Lead carbon battery Better than normal lead acid batteries in charging speed, discharging power, cycling life and so on. Cost is lower than lithium batteries, no big investment on the site safety, no that much extra facility required like cooling system, safety protection system etc. The lead carbon battery with very good performance applied in ESS systems with solar energy, UPS, wind turbine. It is well to be used as energy bank for residential PV system, telecom power, CCTV system, UPS system, data center power back up, etc. Welcome to contact me at email clark.guo@tiannenggroup.com

1. Lead Carbon Batteries for ESS
By Tianneng Battery Group
Our Vision: To Be the Most Respected Provider for Green Energy Solutions Limited Resource
Unlimited Recycling
Tianneng Group ESS R&D Center
Hou Guoyou (Vice Chairman)

2. 目录/Contents
01
02
Tianneng Lead Carbon Batteries for ESS
Tianneng Lead Carbon Batteries Applications

3. 01 Tianneng Lead Carbon Batteries for ESS

4. Acid Leakage
Water Loss
Thermal Out
of Control
Softening of
active substances
Negative sulfation
Plate grid
corrosion/creep
*Lifetime - Alloy *PSoC/HRPSoC——Carbon Materials *Deep Cycle -Formulation
Application I: Standby
(floating charge)
Application 2: Cycling
(fast charging)
VRLA Battery Failure Mode
01
Upgrade of Lead Battery:
Lead Carbon Battery

5. Technical characteristics of lead carbon batteries
01
Lead-Carbon Battery: Asymmetric capacitor and lead-acid battery are compounded in the same battery system,
and carbon material is added directly to the negative electrode, which not only solves the negative electrode sulfation,
but also maintains the high energy density of the battery with the characteristics of high power, fast charging and
discharging, and long cycle life of super capacitor.
Conventional LAB "Internal" supercell Pb-C Battery
Long-term PSoC/HRPSoC
condition and sulfation of the
negative surface.
Asymmetric supercapacitor model
with complex production process
and difficult to market.
The negative electrode is doped
with carbon to solve the negative
electrode sulfation, new type of
environmentally friendly battery.

6. Main mechanism of lead carbon battery
01
 Conductivity mechanism
 Bit resistance mechanism
 Parallel reaction mechanism
 Capacitance (potential) mechanism
Carbon Material
Normal LAB Lead Carbon Battery
Low Charge Rate High Power Discharge Recharge
Coarse and dense lead sulfate formed on
the surface of the negative plate, irreversible
Inhibits sulfation and
Improves charge acceptance

7. Carbon containing negative
plates are charged and
discharged by reversible
electron adsorption and
desorption
Positive plates are charged
and discharged by reversible
redox reactions
Carbon materials research hotspots for lead carbon batteries
01
 Selection of carbon materials with high specific surface
area: Significant extension of negative plate life in partially
charged conditions, with the addition of carbon materials
with high specific surface area helping to reduce sulfation
of negative plates.
 Carbon material selection for compatible electrolyte:
Carbon materials embodying supercapacitor performance
in a sulfuric acid electrolyte with a density of 1.28.
 Mixing technology of carbon materials in anode lead
paste: Addition amount, addition method, bonding agent,
production process of pole plate。

8. Special cathode active
substance structure: The net
structure of positive active
material can effectively inhibit
the softening of positive lead
paste during cycling and improve
the performance of high-current
charging and discharging and
battery charging acceptability
Water-repellent base spacer：
Patented third electrode, ultra-
fine glass fiber AGM +
hydrophobic modified polymer
polyolefin fiber, with super
tensile resistance , stable oxygen
composite channel, durable
pressure retention performance,
improved battery life.
Negative electrode carbon
technology: The application of
carbon materials with ultra-high
specific surface area and super
conductivity in the negative
electrode formulation inhibits
irreversible sulfation of the
negative electrode active
material and improves the low-
temperature performance and
charge acceptance performance
of the electrode.
Corrosion resistant alloy
technology: Strong corrosion
resistance, creep resistance
and electrochemical properties,
maintain the integrity of the
collector structure throughout
the life cycle of the cell,
increase the hydrogen and
oxygen precipitation potential,
reduce water loss and improve
life.
Thick plate grid design + low acid density + pulsed internal chemistry
Tianneng lead carbon battery main technology
01
B
D
A
C

9. Carbon Black
An amorphous carbon. Light, loose and
very fine black powder with a very large
surface area ranging from 10 to 3000 m2/g
and a specific gravity of 1.8-2.1.
01
02
03
04
Activated Carbon
A black porous solid carbon, ordinary
activated carbon has a specific surface
area between 500 and 1700m²/g, with
strong adsorption performance.
Asbestos
A crystalline form of carbon. Hexagonal
crystal system, iron-ink color to dark gray.
Density 2.25g/cm3, hardness 1.5, melting
point 3652℃, boiling point 4827℃.
Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal pattern
form coaxial circular tubes with several to
tens of layers. A fixed distance of about 0.34
nm is maintained between the layers, and the
diameter is generally 2 to 20 nm.
Not obvious at low addition levels
Practical economical
Large specific surface area
Under Research
05
Graphene A two-dimensional (2D) periodic honeycomb
dotted structure composed of six-membered
rings of carbon. A layer of graphene stacked
on top of each other is graphite, and
graphite 1 mm thick contains approximately
3 million layers of graphene.
Under Research
Carbon Materials Research
01

10. SEM photo of 100% discharged active material
of the negative plate with 2.0 wt.% carbon black
Carbon black embedded in lead
sulfate crystals
a) 0.2 wt.% b) 2.0 wt.%
SEM photo of lead skeleton after dissolving
lead sulfate by adding carbon black negative plate
Carbon black enters into the lead skeleton structure
Skeleton changes during negative electrode cycling
SEM images of different carbon materials studied

11. Spherical graphite Shaped graphite Colloidal graphite
Activated Carbon
Carbon Black Graphene
SEM images of different carbon materials studied
 Experimental summary: High content of carbon causes softening and blistering of the negative electrode plate, and the conventional internal
chemistry process cannot be used: The addition of carbon material above 1.5%, without the addition of adhesive and inhibitor, the lead paste
almost completely fell off after internalization according to the conventional process, which confirmed that the high content of carbon has a great
influence on the structure and performance of the active material of the electrode plate, and when the carbon content is reduced or a suitable
adhesive is added, the situation of the electrode plate is obviously better after internalization, but still cannot be completely solved.

12. Schematic diagram of the process
occurring in the negative electrode plate
Recrystallization model
Mechanism of sulfation of anode active material
When the battery is discharged, the spongy lead HSO4- reacts rapidly to form PbSO4, by the rate of HSO4- diffusion from the solution and the negative
plate consumption rate does not match, HSO4- is too late to supply, so that the nucleation rate is greater than the generation rate, the generated PbSO4 will
crystallize on the surface of the spongy lead has been deposited lead sulfate, forming a tightly packed layer of PbSO4, which will reduce the effective surface
area for electron transfer, while further hindering the contact between HSO4- and the active material lead.
Lead carbon battery cathode technology research
01

13. Key problem: High polarization + recrystallization
Countermeasure: Lead carbon active substance + new additive
Lead carbon battery cathode technology research
- cathode sulfation solution
01

14. SEM images of the three carbon materials: no obvious difference in appearance, mainly massive carbon particles of 5~15μm, with
a small amount of amorphous particulate matter of smaller size with rough surface, and no well-developed pore structure was
found.
B.E.T. specific surface area test results: 487m2*g-1 for carbon material A, 1423m2*g-1 for carbon material B, and 1484m2*g-1 for
carbon material C.
Carbon material A
SEM (x5000) diagram for the study of cathode formulation of lead carbon batteries
Different carbon materials have different specific surface areas, different capacitive properties, different electrical conductivity as
well as wettability. After a comprehensive comparison, it was found that lead can form crystalline sites on the surface of some
carbon materials and form new process reactants around the carbon materials during electrochemical reactions.
Carbon material B Carbon material C

15. SEM images of the
active material of the
three formulations of
cooked electrode plates:
activated carbon B and
activated carbon C have
more spongy lead
deposits on the surface
of the carbon material
particles. This has a
positive effect on the
future depolarization of
the negative electrode
and the inhibition of
sulfation.
SEM diagram of lead carbon battery cathode formulation
Carbon Material A X5000 Carbon Material B X5000 Carbon Material C X5000
Carbon Material A X10000 Carbon Material B X10000 Carbon Material C X10000

16. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
PbSO4
Pb














































Intensity
/
a.u.
2 theta / 


Pb1
Pb2
Pb1 conventional lead negative HRPSoC cycle 1860
times fully charged
Pb2 lead carbon negative HRPSoC cycle 13000 times
after fully charged
XRD patterns of two negative electrodes after HRPSoC cycle
Change of lead sulfate content of
negative plate with different
amount of carbon addition during
the chemical formation process
Reduce the content of lead
sulfate in the negative
electrode plate to form a
conductive network

17. Experimental conclusion: In the conventional negative electrode plate, the particle size distribution of metallic lead is not uniform; while in the lead
carbon negative electrode plate, the particle size is uniform and consistent, and the contact between skeletons is tight and the pores are evenly distributed.
In the negative electrode of lead carbon battery, the carbon material not only adsorbs on the lead surface, but also embeds in the lead sulfate crystals
and enters into the lead skeleton structure, which can effectively inhibit the sulfation of the negative plate during the cycling process.
The solubility of lead sulfate in sulfuric acid solution is related to its grain size, and the concentration of
Pb2+ ions on the grain surface follows the Ostwald-Freundlich equation:
CPb2+ = C∞exp(K/Tr)
which CPb2+ ——Solubility of Pb2+ ions on the surface of small PbSO4 crystals
C∞ ——Solubility of Pb2+ ions on the surface of infinitely large PbSO4 crystals
r ——PbSO4 is the radius of the crystal; T - temperature; K - constant
HRPSoC charging and discharging aggravates the sulfation of negative plate surface
SEM photo of conventional Pb
negative electrode
SEM photo of Pb carbon Pb
negative electrode
Conclusions of the study on the formulation of anode activated carbon for lead carbon batteries

18. Softening of the anode active material and countermeasures
 Key issues: volume change+structural weakening
Electrode reaction at the anode: PbO2 ⇄ PbSO4
α- PbO2 – 25.15 cm3/mol
β - PbO2 – 24.3 cm3/mol
PbSO4 – 48.2 cm3/mol
 Countermeasure: 4BS lead paste + composite AGM spacer
3BS lead paste 4BS lead paste
Lead carbon battery cathode technology research
- Research on cathode active material
01

19. Special positive active substance structure
Experimental conclusion: The tubular structure of the positive active material
after chemotaxis can effectively reduce the inter-active material resistance and
inhibit the generation of irreversible sulfate during the cycle.
New structural impedance
Common structural impedance
Common structural active substance post-circulation components
Post-cycle components of new structural actives

20. Alloy
Hydrogen analysis
potential
Corrosion resistance Battery life Creep resistance PCL-1
Lead-calcium-tin alloy ● ●
Green (Rare Earth)
Alloy
● ● ●
Lead carbon battery cathode technology research - alloy
01
Experimental conclusion: The green (rare earth) alloy has far better corrosion resistance than the common lead-calcium-tin alloy, and its mechanical
strength and toughness are also improved to a certain extent, with stronger creep resistance, which can be applied on cyclic and backup lead-acid batteries
to help extend battery life and reduce battery failure caused by plate grid corrosion and linear growth.
 Key issues: Alloy defects + Design defects
 Response: Green Alloy + Targeted Design
Plate grid corrosion/creep and countermeasures

21. Lead-calcium alloys have larger grain size, mostly 50~100um, and larger
intermetallic compound size
Green (rare earth) alloys have smaller grain size, mostly around 10um, and
very small intermetallic compound size
The addition of rare earths refines the grain size, and the intermetallic
compounds are more uniformly dispersed
Green (rare earth) alloy grain refinement and 50% increase in corrosion
resistance
Good conductivity of green (rare earth) alloy, 30% increase in high current
Longer life of green (rare earth) alloy batteries, 30% longer life
Lead-calcium alloy
Green (rare earth) alloys

22. The experimental D1 alloy is a Pb-Ca-Sn-Al quaternary alloy; S1 alloy is a multiple rare earth alloy formulated with D1 alloy as the master alloy.
D1
S1
Experimental conclusion: the microscopic corrosion morphology of the two alloy samples are jagged along the intergranular corrosion, accompanied by
uniform corrosion of the grains, S1 alloy corrosion depth shallower than D1 alloy.
Coarse grains mainly, grain
size of about 200μm, clear
grain boundary lines,
irregular shape
Fine grain structure,
grain size about 10μm,
crystal boundary line is
regular and clear
Green (rare earth) alloy corrosion resistance test
Metallographic
observation samples
Constant current
corrosion sample

23. Experimental conclusion: From the voltage and weight loss of
constant current corrosion, the weight loss after corrosion of S1
alloy is also slightly lower and the corrosion rate is lower,
indicating that S1 alloy has better corrosion resistance than D1
alloy, which is consistent with the aforementioned comparison of
metallographic analysis.
Sample #
Before corrosion
(g)
After corrosion
(g)
Weight loss
（mg）
Corrosion rate
（mg/d）
Corrosion rate
mg/(cm^2·d）
Corrosion rate
mg/(cm^2·Ah）
Corrosion rate
mg/(cm^2·Ah·d）
D1 48.6565 48.3138 342.7 16.32 4.08 4.25 0.202
S1 48.6465 48.3289 317.6 15.12 3.78 3.94 0.188
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
2.85
2.90
2.95
3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20
3.25
3.30
Potential
/V
Time /day
D1
S1
恒流腐蚀电压曲线
Constant current voltage corrosion curve

24. -1.7 -1.6 -1.5 -1.4 -1.3 -1.2
-0.005
-0.004
-0.003
-0.002
-0.001
0.000
Current/A
Potential/V
S1
D1
-1.7 -1.6 -1.5 -1.4 -1.3 -1.2
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
log
[
i/
(
mA.cm
-2
)] Potential/V
S1
D1
Experimental conclusion: Green (rare earth)
alloy cells precipitate less gas and lose less water
Hydrogen analysis linear scan (-1.2V~-1.7V, 5mV/s, 1.28g/mlH2SO4) and linear fit.
Alloy samples E/V b R
S1 -2.391 -0.202 -0.9994
D1 -2.349 -1.951 -0.9996

25. Analytical oxygen linear scan (1.3V~1.7V, 5mV/s, 1.28g/mlH2SO4) and linear fit
Alloy samples E/V b R
S1 1.8423 0.0763 0.9990
D1 1.8208 0.0796 0.9993
1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Current/A
Potential/V (vs Hg/HgSO4
)
S1
D1
1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
log
[
i/
(
mA.cm
-2
)]
Potential/V
D1
S1

26. Experimental conclusion: 100% DOD cycle test:
less water loss, less gas precipitation, high sealing reaction efficiency and long life.
Battery #
Number of cycles
0 100 200 300 400
Bat.
Weight
0107（XT） 6898 6882 6860 6850 6836
0108（XT） 6881 6863 6845 6826 6816
0115 6971 6947 6923 6907 6899
0116 6978 6952 6932 6915 6905
Water
Loss
0107（XT） 16 38 48 62
0108（XT） 18 36 55 65
0115 24 48 64 72
0116 26 46 63 73
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
2hr
放电时间/
min
循环次数
1503-0107(XT)
1503-0108(XT)
1503-0115
1503-0116
Rare earth alloys Ordinary battery
Battery # 0103 0104 0105 0106 0111 0112 0113 0114
Gas release/ml 336 310 368 342 468 502 406 425
Sealing reaction
efficiency
98.36% 98.49% 98.21% 98.33% 97.72% 97.55% 98.02% 97.93%

27. Common battery: positive plate grid growth, contact short circuit, creep failure; severe corrosion of the plate grid (300+ cycles)
Green alloy battery: cell water loss, softening of positive active material (500+ cycles), plate grid intact
Anatomical comparison between green alloy and normal battery after cycling

28. Net-board appearance
Slitting of lath bars
Net-board X50
Slab bar cross cutting
The appearance of the plate grid is intact, magnified observation can be seen in the tendons have different
degrees of corrosion, intergranular corrosion accompanied by penetrating corrosion, and casting defects related
Analysis of plate grid condition at the end of green alloy cell cycle test

29. Compound carbon and expansion agent formula (uniform + efficient)
01

30. Fully automatic high-temperature vacuum and paste
technology (uniform + stable)
01

31. Catalytic bolt application (2V)
01

32. Model
(Energy)
Nominal
Voltage (V)
Nominal Cap. Nominal Cap.
Dimension (mm)
Terminal
Weight ref.
(Kg)
C10 (Ah) C100 (Ah)
1.80Vpc/25℃ 1.80Vpc/25℃ L W H TH（height）
TNC12-50 12 50 63 260 168 211 213.5 I3 26.2
TNC12-65 12 65 82 330 172 214 214 I7 34
TNC12-80 12 80 101 408 171 224 224 I7 41.5
TNC12-100 12 100 127 480 170 240 240 I7 49
TNC12-115 12 115 145 532 207 215 220 I7 60
TNC12-130 12 130 164 522 239 223 223 I7 69
TNC12-165 12 165 209 520 268 223 223 I7 80
TNC2-500 2 500 638 166 206 471 494 I7 41
TNC2-1000 2 1000 1275 191 210 646 668.5 I7 70
TNC2-1200 2 1200 1530 233 210 646 668.5 I7 75
Energy type lead carbon batteries (10 models)
Simulation design
Fast Charging: ↓30% T
Low-temp. withstanding: ↑20% C
60%DOD
12V: ≥3600 cycles
2V: ≥4500 cycles
Thick plate grid design
Horizontal mounting (2V)
Tianneng Energy Storage Lead Carbon Battery Specifications
01

33. Model
(Power)
Nominal
voltage(V)
Nominal cap. Nominal cap.
Dimension(mm)
Terminal
Weight ref.
(Kg)
C10 (Ah) C20 (Ah)
1.80Vpc/25℃ 1.80Vpc/25℃ L W H TH（总高）
TNC12-65P 12 65 69 260 168 211 213.5 I3 24.5
TNC12-80P 12 80 85 330 172 214 214 I7 30.5
TNC12-100P 12 100 106 408 171 224 224 I7 35.5
TNC12-120P 12 120 127 480 170 240 240 I7 41
TNC12-150P 12 150 159 532 207 215 220 I7 55
TNC12-170P 12 170 180 522 239 223 223 I7 63
TNC12-200P 12 200 212 520 268 223 223 I7 72.5
Power type lead carbon battery (7 models)
Simulation design
Fast Charging: ↓30% T
Low-temp. withstanding: ↑20% C
15%DOD
12V: ≥10000次
Multi-vertical slat grid design
High power: ↑ 20% C
Less heat: ↓ 40% Q

34. AXION POWER
CSIRO
Completed development
of lead carbon battery in
2004
Lead carbon battery
applied to North American
grid in 2011
Joint development of lead-carbon
super battery with HUST in 2010
Lead-carbon battery
industrialization was certified by
Zhejiang Province.in 2015
TIANNENG
2005
CSIRO and Furukawa Japan
Collaborate on Lead-Carbon
Battery Development
EAST PENN
2011 Super Lead Carbon
batteries applied to farms
2012 Super Lead Carbon
battery applied to North
American grid.
Lead Carbon Battery Patents and Qualifications
01

35. 2V/500Ah lead carbon battery PSoC cycle performance test
60% DOD cycle test, after 4050 cycles test, the remaining capacity of the battery is 92% of the rated capacity; the
number of battery life termination cycles is greater than 4700 times (80% of the remaining capacity).
Tianneng Lead Carbon Battery (2V) Performance Test
01

36.  60% DOD cycle test under 80% SOC (20% to 80% C10)
a) 3 batteries in series for 10h rate capacity test qualified and fully charged, the ambient temperature around the battery is kept at 25℃±3℃
throughout the experiment.
b) Discharge with 0.1C10 (A) for 2h and adjust the battery charge state to 80%.
c) Discharge with 0.15C10 (A) for 4h, adjust the battery charge state to 20%. Note: When the battery voltage is lower than 1.75V/monoblock,
stop discharging.
d) Charge with 0.15C10(A) limited voltage 2.35V/monoblock for 4h and 6min and restore the battery charge state to 80%.e)
e) Repeat steps c) and d) 49 times, then fully charge the battery.
f) 10h rate capacity test for the battery after fully charging, if the actual capacity is greater than 80%, repeat steps b) ~ e) test after the battery
is fully charged, otherwise the test is terminated.

37. External sample 2V500Ah lead carbon battery PSoC cycle performance test
60% DOD cycle test, after 350
cycles, the battery capacity has
shown a trend of decay, capacity
decay 8.1%.
Sl.# Ice Ica
Charging
Acceptability
Low temp.
capacity
Weight
1# 139.33 59.17 2.35 39.25
2# 152.44 57.92 2.63 39.13
3# 143.85 58.17 2.47 415.5 38.56
Charge acceptance capacity (average): 2.49
Low temperature (-15°C) capacity: ~74.8% (415.5/555.3)

38. Battery # F1-6
Initial average capacity 70.90 Ah
End average capacity 69.79 Ah
Capacity recovery ratio 98.4 %
Over-discharge capacity recovery performance
Take 6 sample batteries, firstly discharge to 6V with
I10A, then connect a 1 ohm fixed value fever cell in
series between positive and negative terminals, leave
it at 25℃ for 30d, then charge it again to test the
capacity of the battery (charge with constant voltage
15.0V and limited current 0.1C A for 24h, then
discharge to 10.5V with I10A current).
Sl.# F1-1 F1-2 F1-3 F1-4 F1-5
Open Circuit Voltage 12.70 12.69 12.71 12.70 12.70
Capacity C10/ Ah
1 st 67.8 67.5 68.4 66.5 67.5
2 nd 70.1 69.6 69.4 68.3 69.7
3 rd 71.3 70.8 71.6 69.3 71
Actual value 71.3 70.8 71.6 69.3 71
Charging Acceptability
Ice 7.13 7.08
Ica 32.02 31.20
Charging
Acceptability
4.49 4.41
Discharge capacity@-15℃
Capacity 60.01 59.12
Capacity Ratio 84.2% 83.5%
TNC12-65 lead carbon battery performance test
Tianneng Lead Carbon Battery (12V) Performance Test
01

39. TNC12-100P Charge Acceptance Capability
Item I0/A I10min/A I10min/I0
Normal LAB 10.9 22.52 2.06
LAB-C 10.3 42.55 4.13
 Testing standards: GB/T22473-2008
5.5 Charge acceptance capacity
When the battery is tested according to 7.5, the ratio of charging current Ica to C10/10
should not be less than 3.0 for VLA battery and 2.0 for VRLA battery.
7.5.1 Fully charged battery in 1h~5h after the end of charging, the battery with I0(A) current discharge 5h
7.5.2 Calculation according to formula
I0=Ce/10(A)
Where Ce is the maximum value in 3 capacity tests at C10
7.5.3 After discharge, the battery will be put into a low temperature box or low temperature room at
least 20h~25h at a temperature of 0℃±1℃
7.5.4 The battery is taken out of the cryostat or cryogenic chamber within minute, the battery is charged
with a constant voltage at 14.40V±0.10V, and the battery charging current value is recorded
every 1 minute during the environmental charging process, and the charging current I is measured
at 10th minute

40. 1st complete cycle 6th complete cycle
 TNC12-80P high temperature accelerated cycle durability test
Test procedure: the battery is kept at 40℃±3℃ environment for 16h, and 4
batteries are connected in series for the test. The ambient temperature
around the battery is kept at 40℃±3℃ during the whole experiment.
1st stage test (low charge, shallow cycle)
a) with I10(A) current, discharging for 9h. Note: The battery voltage is lower
than 1.75V/monoblock, stop discharging.
b) Charge with 1.03 I10 (A) current for 3h.
c) Discharge with I10 (A) current for 3h.
d) Repeat steps b) and c) 49 times. Then the battery is fully charged for the
next stage of the test.
2nd stage test (high charge, shallow cycle)
e) Discharge for 2h at 1.25 I10 (A) current.
f) Charge for 6h at 2.35V/monoblock with I10 (A) current limit.
g) Repeat steps e), f) 99 times. Then the battery is fully charged for the next
stage of the test.
3rd stage test (10h rate capacity check discharge)
The battery is cycled 150 times by the first stage test and the second stage test
to form a cycle, then the 10h rate capacity test, if the actual capacity is greater
than 80% of the rated capacity for the next cycle test, otherwise the test is
terminated.

41.  Cycle durability test for different formulations

42. Attachment: Lead carbon battery cycle test standard
01
IEC 61427-2013 “Secondary Cells and Batteries for PV Energy Systems”
GB/T 22473-2008 “Lead-acid Storage Batteries Used for Energy Storage”
“Technical Specification for Lead-Carbon Batteries for Energy Storage”
“Lead Carbon Battery for Power Storage”

43.  IEC 61427-2013 “Secondary Cells and Batteries for PV Energy Systems”

44.  GB/T 22473-2008 “Lead-acid Storage Batteries Used for Energy Storage”
VRLA: 3 complete cycles
VLA: 4 complete cycles
7.8 Cycle endurance
7.8.1 The battery used for the cycle endurance test shall comply with 6.3 and
be fully charged on the battery
7.8.2 The battery shall be placed in the ambient temperature of 40℃-3℃ for 16h,
and then tested. During the whole test, the temperature around the battery is kept
between 40℃ and 3℃.
7.8.3 Test procedure
7.8.3.1 First stage (low charge, shallow cycle)
a) With I1.a) Current, discharge for 9h;Note: The battery voltage is lower than
1.75V, stop discharging
b) Charge with 1.03l(A) current for 3h;
c) with I (A) current, discharge 3h
d) Repeat steps b) and c) 49 times. Then the battery is fully charged and the
next stage of test is carried out.
7.8.3.2 Second stage test (high charge, shallow cycle)
e) Discharge at 1.25I(A) for 2h;
f) with 10 (A) current, charging for 6h Note: Battery charging voltage is limited to
2.4V or less per unit, unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer
g) Repeat steps c) and f) 99 times, then fully charge the battery for the next
stage of the test
7.8.3.3 Third stage test (10h rate capacity check discharge)
Battery by the first stage test and the second stage test cycle 150 times to form
a cycle, and then 10h rate capacity test according to 7.2.1, if the actual capacity
is greater than 80% of the rated capacity for the next cycle test, otherwise the
cycle endurance test is terminated

45. Voltage
Cycle life of energy type LAB-C Cycle life of power
type lead carbon
battery
Cycle Durability I Cycle Durability II
2V ≥2500 times 7 times ≥120 times
12V ≥1500 times 5 times ≥80 times
“Technical Specification for Lead-Carbon Batteries for Energy Storage”
6.14.1.2 Cycle endurance capability II
The battery used for the cycle endurance test needs to reach the
rated capacity of 10h rate and be carried out on a fully charged
battery. The battery is kept in the ambient temperature of 40℃±3℃
for 16h, and then tested. The temperature around the battery is kept
between 40℃±3℃ during the whole experiment.
1st stage test (low charge, shallow cycle)
a) With I10 (A) current, discharging for 9h.
Note: The battery voltage is lower than 1.75V/monoblock, stop
discharging.
b) Charge with 1.03I10 (A) current for 3h.
c) Discharge with I10 (A) current for 3h.
d) Repeat steps b) and c) 49 times. Then the battery is fully charged for
the next phase of the test.
2nd stage test (high charge, shallow cycle)
e) Discharge for 2h at 1.25I10 (A) current.
f) Charge for 6h at 2.35V/monoblock with I10 (A) current limit.
g) Repeat steps e), f) 99 times. Then the battery is fully charged for the
next stage of the test.
3rd stage test (10h rate capacity check discharge)
The battery is cycled 150 times by the first stage test and the second
stage test to form a cycle, then the 10h rate capacity test is conducted
according to 6.6.1, if the actual capacity is greater than 80% of the
rated capacity for the next cycle test, otherwise the cycle endurance
capacity test is terminated.
6.14 Cycle life
6.14.1 Cycle life of energy type lead carbon battery
6.14.1 .1 Cycle endurance capacity one (PSOC 20% ~ 80% life)
a) The battery is qualified and fully charged by 10h rate capacity test according to
6.6.1, and the temperature around the battery is kept between 25℃±3℃ during the
whole experiment.
b) Discharge with 0.1C10 (A) for 2h and adjust the battery charge state to 80%.
c) discharge with 0.15C10 (A) for 4h, adjust the battery charge state to 20%.
Note: The battery voltage is lower than 1.75V/monoblock, stop discharging.
d) Charge the battery with 0.15C10(A) limited voltage 2.35V/monoblock for 4h06min
and restore the battery charge state to 80%.
e) Repeat steps c) and d) 49 times, then fully charge the battery.
f) after fully charging the battery according to 6.6.1 for 10h rate capacity test, if the
actual capacity is greater than 80%, the battery is fully charged for b) ~ e) step test,
otherwise the cycle endurance test is terminated.

46.  “Lead Carbon Battery for Power Storage”
FM cycle durability ≥ 10000 times
Fully charged battery is first charged and discharged at 25℃±2℃ room
temperature as followed steps:
a) Battery discharged at P4 (W) to discharge termination voltage of 1.95V/cell.
b) The battery is charged at P4 (W) to an end-of-charge voltage of 2.31V/cell.
c) The cycle then proceeds as follows.
d) The battery is discharged at P4 (W) for 2 min.
e) The battery is discharged at 2P4 (W) for 1min.
f) The battery is charged at P4(W) for 2min.
g) The battery is charged at 2P4(W) for 1min.
Battery discharged at 2P4(W) for 1min.
a) Battery discharged at P4(W) for 2min.
b) Battery charged at 2P4(W) for 1min.
c) Charging the battery with P4(W) for 2 min.
d) Repeat steps c)-j), and go to step l) when the discharge termination voltage
in step h) is lower than 1.88V/single cell.
e) Battery is charged with P4 (W) compensation for 2min, then continue to
cycle steps c) ~ l); when step f) charging termination voltage is higher than
2.31V/single cell, then continue to cycle steps c) ~ j).
f) Test termination conditions: 3600 times per cycle for a cycle unit, each
cycle unit after the end of the actual discharge energy E4 judgment, if the
judgment result is greater than 80% of the Ert4 rated discharge energy,
then continue to cycle steps a) ~ l); if the judgment result is lower than 80%
of the Ert4 rated discharge energy, then the cycle stops.
g) The charging capacity (Ah), discharging capacity (Ah), charging energy
(Wh) and discharging energy (Wh) of steps c) to j) in each cycle are
recorded according to the test data recording table in the appendix, and the
charging and discharging energy retention rate and charging and
discharging energy efficiency are calculated for each cycle unit.
Constant power cycle durability ≥ 800 times
The fully charged battery is subjected to constant power mode cycle endurance
test at room temperature of 25℃±2℃ in accordance with the following steps.
a) Discharge at constant power of P4 (W) for 4h.
b) Resting for 10 min.
c) Charge with constant power at P4 (W) to the charge termination voltage of
2.40V/cell.
d) Standing for 10min.
e) Discharge at constant power with P4 (W) for 4h;
f) leave for 10min
g) Repeat steps c) to f).
h) When the discharge termination voltage of step e) is lower than 1.90V/cell, go
to step i).
i) Charge at a constant power of 0.5P4 (W) to the end-of-charge voltage of
2.40V/single cell, then continue to charge at constant voltage for 2h.
j) Continue to repeat steps c) to i); when the discharge termination voltage of
step e) is higher than 1.90V/single cell then cycle steps c) to g).
k) When the discharge termination voltage of step e) is lower than 1.88V/cell, go
to step k).
l) Charge with constant power of P4 (W) to the charging termination voltage of
2.40V/single cell, and then continue to charge with constant voltage for 12h,
and then continue with steps c) ~ i) to cycle; if the discharge termination
voltage of step e) is lower than 1.88V/single cell again, cycle the discharge
termination voltage to 1.80V/single cell when the cycle test is terminated, and
record the number of cycles at this time.
m) Record the charging energy (Wh) and discharging energy (Wh) of step c) and
d) in each cycle according to the test data recording table in the appendix, and
calculate the charging and discharging energy retention rate and charging and
discharging energy efficiency for each cycle of 50 times.

47. 02 Tianneng Lead Carbon Batteries Applications

48. 300KW+1.2MWh photovoltaic power generation and energy storage system at Qilihe Interchange, Minfu Street, Shuozhou
System Description
Energy storage microgrid system with smooth PV power output, tracking power generation, peak-shaving and valley-filling functions, and
automatic switching to off-grid mode to ensure normal power supply for power-using equipment in case of no power or fault in the grid.
Intelligent control unattended.
Energy storage products application case
--peak and valley reduction energy storage

49. Overseas 40MWH energy storage and frequency regulation system plus load cabinet solution
System Description
The whole ESS is divided into 2 parts, 20Mwh lead carbon energy storage for peak shaving and valley filling, 20Mwh lithium storage for frequency regulation. 20Mwh frequency
regulation system is divided into 5 subsystems, each subsystem consists of 4 containers with 1MWH lithium batteries connected to a 40FT PCS container, which is connected to the
grid after a primary boost (315KV to 13.8KV) and a secondary boost (13.8KV to 69KV). ) is connected to the grid. The 20Mwh peak-shaving system is divided into 5 sub-systems, each
sub-system consists of 4 containers containing 1MWH lead carbon batteries connected to a 40FT PCS container, which is connected to the grid via a primary boost (315KV to 13.8KV)
and a secondary boost (13.8KV to 69KV). 40MW load banks are connected to the grid to consume excess power to maintain grid stability. The control part adopts advanced EMS
system, which integrates the battery, BMS, PCS, power meter, switch quantity of grid-connected circuit breaker, video monitoring CCTV, box transformer, step-up transformer and
other station-wide AC/DC system information, based on the networking requirements of the power grid company NGCP as the standard, and the software and hardware to realize the
integrated monitoring function. To ensure the stable operation of the power grid, to achieve frequency regulation, peak and valley reduction in line with the energy storage function.
Energy storage products application case--FM energy storage

50. Wenzhou Pingyang County Nanji Island 1MW Off-grid Photovoltaic Power Generation Project
System Description
Office station components 570 pieces (131KWp), reinforced concrete foundation, independent columns and front and rear columns. Every 10 modules
are connected in series to become a string, and every 6 or 8-way string is connected to the sink box nearby. Every 110 2V batteries (2000Ah, 2 groups
of 220 batteries) are connected to the battery sink box in parallel by the sink, and are connected to the off-grid inverter together with the outgoing line
inside the control, and are input to the power load of Nanji Mountain Resort through the double power switching switch.
Energy storage products application cases
- off-grid energy storage (Island 1)

51. Wenzhou Pingyang County Nanji Island 1MW Off-grid Photovoltaic Power Generation Project
System Description
Backron station components 2320 pieces (549 KWp), reinforced concrete foundation, independent columns and front and rear columns. Every 10
modules are connected in series to become a string, and every 6 or 8 or 12-way string is connected to the sink box nearby. Every 110 2V batteries
(2500 Ah, 4 groups) are connected to the battery sink box in parallel by the sink, and are connected to the off-grid inverter together with the outgoing
line inside the control, and are input to the power load of Houlong fishing village drying plant through the double power switching switch.
Energy storage products application cases
- off-grid energy storage (Island 2)

52. Wenzhou Pingyang County Nanji Island 1MW Off-grid Photovoltaic Power Generation Project
System description
Liu Cheng Shanzhuang station components 600 pieces (148KWp),
reinforced concrete foundation, independent columns and front and
rear columns. The roof is reinforced concrete ground beam foundation,
steel structure bracket, every 10 components are connected in series to
become a string, every 6 or 8 or 12 strings are connected to the sink box
nearby, every 110 2V batteries (2500 Ah, 3 groups) are connected to the
battery sink box in parallel by the sink, and are connected to the off-grid
inverter together with the outgoing line inside the control, and are input
to the Liucheng Villa power load by the dual power switching switch.
System description
Kangle hill station components 110 pieces (25.85KWp), reinforced
concrete land beam foundation, steel structure bracket, every 10
pieces of components in series to become a string, every 6 way string
is connected to the sink box nearby, every 110 sections of 2V battery
(1000 Ah, 1 group) is connected to the battery sink box through the
sink in parallel, and connected to the off-grid inverter together with
the outgoing line inside the control, through the dual power
switching switch, input The power load of the distribution box of
Kangle Mountain Resort is used.
Energy storage products application cases
- off-grid energy storage (Island 3)

53. Wenzhou Pingyang County Nanji Island 1MW Off-grid Photovoltaic Power Generation Project
System Description
On the hundred mu station components 530 pieces (130KWp), front and rear independent column foundation, steel structure bracket, every 10 pieces of
components in series to become a string, every 6 way string near to access the sink box, every 110 sections of 2V battery (2000 Ah, 2 groups) through the
sink parallel connection to the battery sink box, with the control within the outgoing line together with access to off-grid inverter, through the dual power
switching switch, into the welcome building distribution box Electricity consumption load.
Energy storage products application cases
- off-grid energy storage (Island 4)

54. Inner Mongolia Xilinguolemeng Herdsmen Solar Home System Battery Project
This PV energy storage off-grid system is to provide power for the
daily life of herders in remote areas. The system adopts the design
scheme of DC bus and AC-DC hybrid power supply, which can supply
power to DC appliances and AC appliances separately.
Tennant Group provided system solutions for this project, such as
design and selection plan, equipment supply, project construction
and operation and maintenance guidance. This project is an initial
demonstration project, and will be promoted on a large scale on the
basis of this project.
Energy storage products application cases
- off-grid energy storage (household use)

55. Hubei Jingshan Suiyue high-speed solar/wind complementary street
lighting project
Operating time: September 28, 2009
System: 70W LED+300W+350W fan+2pcs 12V120AH
Colloidal energy storage battery
Tennant Group solar wind and solar hybrid street lighting project
Operating time: December 2009
System: 84WLED+300W+400W fan+2pcs 12V200AH
Colloidal energy storage battery
Energy storage products application cases
- off-grid energy storage (household use)

56. UK Biogas Power FM and Peaking Project
Energy Storage Product Application Case
-Off-grid Energy Storage (UK Biogas Power)
20FT lithium battery energy storage system
(100kW/300kWh)
40FT Lead Carbon BESS
(200kW/1050kWh)

57. Small-scale off-grid PV projects in Africa
System Description
The power of this system is 500W, equipped with two 180W
polycrystalline silicon modules and two 150AH batteries.
System features
1. 500W load working continuously for 4-5 hours.
2. the system can also supply power to communication
equipment, mobile power, tablet PCs and other small
electronic devices via USB DC output.
3. With utility power complementary charging function.
Energy storage products application cases
- off-grid energy storage (Africa household)

58. Chinese PLA General Logistics Department Energy Storage Project Program
Energy storage products application case
-light + oil + storage (military network)
Mobile type
Light(20.8kW) + Oil(20kW) + Storage(20kW/185kWh)
Fixed type
Light (104kW) + Oil (100kW) + Storage (100kW/600kWh)

59. Monitoring Circuit
Power Circuit
Telecom Monitor
Dispatch
Center
EMS
Monitoring
Platform
Environmental Monitors
Inverter1 InverterN Converter1 ConverterN
BMS
ESS Bat.1 ESS Bat.N
Transformer
Power grid
400V/35kV
Wind Turbine
690V/35kV
Brazil** Wind Farm
Lithium Battery ESS System (3MW/6MWh)
Energy storage products application cases - recent project solutions

60. Tianneng Group
Lead Carbon Energy Storage Power Plant (100kW/360kWh)
Energy storage products application
2018 Capacity Expansion
Lithium storage power plant (250kW/700kWh)
Composite energy storage system (lead carbon + lithium)

61. www.tiannenggroup.com
Thank you!