIA FOR CATHODIC
PROTECTION
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Protection Criteria
8.3 Measurement Techniques
8.4 Alternative Reference Electrodes
9. INSTALLATIONS OF CATHODIC
PROTECTIN SYSTEMS
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Galvanic Anode Systems
9.3 Impressed Current Systems
9.4 Corrosion Control Test Stations, Undertank
Monitoring Methods, and Bonds
10. INTERFERENCE CURRENTS
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sources of Interference Currents
10.3 detection of Interference Currents
10.4 Control of Interference Currents
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Tanks history
5.3 Tanks Pad and Soil Conditions
5.4 Other Factors Affecting Cathodic Protection
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Galvanic Systems
6.3 Impressed Current Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Influence of Replacement Bottoms,
External Liners (Release Prevention
Barriers), and Secondary Containment on
Cathodic Protection System Design
7.3 External Cathodic Protection
7.4 Internal Cathodic Protection

12. API STD 650
WELDED STEEL TANKS
FOR OIL STORAGE
1. SCOPE
5. ERECTION
4.1 General
4.2 Shop Inspection
4. FABRICATION
6. METHODS OF INSPECTING JOINTS
7. WELDING PROCEDURE AND
WELDER QUALIFICATIONS
2. MATERIALS 3. DESIGN
2.1 General
2.2 Plates
2.3 Sheets
2.4 Structural Shapes
2.5 Piping and Forgings
2.6 Flanges
2.7 Bolting
2.8 Welding Electrodes
8. MARKING
8.1 Nameplates
8.2 Division of Responsibility
8.3 Certification
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A OPTIONAL DESIGN BASIS FOR SMALL TANKS
APPENDIX B RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATION FOR ABOVEGROUND OIL STORAGE TANKS
APPENDIX C EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOFS
APPENDIX D TECHNICAL INQUIRIES
APPENDIX E SEISMIC DESIGN OF STORAGE TANKS
APPENDIX F DESIGN OF TANKS FOR SMALL INTERNAL PRESSURES
APPENDIX G STRUCTURALLY SUPPORTED ALUMINUM DOME ROOFS
APPENDIX H INTERNATIONAL FLOATING ROOFS
APPENDIX I UNDERTANK LEAK DETECTION AND SUBGRADE PROTECTION
APPENDIX J SHOP-ASSEMBLED STORAGE TANKS
APPENDIX K SAMPLE APPLICATION OF THE VARIABLE-DESIGN –POINT METHOD TO DETERMINE SHEELL-PLATE THICHNESS
APPENDIX L API STANDARD 650 STORAGE TANK DATA SHEETS
APPENDIX M REQUERIMENTS FOR TANKS OPERATING AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
APPENDIX N USE OF NEW MATERIALS THAT ARE NOT IDENTIFIED
APPENDIX O RECOMMENDATIONS FOR UNDER-BOTTOM CONNECTIONS
APPENDIX P ALLOWABLE EXTERNAL LOADS ON TANK SHELL OPENINGS
APPENDIX S AUSTENITIC STAILESS STEEL STORAGE TANKS
APPENDIX T NDE REQUIREMENTS SUMMARY
APPENDIX U ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION IN LIEU OF RADIOGRAPHY
5.1 General
5.2 Details of Welding
5.3 Inspection, Testing, and Repairs
5.4 Repairs to Welds
5.5 Dimensional Tolerances
6.1 Radiographic Method
6.2 Magnetic Particle Examination
6.3 Ultrasonic Examination
6.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination
6.5 Visual Examination
6.6 Vacuum Testing
7.1 Definitions
7.2 Qualification of Welding Procedures
7.3 Qualification of Welders
7.4 Identification of Welded Joints
1.1 General
1.2 Limitations
1.3 Compliance
1.4 Referenced Publications
3.1 Joints
3.2 Design Considerations
3.3 Special Considerations
3.4 Bottom Plates
3.5 Annular Bottom Plates
3.6 Shell Design
3.7 Shell Openings
3.8 Shell attachments and Tank Appurtenances
3.9 Top and Intermediate Wind Girders
3.10 Roofs
3.11 Wind Load on Tanks (Overturning Stability)
3.12 Tank Anchorage

