3. Introduction to Excavation
Some amount of excavation required for
every building To the required depth at
which the bearing capacity necessary for
the building is met - A variety of
machines used for excavation
Bulldozers
Bucket loaders
Blasting
Shovel dozers
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6. Industries engaged in excavation
General contractors
Highway and street construction
contractors
Bridge and tunnel contractors
Water, sewer, pipeline contractors
Communication and power line
contractors
Concrete worker and well drilling
contractors
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- The sides of excavation too be protected from caving in by
different methods ( soldier beams and lagging, sheet
piles, slurry walls, etc.) or bracing (cross-slot, rakers or
tiebacks) - De-watering using well-points & sumps, and
watertight barriers - Mixing the soil by rotating paddles
8. Slurry Wall
Steps
Layout
Excavate the soil
Interject Slurry to
prevent Collapse as
Excavation Continues
Install Reinforcing
Place Concrete
(replaces the slurry mix)
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13. INTRODUCTION TO FOUNDATIONS
Function of a foundation is to transfer
the structural loads from a building safely
into the ground
A larger and heavier building of
masonry, steel, or concrete would require
its foundations to go deeper into earth
such that the soil or the rock on which it
is founded is competent to carry its
massive loads this means going a
hundred feet or more below the surface.
foundation design is a highly specialized
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15. Foundation Loads
Dead Load
Live Load
Wind Load
Horizontal Pressures Below Grade
Structural Member Forces
Uplift
Earthquake
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Types of settlements: Uniform and
differential - Differential settlement must be
minimized, depends on site soil conditions
and distribution of loads on columns
supporting the building
NO SETTLEMENT * TOTAL SETTLEMENT *
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a building
, but differential settlement can cause severe structural damage
18. TYPES OF SOILS AND
CHARACTERISTICS
Rocks ;cant lift by two hand
Boulder; cant lift by two hand
cobble (particle that can be lifted by a
single hand),
gravel aggregates (course grained
particle larger than 4.75mm
sand (frictional, size smaller then
4.75mm but larger than 75microm), silts
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20. TYPES OF FOUNDATION
Depends on whether the load transfer is at deeper
depths or shallower depths
Shallow foundation
Deep foundation
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21. 11/3/2022 21
Shallow foundations (column footings
without or with tie/grade beams, individual or
combined wall footing, slab on grade, raft)
Deep foundations (caissons with or without
sockets, end bearing or friction piles, pile
groups),
26. Definitions about sustainability
Simultaneous achievement of economic
prosperity, a healthy environment, and social
equity for current and future generations
– Sustainability meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their needs
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27. Working Toward Sustainability
Some Guidelines
•Leave the earth as good or better than we found it.
•Take no more than we need.
•Try not to harm life, air, water, soil.
•Help maintain Earth's capacity for self repair.
•Don't use potentially renewable resources faster
than they are replenished.
•Don't release pollutants faster than Earth's natural
processes can dilute or degrade them.
•Slow the rate of population growth