13. API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 652
LINING OF ABOVEGROUND
PETROLEUM STORAGE TANK BOTTOMS
1. SCOPE
5. DETERMINATION OF THE NEED
FOR TANK BOTTOM LINING
4.2 Chemical Corrosion
4.3 Concentration Cell Corrosion
4.4 Galvanic Cell Corrosion
4.5 Corrosion Caused by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
4.6 Erosion-Corrosion
4.7 Fretting-Related Corrosion
4. CORROSION MECHANISMS
6. TANK BOTTOM LINIG SELECTION 7. SURFACE PREPARATION
2. REFERENCES 3. DEFINITIONS
2.1 Codes, Standards, and Specifications
2.2 Other References
8. LINING APPLICATION
8.2 Guidelines for Lining Applications
8.3 Temperature and Humidity Control
8.4 Lining Thickness
8.5 Lining Curing
5.2 Linings for Corrosion Prevention
5.3 Tank Corrosion history
5.4 Tank Foundation
6.2 Thin-Film tank Bottom Linings
6.3 Thick-Film, Reinforced Tank Bottom
Linings
6.4 Thick-Film, Un-reinforced Linings
6.5 circumstances Affecting Lining Selection
7.2 Pre-cleaning
7.3 Bottom Repair and Weld Preparation
7.4 Environmental Conditions During Blasting
7.5 Surface Profile or Anchor Pattern
7.6 Air and Abrasive Cleanliness
7.7 Removal of Dust
9. QUALITY CONTROL INSPECTION
9.1 General
9.2 Qualification of Inspection Personnel
9.3 Recommended Inspection parameters
10. EVALUATION AND REPAIR
OF EXISTING LININGS
10.2 Evaluation Methods
10.3 Evaluation Criteria for Linings
10.4 Evaluating Serviceability of Existing Linings
10.5 Determining the Cause of Lining
Degradation/Failure
10.6 Lining repair and Replacement
11.1 Lining Material Selection
11.2 Written Specification
12. SAFETY
12.1 General
12.2 Tanks Entry
12.3 Surface Preparations and Lining
Application
12.4 Manufacturer’s Material Safety Data
Sheets
11. MAXIMIZING LINING SERVICE LIFE
BY PROPER MATERIAL SELECTION
AND SPECIFICATION

14. API RP 575
GUIDELINES AND METHODS FOR
INSPECTION OF EXISTING
ATMOSPHERIC AND LOW-PRESSURE
STORAGE TANKS
1. SCOPE
5. REASONS FOR INSPECTION AND
CAUSES OF DETERIORATION
4.1 General
4.2 Atmospheric Storage Tanks
4.3 Low-pressure Storage Tanks
4. TYPES OF STORAGE TANKS
6. INSPECTION FREQUENCY
AND SCHEDULING
7. METHODS OF INSPECTION
2. REFERENCES 3. DEFINITIONS
2.1 Codes, Standards, and
Related Publications
2.2 Other References
8. LEAK TESTING AND HYDRAULIC
INTEGRITY OF THE BOTTOM
8.1 General
8.2 Leak Integrity Methods Available
during Out-of-Service Periods
8.3 Leak Detection Methods Available
during In-service Periods
5.1 Reasons for inspection
5.2 Deterioration of Tanks
5.3 Deterioration of Other Than Flat
Bottom and Non-steel Tanks
5.4 Leaks, Cracks, and Mechanical
Deterioration
5.5 Deterioration and Failure of Auxiliary
Equipment
5.6 Similar Service Methodology for
Establishing Tank Corrosion Rates
6.1 Frequency of Inspection
6.2 Condition-based Inspection Scheduling
6.3 Risk-based Inspection
6.4 Fitness-for-Service Evaluation
7.1 Preparation for Inspections
7.2 External Inspection of an In-service Tank
7.3 External Inspection of Out-of-Service Tanks
7.4 Internal Inspection
7.5 Testing of Tanks
7.6 Inspection Checklists
9. INTEGRITY OF REPAIRS
AND ALTERATIONS
9.1 General
9.2 Repairs
9.3 Special Repair Methods
10. RECORDS
10.1 General
10.2 Records and Reports
10.3 Form and Organization
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A SELECTED NON–DESTRUCTIVE
EXAMINATION (NDE) METHODS
APPENDIX B SIMILAR SERVICE EVALUATION TABLES
APPENDIX C SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

15. API RP–571
Damage Mechanisms
Affecting Fixed Equipment
in the Refining Industry
API RP–577 API RP–575
Welding Inspection
and Metallurgy
Inspection of Atmospheric and
Low Pressure Sorage Tanks
API ST–650 API RP–651 API RP–652
Welded Steel Tanks for Oil
Storage
Cathodic Protection of
Aboveground Petroleum
Storage Tanks
Linings of Aboveground
Petroleum Storage Tank
ASME SECC. V
NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION
ASME SECC. IX
WELDING AND BRAZING QUALIFICATIONS
API STANDAR 653
Tank Inspection, Repair,
Alteration and Reconstruction

16. ASME SECC. V
NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION
T-110 Scape
T-120 General
T-130 Equipment
T-150 Procedure
T-160 Calibration
T-170 Examinations and inspection
T-180 Evaluation
T-190 Records/Documentation
Subsection A
NON DESTRUCTIVE METHODS
OF EXAMINATION
Article 2
RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION
T-210 Scope
T-220 General requirements
T-230 Equipo y materiales
T-260 Calibration
T-270 Examination
T-280 Evaluation
T-290 Documentation
Figure
Tables
T-610 Scope
T-620 General
T-630 Equipment
T-640 Miscelaneous req.
T-650 Technique
T-660 Calibration
T-670 Examination
T-680 Evaluation
T-690 Documentation
Tables
Figures
MA
NMA
ASPE
Article 9
VISUAL EXAMINATION
T-910 Scope
T-920 General
T-930 Equipment
T-950 Technique
T-980 Evaluation
T-990 Documentation
M.A.
Article 7
MAGNETIC PARTIDE
EXAMINATION
T-710 Scope
T-720 General
T-730 Equipment
T-740 Miscellaneous req.
T-750 Technique
T-750 Calibration
T-770 Examination
T-780 Evaluation
T-790 Documentation
Figure
Tables
MA
NMA
Article III
LIQUID PENETRANT
EXAMINATION

17. ASME SECC. IX WELDING AND BRAZING
QUALIFICATIONS
QW-100 General
QW-110 Orientación de la soldadura.
QW-120 Posiciones de pruebas para soldadura de Bisel.
QW-130 Posiciones de pruebas para soldadura de Filete.
QW-140 Tipos y propósitos de pruebas y exámenes.
QW-150 Pruebas de tensión.
QW-160 Pruebas de dobles guiado.
QW-170 Pruebas de T a la fractura.
QW-180 Pruebas en soldadura de filete.
QW-190 Otras pruebas y examenes.
APENDICE I Tabla indic. redondeadas.
Artículo I
REQUISITOS GENERALES DE SOLDADURA
Artículo II
PROCEDIMIENTOS DE SOLDADURA
QW-200 General
QW-210 Preparación de cupones de prueba.
QW-250 Variables de soldadura.
QW-290 Soldadura temper bend.
Artículo III
DESARROLLO DE LA CALIFICACION DE
PROCEDIMIENTOS
QW-300 General
QW-310 Calificación de cupones de
prueba.
QW-320 Recalificación y nuevas pruebas
de calificación.
QW-350 Variables de soldadura para
soldadores.
QW-360 Variables de soldadura para
operaciones de soldadura.
QW-380 Procesos especiales.
Artículo V
ESPECIFICACION ESTÁNDAR DE
PROCEDIMIENTOS DE SOLDADURA.
QW-500 General
QW-510 Adopción de SWPS’s.
QW-520 Uso de SWPS’s sin demostración
discreta.
QW-530 Formatos.
QW-540 Uso en producción de SWPS’s.
Artículo IV
DATOS DE SOLDADURA
QW-400 Variables.
QW-410 Técnico.
QW-420 Grupos de materiales.
QW-430 Números F.
QW-440 Composición química del material de soldadura.
QW-450 Especímenes.
QW-460 Gráficas.
QW-470 Ataque–Procesos y reactivos.

18. API RP – 577
WELDING INSPECTION AND METALLURGY
8. WELDER QUALIFICATION
9. NON-DESTRUCTIVE
EXAMINATION
API-579 Adecuación al servicio.
10. METALLURGY
1. SCOPE 2. REFERENCES 3. DEFINITIONS 4. WELDING INSPECTION
11. REFINERY AND PETROCHEMICAL
PLANT WELDING ISSUES
5. WELDING PROCESSES
6. WELDING PROCEDURE
7. WELDING MATERIALS

19. API RP – 571
DAMAGE MECHANISMS AFFECTING FIXED
EQUIPMENT IN THE REFINING INDUSTRY
4.5. Environment – Assisted
Cracking
4.1 General
4.2 Mechanical and Metallurgical
Failure Mechanisms
4.3 Uniform or Localized
Loss of Thickness
4.4 High Temperature Corrosion
[400˚F (204˚C)]
4.2.1 Graphitization
4.2.2 Softening (Spheroidization)
4.2.3 Temper Embrittlement
4.2.4 Strain Aging
4.2.5 885˚F (475˚C) Embrittlement
4.2.6 Sigma Phase Embrittlement
4.2.7 Brittle Fracture
4.2.8 Creep and Stress Rupture
4.2.9 Thermal Fatigue
4.2.10 Short Term Overheating–Stress Rupture
4.2.11 Steam Blanketing
4.2.12 Dissimilar Metal Weld (DMW) Cracking
4.2.13 Thermal Shock
4.2.14 Erosion/erosion–Corrosion
4.2.15 Cavitation
4.2.16 Mechanical Fatigue
4.2.17 Vibration–Induced Fatigue
4.2.18 Refractory Degradation
4.2.19 Reheat Cracking
4.3.1 Galvanic Corrosion
4.3.2 Atmospheric Corrosion
4.3.3 Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)
4.3.4 Cooling Water Corrosion
4.3.5 Boiler Water Condensate Corrosion
4.3.6 CO2 Corrosion
4.3.7 Flue-Gas Dew-Point Corrosion
4.3.8 Microbiologically Induced Corrosion
4.3.9 Soil Corrosion
4.3.10 Caustic Corrosion
4.3.11 Dealloying
4.3.12 Graphitic Corrosion
4.4.1 Oxidation
4.4.2 Sulfidation
4.4.3 Carburization
4.4.4 Decarburization
4.4.5 Metal Dusting
4.4.6 Fuel Ash Corrosion
4.4.7 Nitriding
4.5.1 Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking
(CI”SCC)
4.5.2 Corrosion Fatigue
4.5.3 Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking
(Caustic Embrittlement)
4.5.4 Ammonia Stress Corrosion Cracking
4.5.5 Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME)
4.5.6 Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE)