Building Services Report

Case Study and Documentation of
Building Services Systems
[IKON CONNAUGHT]
Architecture Semester 4
March 2016 Intake
BLD 61403 Building Services
Tutor: Mr. Sivaraman
Lim Chin Yi 0315627
Lau Wei Ling 0315389
Shery Edrina bt Salehuddin 0316321
Farah Akmal bt Mohd Zamzuri 0315884
Muatasimah Billah bt Saleh 0316071
Kimberley Ee Sze Ann 0315319

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................. 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................................................. 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 3
2.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM .............................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Literature Review............................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Passive Fire Protection...................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Purpose Group and Compartment............................................................................................. 6
2.2.2 Fire Appliance Access.............................................................................................................. 6
2.2.3 Compartment Wall and Floors................................................................................................... 8
2.2.4 Means of Escape..................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.4.1 Fire Doors...................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.4.2 Emergency Exit Signage................................................................................................ 14
2.2.4.3 Fire Emergency Staircase.............................................................................................. 14
2.2.5 Fire and Smoke Control........................................................................................................... 16
2.2.5.1 Fireguard Roller Shutter................................................................................................. 16
2.2.5.2 Fire Curtain.................................................................................................................... 18
2.3 Active Fire Protection...................................................................................................................... 19
2.3.1 Portable Fire Extinguisher ....................................................................................................... 19
2.3.1.1 ABC Multi Purpose Dry Chemical Extinguisher........................................................... 20
2.3.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher....................................................................................... 20
2.3.1.3 Maintenanece.............................................................................................................. 21
2.3.2 Hose Reel Systems................................................................................................................. 24
2.3.2.1 Hose Reel Pumps........................................................................................................ 27
2.3.3 Wet Riser System.................................................................................................................... 30
2.3.3.1 Wet Riser Pump............................................................................................................ 32
2.3.3.2 Riser Pipe ..................................................................................................................... 33
2.3.4 External Fire Hydrant............................................................................................................... 35
2.3.5 Automatic Sprinkler System..................................................................................................... 35
2.3.5.1 Sprinkler System Layout.............................................................................................. 38
2.3.5.2 Maintenance................................................................................................................ 41
2.3.6 Fire Alarm System................................................................................................................... 41
2.3.6.1 Fire Alarm System....................................................................................................... 43

2.3..6.1.1 Smoke Detector and Heat Detector.............................................................. 43
2.3.6.1.2 Alarm Bell and Break Glass........................................................................... 43
2.3.7 Fixed Gas Installation................................................................................................................ 45
2.3.7.1 FM200 ........................................................................................................................... 47
2.3.7.2 Carbon Dioxide.............................................................................................................. 47
2.3.8 Control Room .......................................................................................................................... 48
2.3.8.1 Control Room ............................................................................................................... 48
2.3.8.2 Fire Mimic Diagram....................................................................................................... 49
2.3.8.3 Digital Alarm Communicator......................................................................................... 50
2.3.8.4 Notifier.......................................................................................................................... 50
2.3.9 Smoke Spill System................................................................................................................. 51
2.3.10 Pressurisation System........................................................................................................... 52
3.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM....................................................................................................... 54
3.1 Literature Review............................................................................................................................. 55
3.2 Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning Plant System...................................................................... 56
3.2.1 Water Cooled Chiller System................................................................................................... 57
3.2.2.1 Cooling Cycle ......................................................................................................... 58
3.2.2 Chilled Water Pump Unit ......................................................................................................... 59
3.2.3 Fan Coiled Unit........................................................................................................................ 61
3.2.3.1 Cooling Process........................................................................................................... 61
3.2.4 Cooling Tower ......................................................................................................................... 54
3.2.5 Condensed Water Pump Unit .................................................................................................. 66
3.3 Split Unit Air Conditioning System................................................................................................... 68
3.3.1 Process of Split Air Conditioning System ................................................................................ 69
3.3.2 Indoor Unit .............................................................................................................................. 69
3.3.3 Outdoor Unit ........................................................................................................................... 71
3.3.4 Conclusion............................................................................................................................... 72
4.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM............................................................................................ 73
4.2 Balance Ventilation System............................................................................................................. 75
4.2.1 Basement Car Park Ventilation System................................................................................... 75
4.2.1.1 Components And Operation of Ventilation System....................................................... 78
4.3 Exhaust Ventilation System ............................................................................................................. 82

4.3.1 Kitchen Exhaust System.......................................................................................................... 82
4.3.1.1 Components and Operation of Ventilation System....................................................... 84
4.3.2 Washroom Ventilation System................................................................................................. 86
4.3.3 Utility Room Ventilation ........................................................................................................... 88
4.4 Conclusion....................................................................................................................................... 89
5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM................................................................................... 90
5.1.1 Lift............................................................................................................................................ 91
5.1.2 Escalator.................................................................................................................................. 91
5.2 Mechanical Transportation at Ikon Connaught................................................................................ 92
5.2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 92
5.2.2 Lift............................................................................................................................................ 93
5.2.2.1 Passenger Lift............................................................................................................... 93
5.2.2.2 Fireman Lift................................................................................................................... 97
5.2.2.3 Lift Motor Room ............................................................................................................ 99
5.2.2.4 Emergency.................................................................................................................. 101
5.2.2.4.1 Electricity Cut-Off......................................................................................... 101
5.2.2.4.2 Fire Emergency............................................................................................ 101
5.2.2.4.3 Emergency Procedures................................................................................ 102
5.2.3 Escalators............................................................................................................................. 103
5.2.3.1 Escalator Components................................................................................................ 104
5.2.3.2 Safety Measures......................................................................................................... 105
5.2.4 Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 108
6.0 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................... 109
7.0 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 110

BLD 61403 BUILDING SERVICES [IKON CONNAUGHT 1
For this project, we were required to select a building with a 5 storey high and perform a thorough
analysis on the services systems in the building. This research report will look into the details of
the services present in Ikon Connaught, Cheras such as the fire protection system, air-conditioning
system, mechanical ventilation system, electricity supply system and the mechanical
transportation system. Detailed analysis on the components and the functions of these systems
will be conducted to further understand the importance of these systems in a building’s operation.
A conclusion of these systems will be generated through our understanding of these services in
regards to the Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) requirements as well as other relevant rules and
regulations to get a better understanding of the space implications related to different building
services.

First of all, it has been a great experience working on this project. This project was a success due
to the help of a lot of people. To start with, we would like to thank all the lecturers for teaching and
guiding us in completing this report especially to our tutor, Mr Siva for helping and ensuring that
we were on the right track for this project. Without their lectures and guidance, we would not be
able to complete this report on time.
Next, we would also like to thank Mr. Nazrul Hisham, the person in charged for all the services
maintenance of the building whom so kindly helped us with our assignment by explaining on all
the systems and accompanying us throughout our visit to the building.
Last but not least, we would also like to thank all the group members who put in so much effort
and hard work into making this research report into a success.
Group photo. From left : Shery Edrina, Farah Akmal, Kimberley Ee, Mr Nazrul Hisham (person
in charge of all the services and maintance), Muatasimah Billah, Lau Wei Ling, Lim Chin Yi.

Located in Cheras, Malaysia, Ikon Connaught building is a 10 storey multi-functions building. The
building is designed to provide spaces for boutique shops, restaurants at the bottom five storeys
and 5 levels of office spaces above. Located in the suburban zone closed to metropolitan, the
building aims to shape the lifestyle of the people with the level of quality, impact and vibrancy of a
city centre destination in an intimate neighbourhood. The multi-functions building requires the
architect, Peter Morris to put in effort to design building services that can fulfil the needs of leisure,
entertainment, dining and business in the building. As it is considerably a new building after 2 to 3
years of completion of construction, Ikon Connaught is equipped with modern building service
system such as pressurization system, fire shutter, centralized air-conditioning system.
Figure 1.0: Image of Ikon Connaught building
(Source: archiscene.net)

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
What is the aim of fire protection? To protect the building occupants, building structure, building
properties and avoid fire from spreading out. Fire protection is divided into two categories which
are active fire protection and passive fire protection. Active fire protection includes everything
manual or automatic fire detection and fire suppression.
Passive fire protection is those that allow fire to act upon the system itself, to compartmentalize
and contain the fire to save lives and to protect the structure which are different to active fire
protection. It is a planning matter and must be consider at the planning stage in the building design
in terms of mitigation of fire hazard and fire risk. According to Parisa Zraati, effective passive fire
precautions represent good planning, good design and sound construction, which could
complement other basic functions of a building. (Zraati, 2016). The benefits of having passive fire
protection in the building are to offer protection to the occupants by giving them more time to
evacuate the building during the event of fire while ensuring a safe places for the occupants to
escape from the fire. In addition, passive fire protection minimize the chances of the fire to spread,
thus protecting the assets in the building by limiting the movement of the flame and smoke. Besides
that, it also makes the structure of the building more fire-resistant because passive fire protection
was involve in the designing and concept stage of the construction. It protects the building against
the effect of fire while maintaining its service ability and minimizing the rebuild costs while
minimizing the danger of fire causing the building collapse or structural failure. ("Passive Fire
Protection - Protek Interiors", 2016)
Considering all these benefits, effective passive fire protection can provide optimum safety for the
building’s users. Passive fire protection system are used and can be used wherever service
including floors, walls, ceilings, pipe, and etc. Passive fire protection ensures the fire resistance
integrity and insulation of the building is protected if it is installed correctly. ("Passive Fire Protection
- Protek Interiors", 2016)

2.2 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is one of an important component of a structural fire protection and
fire safety in a building. It begins at the designing and concept stage in the building design. Good
planning and design will affect the effectiveness of the passive fire precautions. PFP ensure the
safety and give protection to the occupants even in the event of the failure of the active protection
system.
2.2.1 PURPOSE GROUP AND COMPARTMENT
Ikon Connaught have more than one purpose which are Group V (Shop) and Group IV (Office).
The first five floors are rented out as shops and restaurants with five levels of office above.
2.2.2 FIRE APPLIANCE ACCESS
Vehicular access to the exterior of a building is needed to enable high reach appliances ladders &
hydraulic platforms to be used and to enable pumping for firefighting and rescue activities. By law
140 (UBBL), the proportions of the building perimeter must be accessible to the firefighting
appliances. All building that is more than 70003m shall attach to access road or open area with
minimum width 12 meters. According to the general requirement for DBKL and BOMBA, the
building must have an access road with width 6m that can support loads of 25 tones as indicated
in plan. From the figure 2.2, it is stated that the width of the access road is 6m width which fulfils
the requirement of DBKL and BOMBA.
UBBL 1984 – 5TH SCHEDULE
Group IV (Office) Office, or premises used for office purposes, meaning thereby the purposes of
administration, clerical work (including writing, book keeping, sorting papers, filling,
typing, duplicating, machine-calculating, drawing, and the editorial preparation of
matter for publication), handling money and telephone and telegraph operating.
Group V (Shop) Shop, or shop premises, meaning thereby premises not being a shop but used for
the carrying on there of retail trade or business (including the sale to members of
the public of food or drink for immediate consumption, retail sales by auction, the
business of lending books or periodicals for the purpose of gain, and the business
of a barber or hairdresser) and premises to which members of the public are invited
to resort for the purpose of the delivering their goods for repair or other treatment or
of themselves carrying out repairs to or other treatment of goods.

UBBL 1984 – SECTION 140
All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of
not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportions of the
building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance with the following scale:
Volume of building in cubic meter Minimum proportions of perimeter of
building
7000 to 28000 One-sixth
28000 to 56000 One-fourth
56000 to 84000 One-half
84000 112000 Three-fourth
112000 and above Island site
Figure 2.1: The exterior of ikon Connaught with the access road
(Source: http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1641593)
Figure 2.2: Access road on the proposed plan
(Source: Ikon Connaught)
6m width
6m width
10m width
7m width + 7m width

2.2.3 COMPARTMENT WALL AND FLOORS
The spaces in the building are divided into smaller compartments for safety management reasons
and it’ll be easier to manage the building during the fire event. Compartment wall can limit the
spread of fire while restricting the movement of smoke inside the building. Besides, it also optimize
evacuation routes during fire event and enable each of the compartment to have their own fire
protection system so that it’ll be easier to prevent it from spreading to the whole building. The
material used for the walls are fire rated brick wall and Gypsum Board Plasterboard. Gypsum
Board is an excellent fire-resistant building materials. Other than being good in fire resistance, the
advantages of using Gypsum Board Plasterboard is that it is a good sound isolation which is
suitable for the Ikon Connaught because it have two purpose group which are Shop and Office. It
can prevent or minimize the noise coming from the shops into the office. According to the person-
in-charge, Mr Ang, the material used in Ikon Connaught provide fire resistance such as concrete
flooring, brick wall and Gypsum Board Plasterboard for the shops. The concrete being non-
combustible material, provide a division between the floors. Thus, it act as a compartment between
the floors. The same goes to the brick wall and Gypsum Board Plasterboard which act as a
compartment for the shops.
UBBL 1984 – 5th SCHEDULE
Purpose Group Building height Limit of Dimensions
Area of
compartment floor
(meter square)
Volume of the building
or compartment
(cubic meter)
Shop Any height 2000 7000
Store & General Exceeding 28m 1000 No limit
UBBL 1984 – SECTION 162
(1) Fire door of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.
(2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having
a FRP in accordance with the requirement for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these
By-Laws.
(5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet
the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS
476:1951.

– –
Figure 2.3: The compartment wall with FRP door placed besides it
Figure 2.4.: The location of the compartment wall
1
2

2.2.4 MEANS OF ESCAPE
Means of escape is the designated areas used as means of escape for the occupants to escape
from the fire using enclosed corridors or emergency staircase inside the building to reach the final
exit door in the building which leads the occupants to the safe place. Ikon Connaught provided a
safety measure using zoning where occupants can get to the nearest emergency staircase in the
building. Once the fire alarm starts to trigger alarming the occupants, those from Sector 1 will use
the emergency staircase 1 and the same goes to the occupants from the sector 2 and 3. Team
leader will give instruction and guide the occupants during the confusion. The team leader works
in the same area so it’ll be easier for them to get to the area and guide the occupants. Then, the
occupants will walk down in pairs until they reach lower ground and proceed to the designated
assembly point located next to the building.
Figure 2.5: Diagram showing the circulation with different sector

Figure 2.6: The sector based on the 1st floor plan

2.2.4.1 FIRE DOORS
A fire door is a door with fire resistance period used as part of passive fire protection to reduce the
spread of fire or smoke between the compartments providing some time for the users to evacuate
the building. Once the occupants enter the exit staircase through the fire door, they will be
protected for 1 hour inside it until they reach the ground floor and escape from the building. The
fire rated timber doorsets used in the Ikon Connaught complies fully with the SIRIM and JABATAN
BOMBA requirements with fire rating of one (1) hour. According to the person in charge, Mr. Nazrul
Hisham, they used fire door in every staircase located in the building. The fire door located at the
emergency staircase are locked always and will be unlock when the fire occur. The emergency
door lock system will automatically unlock all the fire door when the fire alarm starts to trigger. In
case the door is still lock when the fire occur, we can break the glass and unlock the door by
ourselves. There’s a CCTV provided in every corner where the people from the control room can
see the emergency fire door and door lock in case someone broke it and unlock the door. The fire
door have to be close all the time to prevent the fire from spreading out in case there’s a sudden
break out.
UBBL – SECTION 162.
 Fire doors of the appropriate Fire Resistance Period (FRP) shall be provided.
 Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in
accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Scheduled to these By-Laws.
 Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the
requirements for relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 2 of BS 476 : 1951.
UBBL – SECTION 164.
 All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closer to the hydraulically spring operated type in the
case of the swing doors of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding door.
Figure 2.8: The SIRIM and BOMBA approvalFigure 2.7: The fire rated door

Figure 2.10: The sector based on the 1st floor plan
Figure 2.11: The measurement of the fire
doorset used in the Ikon Connaught
(Source: http://www.midah.com.my/prod-
fireResistant.htm)
Figure 2.12: Horizontal Section of the doorset
(Source: http://www.midah.com.my/prod-
fireResistant.htm)

2.2.4.2 EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNAGE
The emergency exit signage found in Ikon Connaught are placed above every fire rated doors with
no surrounding decoration, to indicates the safe and shortest way to evacuate the building during
fire event. Moreover, the emergency lights are installed within so that it’ll still stay active even
though the power are cut off. This is to ensure that it can guide the occupants within the building
to escape the building. In Malaysia, the exit signage is written in Bahasa Melayu and the letter is
in block letter so that it’ll be visible enough.
2.2.4.3 FIRE EMERGENCY STAIRCASE
The fire resistant escape stairs found on site were made of reinforce concrete stairs enclosed with
walls that are only assessable through the fire rated door. This dimension of the stairs allows two
to three person width to provide a smooth flow of a large number of occupants during the fire event.
The common length of the staircase is 1100mm with 900mm height of handrails. The staircase is
much longer than the common staircase.
SECTION 172
 Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured
by any decorations, furnishing or other equipment.
 A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where
the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.
 Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150mm high with
the principle strokes of the letters not less than 18mm wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black
background.
 All exist signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.
Figure 2.13: Emergency Exit Signage

––
UBBL SECTION 168
 The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at
landings.
 Except as provided for in by law 194 every upper floor shall have means of access via at least
two separate staircases.
 The required width of staircase shall be clear width between walls but handrails may be
permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 7.5 millimetres.
 Tiles on staircase-risers maximum 180mm and thread minimum 255mm.
UBBL SECTION 169
 No exit route may reduce in width along its path
UBBL SECTION 178
 In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a streets or large open space,
together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or
protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place during a fire event.
Figure 2.14: Emergency Staircase
960mm
Figure 2.15: Location of the emergency staircase
Staircase 3
Staircase 1
Staircase 2
1160mm

2.2.5 FIRE & SMOKE CONTROL
2.2.5.1 FIREGUARD ROLLER SHUTTER
A fire shutter is a bit similar to the fire walls or glass partitions but it is not permanently visible and
remain fixed in one place. It can be move into its operational position in the event of fire. A fire
shutter are wired into the building’s fire detection system and will close automatically when it gets
the signal from the fire alarm. Moreover, it can have its own heat detector. Nowadays, fire shutter
have become much more sophisticated with the combination of Fire Detection Interface (FDI) panel.
("Understanding Fire Shutters: a Guide for Specifiers", 2016). It can deploy to a pre-determined
safe height to act as a smoke barrier while allowing people to escape from the place. Then, closes
fully to create a fire resistant barrier.
Figure 2.16 Block motor fire shutter Figure 2.17 Fireguard Roller Shutter

The fireguard roller shutter are used in level 1 to level 4 to block the open area in partition so that
it’s easy for the fans to extract the smoke out. It is the role of fire shutter to help prevent a fire from
rapidly spreading by compartmentalise a building. ("Understanding Fire Shutters: a Guide for
Specifiers", 2016). Thus allowing people to evacuate safely and help make the work of the
emergency services easier. There’s two types of fireguard roller shutter which are Tubular motor
fire shutter and Block motor fire shutter. In Ikon Connaught, they used Block Motor Fire Shutter
because it’s suitable for larger openings. Refer to figure 2.16, the traditional shutter comes with a
motor fitted externally and it can be seen unlike the tubular motor where it is fitted within the barrel.
Figure 2.18 Location of the fireguard roller shutter on first floor plan

2.2.5.2 FIRE CURTAIN
In Ikon Connaught, they have fire curtain located in the genset room, switch room, gear room, pam
room, switch gear and transformer room where all the non-water based room are located. These
room will be using CO2 gas to extinguish the fire whereas the TNB sub station will be using FM200.
The cooling ventilation is placed inside the room because of the heat that come from the generator
that increased the temperature of the room and this will affect the work of the generator. The
cooling ventilation built inside the generator room is to keep the motor in normal condition and
maintaining the room temperature through the cool air ventilation. Moreover, the fire curtain is
placed on the it because the machine have holes in between so when fire occur the fire curtain will
close the cooling ventilation machine for the gas to go to the pam room, switch gear and
transformer. The fire curtain is put with this machine in case when the fire occur the fire won’t get
inside the room.
Figure 2.19 Cooling Ventilation

2.3 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
2.3.1 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Fire protection system is divided into two parts, passive and active system. As for active fire
protection system, it is an automatic fire protection system that includes components such as
detectors, fire alarms, sprinklers, hose reels and fire extinguisher which act as a warning of an
outbreak of fire and to put out fire.
Ikon Connaught Mall uses Carbon Dioxide (Figure 2.25) and ABC dry powder (Figure 2.26) fire
extinguisher as part of their fire protection system. Carbon dioxide can only be use when there is
fire involving electricity apparatus and class B (flammable liquids) liquid fires. Carbon dioxide works
by displacing oxygen or taking away the oxygen element of the fire triangle. The carbon dioxide is
also very cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well. CO2s may be
ineffective at extinguishing Class A (solids: wood, paper, cloth) fires because they may not be able
to displace enough oxygen to successfully put the fire out. Class A materials may also burn and
re-ignite. This type of extinguisher is recommended for outdoor use. The person in charge should
not inhale the gases produced by the thermal composition.
As for the ABC dry powder fire extinguisher (figure 2.26), it consists of dry powder with compressed
nitrogen as the propellant. When the powder is layered on the fire, it will cut the fuel off from the
oxygen around it, hence, it will put out the fire. The ABC dry powder fire extinguisher can put out
fire from class A (solids: wood, paper, cloth), B (flammable liquids), C (flammable gasses), E
(electrical equipment).
CONE-SHAPED
HORN
MAINTENANCE
RECORD SHEET
Figure 2.25: Carbon dioxide fire
extinguisher
Figure 2.26: ABC Dry Powder
fire extinguisher

The fire extinguishers include mounting bracket, safety pin, squeeze lever, discharge nozzle and
pressurize with nitrogen at 150 psi to give a throw of effective range of 5.7.5 meter and discharge
the contents within 10-15 seconds. The fire extinguisher is labeled with operation instruction
together with illustrations. (Operation and Maintenance Manual, Fire Protection Services)
2.3.1.1 ABC MULTI-PURPOSE DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHER
The operating lever is held in a locked position to prevent accidental discharge. A safety ring pin
must be pulled out before the operating ground and while loosely holding the combination handle
in one hand, pull the ring pin with other hand then grasp the hose and nozzle and squeeze the
discharge lever. (Operation and Maintenance Manual, Fire Protection Services)
2.3.1.2 CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHER
What differentiates the ABC dry powder and carbon dioxide fire extinguisher is the large, black,
cone-shaped horn which can only be seen on the carbon dioxide extinguisher. The purpose of the
cone is to allow the carbon dioxide gas to expand, cool and turn into a mixture of frozen ‘snow’ and
gas. The design of the cone has to be has to easily allow the carbon dioxide to exit at high speed,
so that snow that forms does not block it from exiting smoothly. Furthermore, it also has to mix up
the gas in fairly turbulent way in order to stop it from firing air from the horn to the fire as well which
will cause more fire.
Figure 2.27 : How does the carbon dioxidefire
extinguisher works
(Source: US Patent & Trademark Office)
The numbers indicate how does the carbon
dioxide extinguisher work:
10. Tank containing pressurized liquid
carbon dioxide.
12. Valve.
14. Trigger.
16. Discharge horn made of plastic that can
survive low temperatures without cracking.
18. Reinforcing bands wrap around horn at
intervals.
20. Nipple with a screw thread to which the
horn attaches.

Once the carbon dioxide enters the horn, it will swirl around in a turbulent flow (orange arrows)
(Figure 2.27) forming snow and gas. The swirling turbulence stops the dead air zones that might
be forming inside the horn, which will prevent air being swept down the horn toward the fire. The
minimum charged time varies from 8 to 30 seconds, depending upon the size. The maximum of
the discharge stream is 1m to 2.4m.
2.3.1.3 MAINTENANCE
Fire extinguisher needs to be inspected at least once a month by the owner or the person in charge,
whereas the maintenance needs to be check at least once a year. Maintenance is a thorough
check on the fire extinguisher and it needs to be recorded on the label place on the fire extinguisher.
The reason to do so is to ensure everyone’s safety and making sure that the fire extinguishers can
operate well during emergency.
Maintenance guidelines:
 First and foremost, make sure the fire extinguisher is in a location that makes it readily
accessible.
 Ensure that the fire extinguisher is set up properly for easy handling, and that nothing
is obstructing access to any parts of it, including the hose.
 Be certain that the fire extinguisher is adequately charged at all times, and ready for
use. Regularly check the pressure dial to see if it needs to be charged.
 Verify that the pull pin is properly secured within the handle and held in place by the
tamper seal.
 Examine the fire extinguisher for any cracks, dents, or rust on its shaft which might
hinder its performance.
 Check that there is a visible instruction label on the fire extinguisher, and that it is legible
in case of emergency.
Make sure that no modifications were made to the fire extinguisher that might affect its
performance level.

According to UBBL, the portable fire extinguisher should be designed, tested, installed and
maintained.
The fire extinguishers should be located at noticeable location, where it is easily spotted and near
the room exits, corridors, stairways, lobbies, and landings. It should also be placed within recessed
closets if sited along protected corridor to prevent obstruction. Furthermore, it should also not be
placed more than 20m from a potential fire hazard and not at a location where fire might prevent
access to it.
In Ikon Connaught Mall the particular carbon dioxide fire extinguisher (Figure 2.25) is located inside
the any room that uses electrical equipment as it cannot use water. It is one of their safety steps
in case of any emergency that might occur in the room where as the ABC dry powder fire
extinguisher (Figure 2.26) is placed mostly inside the premises in case of any emergency as the
ABC dry powder fire extinguisher can put out more fire from different classes and can be use at
public spaces.
- 2 types of fire extinguisher
used in Ikon Connaught (dry
powder & CO2 fire extinguisher)
Figure 2.28: Fire Extinguisher Chart
(source:http://www.gibfire.gi/extinguishers)
UBBL 1984
CLAUSE 227
“Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in
prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be
of the same method of operation.”

Figure 2.29 Location of ABC dry powder fire
extinguisher on floor plan
Figure 2.30 Location of ABC dry powder
fire extinguisher in the building
Figure 2.31: Detail of fire extinguisher installation 9kg dry powder
(source: Ikon Connaught)
Figure 2.32: Detail of fire extinguisherinstallation 2.0kg CO2 extinguisher
The placement of the fire extinguisher from the ground is 1000mm.

2.3.2 HOSE REEL SYSTEMS
Fire hose reels systems are located at strategic places inside the building in order to provide a
reasonably accessible and controlled supply of water for fire extinguishing. A hose reel system is
usually used at the early stages of fire. Fire hose reel systems usually consists of pumps, pipes,
fire water storage tank and hose reels. Ikon Connaught uses a swing type hose reel which can be
pulled out in any direction. The hose reels are located on every floor. Some hose reels are being
placed inside a small room together with hose cradle, fire extinguisher and landing valve where as
some are being placed outside along the corridor (Figure 2.4( or in the basement. (Figure 2.33)
Figure 2.33 Hose reel located in the basement
Figure 2.34 Hose reel located inside the building

Requirements of hose reel:
 Each hose reel outlet discharges 30 l/min of water within 6 metres coverage.
 Rubber hoses are typically 30m in length and 25mm in diameter
 Pipework for hose reel is generally 50mm diameter and the feed to hose reel should not
be less than 25mm diameter.
Location of the hose reel:
 At every 45 metres (depends on the form of the building)
 At every floor level
 Usually located at each floor along the escape routes or beside exit doors or staircase
Figure 2.35 Detail of hose reel located at Ikon
Connaught (source: Ikon Connaught)
a) The size of the hose reel drum
is 560mm
b) 25mm diameter galvanised
iron ‘B’ ball valve is used
c) 50mm diameter galvanised
iron ‘B’ hose reel pipe is used
d) The hose reel is placed
1000mm from ground.
UBBL 1984
1) Dry rising mains should not exceed 60m to avoid excessive pumping pressure.
2) The diameter should be 150 mm if higher outlet is higher than 22.875 meters above the breeching inlet.
The breeching inlet is situated not more than 18 meters from the access road and not more than 30
meters away from the fire hydrant.
a
b
c
d

Hose reel system is manually operated and activated by opening a valve enabling the water to
flow into the hose. The system pressure loss will activate the pump ensuring adequate water flow
and pressure to provide a water jet of typically a minimum of 10 meter from the nozzle. Each hose
reel drum was equipped 25mm diameter x 30 meter rubber hose with Jet and Spray nozzle. A ball
valve (Figure 2.37) was install before each of hose reel drum for easy maintenance. The valve
must be kept in close position all the time. An adjustable nozzle is fitted to each hose. The nozzle
can be adjusted to vary the throw and flow rate of water supply.
Figure 2.36 Location of hose reel at Lower Ground level

2.3.2.1 HOSE REEL PUMPS
Hose reel system consists of two types of pumps which are duty pump (Figure 2.38) for duty
operation and standby pump (Figure 2.38) for standby operation. The duty pump is controlled by
emergency genset or diesel. The sized to flowrate of 4 horse reel in operation 120 l/min at running
pressure of 2 bars. Each hose reel pump sets is connected to a 25mm diameter pressure sensing
pipe. The sensing pipes are then connected to the pressure switches. The operation of the pump
depends on the system pressure switches which are used to start and stop the pumps to maintain
the required water pressure. The pump sets pressure setting (Figure 2.40) has been labelled at
the respective pressure switch to indicate the cut in and cut out pressure.
Figure 2.37 25mm diameter galvanised iron ‘B’ ball valve
Figure 2.38 Duty pump and standby pump Figure 2.39 Jockey pump

The pipeline of the hose reel is pressurized at all time. When the 25mm diameter hose reel gate
valve is turn on, the hose is pulled out and water from the nozzle will discharge making the pressure
in the pipeline drop. Once the pressure in the pipeline drops, below the preset value of sprinkler
or wet riser pump pressure switch, the jockey pump (Figure 2.39) will run automatically. When the
hose reel used is shut off, the pressure in the pipe-line will build up again and when it reached the
cut out pressure of the duty and standby pump. It will automatically stop. Reserved water is stored
in the tank which is available to be used in any emergency of hose reel system that has been used.
(Operation and Maintenance Manual, Fire Protection Services)
The hose reel pump sets are located inside the pump room. The pump room can be located
anywhere in the building provided that it must be ventilated either manually or automatically. In
Ikon Connaught Mall the pump room is located at the Lower Ground floor (Figure 2.41) as it is easy
to access in case of any emergency and it is located at the same floor as the maintenance office.
Figure 2.41 Location of pump room
Figure 2.40 Hose reel pump set

FIGURE 2.42 in A3

2.3.3 WET RISER SYSTEM
Wet risers are used to supply water within the buildings in case of big fire. For buildings where by
the topmost floor is higher than 30.5 metres above the fire appliance access level requires to use
wet riser system. Wet risers are charged with water from a pressurised supply. The water will be
pumped from a storage tank usually located in the pump room. The water will then be supply to
the landing valves which is located on each floor. Ikon Connaught uses wet riser system the
building consists of 13 levels including basement.
Ikon Connaught they use 3-way wet riser landing valve. The landing valve which is 65mm in
diameter is connected to the wet riser supply pipe which is 150mm in diameter. The wet riser
supply pipes are located on each floor along with the landing valve. All the landing valves are
complete with a coupling adapter. The couplings are screwed directly onto the discharge outlet of
the landing valve.Canvas hose is provided at each landing valve with 30 meter in length and 65mm
in diameter. These hoses are stored on a hose cradle which is near the landing valve. Each canvas
hose is completed with a diffuser nozzle. Ikon Connaught uses a 4-way breeching inlet (Figure
LANDING VALVE
HOSE
CRADLE
CANVAS
HOSE
COUPLING
ADAPTER
ADAPTER
Figure 2.43 Components of wet riser
UBBL 1984
1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkle and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red.
2) All cabinet and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installation and extinguisher shall be clearly
identified to the satisfaction of Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified.
3) Each riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5mm coupling fitted with a hose of not less than 38.1mm
diameter equipped with and approved types cradle and variable fog nozzle.
4) Building with more than 11-storeys high should have a fire hydrant on the ground floor and a landing
valve on each floor except the ground floor.
5) Installation of the landing valve and the fire hose reel must not be 30 meter.
6) The system must be provided to every floor near the fire staircase.

2.45) which is installed at the external ground level at the pump room. The inlet is installed for the
fire department to pump the water from the fire engine into the wet riser tank. The connection is
used by the fire department to add more of the permanent water supply from the storage tank and
provides a desirable secondary water supply.
Figure 2.44 Detail of Landing Valve located in
Ikon Connaught (source:Ikon Connaught)
a) 150mm diameter galvanised iron
‘C’ wet riser pipe
b) Landing valve
c) Hose cradle
d) Landing valve is placed 1000mm
from ground
e) Hose cradle is placed 300mm
from ground and 650mm in width
Figure 2.45 Location of 4 way breeching inlet
a
b
c
d
e

Breeching outlet should be placed at the bottom of the riser and be kept inside an enclosed box
with labelling. A drain shall be provided at the bottom to drain the system after use. It should also
be located not more than 18 metres from fire appliance access road and not more than 30 metres
from the nearest fire hydrant. (Fire Protection In Buildings, Ar. Sateerah)
2.3.3.1 WET RISER PUMP
Wet riser pump (Figure 2.46) includes 3 types of pumps, duty pump (Figure 2.49), stand by pump
(Figure 2.49) and jockey pump (Figure 2.48) which has smaller flow rate. Each pump sets are
connected via pipe manifolds. The duty and standby pump will be operated once the landing valve
has been operated. Jockey pump will be activated even if a small pressure drops in the system. It
will be activated to increase the pressure to correct operating pressure in order to prevent the duty
and stand by pumps from activating.
The pump sets (Figure 2.47) pressure settings has been labelled at a respective pressure switch
to indicate the cut in and cut out pressure. When the pressure is lower than the respective pressure,
it will automatically start up the jockey pump. The pump sets pumping the water is also known as
‘Wet Riser Supply’. (Operation and Maintenance Manual, Fire Protection Services)
Figure 2.47 Wet riser pump set Figure 2.48 Jockey pump
Figure 2.46 Wet riser pump

2.3.3.2 RISER PIPE
 The diameter shall be 150mm if highest outlet is higher than 22.875 metres above the
breeching inlet.
 If the highest outlet is lower than 22.875 metres, then 100mm diameter pipe shall be use
instead.
 Air release valve should be installed at the top of the riser to relief trapped air in the system
Ikon Connaught uses 150mm diameter galvanised iron as their pipe for channelling water for wet
riser system as the building is more than 30 metres in height.
Figure 2.49 Duty and stand by pump

FIGURE 2.50 in A3

2.3.4 EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANTS
Fire hydrant is an active fire protection measure with a source of water provided with public water
service. It helps to provide extra water sources for fire fighters during fire emergency. Fire hydrant
system is a water supply with sufficient pressure and flow delivered through pipes throughout the
building to the located network valves. A hose will be attached to the fire hydrant during fire
emergency to allow more water to assist fire fighters. To boost the water pressure, the hose can
also be attached to the fire engine by powerful pump. Fire hydrant is divided into 2 types, 3 ways
fire hydrant and 2 ways fire hydrant. In Ikon Connaught, they use 2 ways fire hydrant which is
located near outside near the road opposite the pump room where the breeching inlet is located.
2.3.5 AUTOMACTIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM
Sprinkler system is an active fire protection measure. It is series of water pipes which are supplied
by a water supply. Sprinkler system consists of sprinkler heads and sprinkler pumps and work
closely with alarm and smoke detector. The sprinkler heads (Figure 2.52) is located at selected
intervals along the pipes inside the mall. Its function is for water distribution to put out fire. The
alarm (Figure 2.53) works as an emergency alert for the occupants when fire occurs. Smoke
detector (Figure 2.55) works to detect the fire that occurs and activate the sprinkler.
Figure 2.51 2 ways fire hydrant
UBBL 1984
The distance of the hydrant pillars shouldn’t be less than 6 meters from the building. This is to allow fire fighter to
operate the hydrant safely from the burning building.

In Ikon Connaught the sprinklers are located on every floor except for the rooms that cannot use
water to put out fire such as the electrical room. The sprinkler is located in every shop and all
throughout the building. They are two types of sprinkler heads use which are recessed pendent
sprinkler head (Figure 2.52) and upright sprinkler head (Figure 2.54). Recessed pendent sprinkler
head is uses inside the building where as the upright sprinkler head is use in the parking basement.
UBBL 1984
Clause 228
1) The distance of one sprinkler to next is 4.6 m maximum for extra light hazard class.
2) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily
accessible to the Fire Authority
3) All sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and
automatic relay of the alarm when activated
Figure 2.55 Smoke DetectorFigure 2.54 Upright Sprinkler Head
Figure 2.52 Recessed Pendent Sprinkler Head Figure 2.53 Fire Alarm

The sprinkler heads (Figure 2.52 & 2.54) are glass bulbs filled with liquids that is connected to the
pipework. When the fire occurs, the heat detector will detect the heat and the alarm bell will be
activated as well. Due to excessive amount of heat in the area, it will expand the liquid inside the
glass bulbs thus causing the glass to break and release water to put out fire. The water comes
from the water source tank from the pump room and the signal will be send to the control room.
In Ikon Connaught, every sprinkler is design to its own temperature thus it will activate individually
when it is heated. Usually, the activation temperature of the sprinkler is stamped on the sprinkler
link or at the frame base. Sprinklers that have temperature ratings more than 65 degrees C are in
colour coded. Most sprinklers discharge around 75-95 litre per minute (L/min). Sprinkler for special
applications are design up to 380 L/min.tg
Figure 2.56 Location of Fire Sprinkler on first floor
(source:Ikon Connaught)
Fire Sprinkler

2.3.5.1 SPRINKLER SYSTEM LAYOUT
The automatic sprinkler system is hydraulically designed to provide a water spray density in
accordance to the Loss Prevention Council requirements. The sprinkler system is divided to 3
pumps. One pump is to serve the basement, the other is to serve the upper floors and the wet riser
which has its individual set of pumps and tanks. The pumps in Ikon Connaught are located at the
ground level inside the pump room. (Figure 2.57)
The sprinkler alarm control valve is located in the fire pump room. Each alarm valve has been
labelled and indicated the area and floor serving. In Ikon Connaught, the pump sets (Figure 2.58)
will pump water into the main riser. Every zone of the building is provided with one number of flow
switch and one number of butterfly valve complete with micro-switch. The flow switch and butterfly
valve is located outside the main distribution pipe for each floor. The butterfly valve is installed in
‘Open’ position at all time where as the micro switch is installed to monitor the position of the
butterfly valve. The purpose of floor butterfly valve is to temporary shut off for ease of possible
maintenance.
Figure 2.57 Location of pump room for storing sprinkler pump

The jockey pump (Figure 2.60) is to maintain the system pressure and will be activated when there
is a small leak in the sprinkler system or a small drop in system pressure. It will operate to increase
pressure to correct operating pressure, which prevents the standby and duty pumps from activating.
Standby pump (Figure 2.61) shall be powered from emergency generator or diesel engine driven.
Figure 2.58 Sprinkler pump
sets
Figure 2.59 Flow Switch and Butterfly Valve Installation Detail

In Ikon Connaught, a 4-way breeching-inlet is installed at the external ground level (Figure 2.62),
so that the fire department can pump the water from the fire engine or any other source of water
into the sprinkler water tank or alarm valve header. This is to increases the amount of water if it is
not enough.
Figure 2.60 Jockey Pump Figure 2.61 Standby and Duty pump
Figure 2.62 Location of 4 way breeching sprinkler inlet (150mm diameter)

2.3.5.2 MAINTENANCE
The sprinkler itself is a reliable device and required less maintenance. Sprinkler which has been
service for 50 years need sample testing and at 10 years interval thereafter. Fast and quick
response sprinklers, should be sampled after 20 years of service and at 10 years interval thereafter.
(Operation and Maintenance Manual, Fire Protection Services)
2.3.6 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
Fire alarm system usually consists of break glass, alarm bells (Figure 2.65), smoke and heat
detector (Figure 2.63 & 2.64), buzzer, sirens flash light and emergency light (Figure 2.63). Fire
alarm system provides audible and visual alarm signals for the occupants. The signals may be
coming from the manual operation of break glass or automatic operation equipment such as heat
detector or smoke detector.
There are two types of fire alarm system which are the two stage system and single alarm system.
In Ikon Connaught, they use the single alarm system. In single alarm system, it is designed that
when the alarm signal is activated, it will immediately transmit throughout the building to warn the
occupants that there is a fire emergency.
Figure 2.63 Smoke detector and
emergency light
Smoke
detector
Figure 2.64 Heat detector Figure 2.65 Break glass and
alarm bells.
Alarm
bell
Break
glass
Emergency
light

Figure 2.66 Diagram of fire alarm signal line
The alarm will either
be manually
operated through
break glass or
automatically
operated in the
control room.
The alarm bell will
then transmit
throughout the
building

2.3.6.1 FUNCTIONS
2.3.6.1.1 SMOKE DETECTOR AND HEAT DETECTOR
The function of smoke and heat detector (Figure 2.63 & 2.64) is to detect the smoke and heat that
is coming from the fire. The smoke detector and heat detector is the early stage in detecting if fire
has occurs in the building. Due to it heat sensing circuit in the heat detect, it can sense the
increases in temperature. The device will then sends signal to the control room which will activate
the alarm signs and signals.
2.3.6.1.2 ALARM BELL AND BREAK GLASS
Alarm bell is an audible fire alarm system. In case of emergency the occupants needs to break the
break glass in order to activate the alarm bell system to warn the people inside the building or it
will be activated automatically from the control panel. Alarm bell should provide a minimum sound
level 65dB(A) or +5Db(A) above any background noise which is likely to persist for more than 30
seconds. In Ikon Connaught, the alarm bell can either be operated manually or automatically. The
alarm bell and break glass are usually located at a visible place and easy to reach within the area.
In Ikon Connaught, they have a special system for fire alarm which is the addressable system. The
whole plan of Ikon Connaught (Figure 2.76) is indicated with lights as to where the break glass
location is. When the fire occurs, the smoke detector and heat detector will detect the smoke thus
the indicator will light up and show the location of the fire. The plan is located inside the control
room which is at the Level Ground floor.
Figure 2.67 One of the floors for the addressable system which is located in the control room (fire mimic panel)

Figure 2.68 Detail of alarm bell and break glass installation
a) Break glass is
placed
1500mm from
floor level
b) Alarm bell is
placed
2100mm from
floor level
a
b
UBBL 1984
1. All floors must built in with smoke detector and lift not opening to a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening
devices controlled by light beam or photodetectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty
seconds of any interrupted of the beam causes the door to close within a present time.
2. All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square
meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation
(continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal)
be given in adjoining section.

2.3.7 FIXED GAS INSTALLATION
Fire suppression system is usually use in rooms where there are electrical appliances and water
cannot be use. Fixed gas installation includes Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and FM200. In Ikon
Connaught, the special rooms will use CO2 and FM200 as part of their fire protection. The rooms
included are the switch room, gen set room, switch gear and transformer room which uses the
CO2 where the TNB sub-station room uses FM200.
All these rooms have electrical appliances thus it must use the fixed gas installation as part of their
fire protection system. In Ikon Connaught, the rooms are located at the ground level. The system
does not link to the common system. It is an individual system, it caters only for the particular room.
In case if fire occurs, the system will only be activated inside the respective room only.
1
2
3
4
Figure 2.69 Location of the special areas
1) GENSET ROOM (CO2)
2) CONSUMER LV
SWITCH ROOM (CO2)
3) CONSUMER HV SWITCHGEAR &
TRANSFORMER ROOM (CO2)
4) TNB SUB-STATION ROOM (FM200)

In the gen set room, they use the ‘double knock’ system. The ‘double knock’ system works when
the fire occurs and the smoke will rise upwards to the detector smoke. When the heat inside the
room reach a certain level, the heat detector will detect the heat and confirms of fire. Once the
signal has been sent, the gas will be discharge. The fire curtain (Figure 2.71) will automatically
close in order to prevent the smoke from escaping the room.
Figure 2.71 Fire Curtain inside the genset room
Figure 2.72 Location of CO2 control panel
which is outside the genset room
Figure 2.70 Location of CO2 gas inside the genset room
CO2 control panel
and alarm bell
Manual
discharge key
switch

2.3.7.1 FM 200
FM- 200 is a compound that consists of carbon, fluorine and hydrogen. It is colourless, odourless,
electrically non-conductive and suppresses fire by interrupting the combustion process and
removing heat energy from the fire to the extent that the combustion process cannot sustain itself.
In Ikon Connaught FM200 gas is used inside the TNB Sub Station room. (Fire Protection In
Buildings notes, Ar Sateerah)
2.3.7.2 CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
CO2 systems is fast, efficient and adaptable to a wide range of hazards, the discharge of carbon
dioxide (a low-cost clean agent) is non-damaging to property and electrical conductive.
Benefits of using CO2:
 Fast- CO2 able to penetrates the entire hazard areas to smother the combustion within
seconds
 Environmentally Friendly- CO2 exitst as a gas in the earth’s atmosphere and is one of the
by-products of combustion. Thus, it does not have any environmental impact
 Non-damaging- CO2 does not cause spoilage, requires no clean up and leaves no residue
 Non-conductive- CO2 is electrically non-conductive, allowing use for a wide variety of
special applications
 Adaptive- CO2 is effective on a wide range of flammable and combustible materials
(Fire Protection In Buildings notes, Ar Sateerah)

2.3.8 CONTROL ROOM
The control room is the central of the building where almost every important thing is located in case
of emergency. The control room is where the main control panel is located which consists of
intercom system (Figure 2.73), fire mimic diagram (Figure 2.75) and dot matrix printer is located.
Other things also include digital alarm communicator (Figure 2.76), notifier (Figure 2.77) and CCTV.
2.3.8.1 INTERCOM PANEL
In any large building complex, fighting fire is a high risk job. The purpose of the intercom panel is
to allow an easy communication facility between the fire chief commanding the fire fighting and
rescue operation. At each landing of a fire escape staircase, one unit of the intercom is provided
and it is connected to the control room.
Figure 2.73 Intercom panel
UBBL 1984
Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a
command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to
monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire
detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire
station by passing the switchboard

2.3.8.2 FIRE MIMIC DIAGRAM
Fire mimic diagram show the location of the break glass and fire alarm on each floor inside the
Ikon Connaught. In case there is fire and the break glass has been break, a red light will appear
on the panel showing the location of where the fire occurs. This system is known as addressable
system. This method is easier for the personnel and fire fighter to monitor the building when fire
occurs.
Figure 2.74 Intercom provided at
emergency staircase and fireman switch
Intercom
Figure 2.75 Fire mimic diagram located
inside the control room
Fireman switch
- Used by firemen to
turn off the power
supply to electrical
equipment in case of
fire to prevent the
overheated equipment
from exploding.

2.3.8.3 DIGITAL ALARM COMMUNICATOR
The Fire Communicator is a complete digital alarm communicator transmitter for use with
compatible fire alarm control panels. When fire occurs, the digital alarm communicator will link
directly to the bomber services.
2.3.8.4 NOTIFIER
The notifier is connected to all the fan and smoke control ventilation. The function of the notifier is
to provide the capability to control and display the status of air handling unit (AHU) fans or dampers.
It is easier for the personnel to monitor the AHU inside the building.
Figure 2.76 Digital Alarm Communicator
Figure 2.77 Notifier located inside the control room
Network
control
annunciator

2.3.9 SMOKE EXTRACT (SMOKE SPILL) SYSTEM
Smoke spill system is a fire protection measure that uses balanced ventilation to avoid smoke from
accumulating indoor during fire event. The smoke spill system activates in 5 minutes after the fire
alarm is trigger. The centralized air conditioning system will be closed as the chiller is stop. The
smoke spill system use blower to exhaust and create suction force to exhaust all the toxic smoke.
Outdoor air is supply by the smoke spill axial fan. The smoke spills are located on the roof. It’ll only
operate during the fire event when the fire alarm trigger. The signal from the fire alarm will reach
to the Smoke Spill Panel then the smoke spill fans will run and discharge out the building.
Figure 2.20 Smoke Spill System located on the roof
(supply air)
Figure 2.21 Smoke Spill System located on the roof
(extract air)
Figure 2.22 Smoke Spill System Schematic Diagram
For Upper (L Penthouse – L6) and Lower (L5 – L3) Attrium Areo)

2.3.9.10 PRESSURIZATION SYSTEM
Pressurization provides pressure differences that oppose and overcome those generated by
factors causing movement of the smoke.("SMOKE CONTROL PRACTICE IN MALAYSIA | Ashrae
Malaysia Chapter", 2016). Pressurized staircase functions as to restrain smoke from coming
inside the emergency staircase and keep the exit routes smoke free during the event of fire, lending
precious minutes for the building’s user to evacuate the building safely. In pressurization, air is
injected from the pressurize system located on the roof into the protected escape routes, which is
the emergency staircase, and raise the pressure inside the staircase slightly above the pressure
in adjacent parts of the building. Consequently smoke or toxic gases will be unlikely to find their
way into escape routes. With this it can hold the fire for a while from spreading throughout the
whole building. It is used when the staircase is approached directly from the accommodation space
or through a simple lobby. As for Ikon Connaught, the staircase is not approached directly from
the accommodation space but for extra precaution they still have the pressurization system. When
the system in the control room detect a fire, the power supply to where it was detected with the
floor above and below it will be shut down. The smoke extract (smoke spill) system will be in
Figure 2.23 Stairwell Pressurized System
UBBL 1984 – Clause 249 – 252
Smoke and heat venting in large buildings, natural draught smoke vent, and smoke vent for exit safety to be
designed to prevent accumulation of smoke during evacuation and manual vents must be operable by Bomba
from outside.

operation on the floor on fire. The staff from the control room will give out voice communication
and instruct occupants on these three floors to evacuate. This happens for the first three (3)
minutes after the fire detected.
UBBL 1984
 Every upper floor to have minimum 2 staircase except buildings lower than 12m that comply with Clause
194 (a single staircase may be permitted in any building the top most floor of which does not exceed 12
meters in height).
CLAUSE 195 (staircase to reach roof level)
 In building exceeding 30 meters in height, all staircase intended to be used as means of egress shall be
carried to the roof level to give access thereto.
Figure 2.24 Systematic Diagram for Pressurization Staircase
This part
will be
pressurize
d
Power shutdown
Power shutdown

INTRODUCTION
Air conditioning or also referred as AC serves the main purpose of achieving thermal comfort and
maintaining the indoor quality within a building. In short, it is described as the technology of indoor
and vehicular comfort. It achieves its goal by replacing the indoor air with fresh air as well changing
the air properties within the building by controlling the temperature, humidity to a more suitable
and comfortable environment. In common use, an air conditioner is a device that removes heat
from the air inside a building thus lowering the air temperature. The cooling is typically achieved
through a refrigeration cycle. Air conditioning systems can also be made based on desiccants.
The main use of air conditioning is to control the air within the building. Air conditioning is the
process of altering the properties of air primarily the temperature and humidity through mechanical
means. It can also be referred as the total control of temperature, air humidity, and air cleanliness.
Every building that uses air conditioner has its own air conditioning system that can convert the
humidity and temperature in a building as well as air ducts that control the flow of air within the
building. Different air conditioning systems has different advantages and is chosen depending on
requirements of the building. Several types of air conditioning are split air conditioner and
centralized air conditioner.
The types of air conditioning systems used are based on the building size, type and its environment.
Large building requires a centralized air conditioning system. This system is easier to control as a
whole and normally works better to hold at a certain temperature and usually used in a big space.
On the other hand, split unit air conditioners are used in smaller space and can adjust the
temperature separately. The air conditioning is chosen based on the specific spaces and area in
order for it to be both functional and cost effective.

3.2 CHILLED WATER CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING PLANTS
Centralized chilled water air conditioning system is used in Ikon Connaught as it is a mixed-use
building comprising of 8 floors and 3 basement levels. Figure 3.1 shows the overview flowchart of
the components in the system. Chilled water that are cooled from the chiller is pumped to the fan
coil unit in various floors of the building. Then, the warm water is circulated back to the chiller and
cooling tower to be cooled. The water is pumped back to the chiller and it continue to circulate in
the system.
Figure 3.1: Flowchart of the Components in Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning Plants in Ikon Connaught
Water Cooled Chiller
Chilled Water
Pump Unit
Condensed Water Pump Unit
Fan Coil Unit
Cooling Tower
33-35 °C
28-30 °C28-30 °C
6-8 °C
6-8 °C
12-14 °C

3.2.1 WATER COOLED CHILLER
Water cooled chiller system is used in Ikon Connaught. It is a refrigeration system that removes
heat from liquid via vapor compression process. The chillers are located in the plant room on the
roof level. There are 4 chillers used in the system, 2 screw compressor chillers and 2 reciprocating
compressor chillers. Screw compressor is a compressor that has two screws fitted together in
stationary housing. While reciprocating compressor is a compressor that uses pistons that driven
by a crankshaft and it delivers small amount of refrigerant at high pressure (Industrial Chillers, n.d.).
The screw compressor chillers with capacity of 600tons are used during the operation hour of the
building which is from 8am-6pm. It is then switched to the 300tons reciprocating compressor after
the operation hour since the demand has decreased.
Figure 3.3: Reciprocating Compressor Chillers in the Plant Room
Figure 3.2: Types of chillers and the locations on roof level
Screw
Compressor
Chiller
Reciprocating
Compression
Chiller

3.2.1.1 COOLING CYCLE
The type of evaporators used in Ikon Connaught are shell and tube evaporators in which the
refrigerant flows through the tube side and the process flow through the shell side of the chiller unit
(Industrial Chillers, n.d.). The evaporator changes the liquid refrigerant into gas to absorb heat.
Then gas is then compressed by the compressor to increase the pressure. Later, the condenser
removes heat from the refrigerant vapour and converts the gas back into mixture of liquid and gas
that circulate back to the evaporator. On the other hand, there is a thermal expansion valve that
controls the amount of refrigerant flow into the condenser, hence controlling the superheating at
the outlet of the evaporator.
Figure 3.4: Detail of Chiller Piping Connection
(Source: Ikon Connaught )
MS1525 (2007)
8.2 System and equipment sizing
8.2.1 Air conditioning systems and equipment shall be sized to provide no more than the space and system loads
calculated in accordance with clause 8.1 above, consistent with available equipment capacity. Redundancy in
capacity of equipment, if incorporated into the sizing of the duty equipment, should include efficiency devices such
as variable speed drive, high efficiency motor, efficient unloading devices, multi compressors etc so as not to
diminish the equipment/system efficiency when operating at varying loads.
8.2.2 Where chillers are used and when the design load is greater than 1000 kWr, a minimum of two chillers or a
single multi-compressor should be provided to meet the required load.
8.2.3 Multiple units of the same equipment type, such as multiple chillers, with combined capacities exceeding the
design load may be specified to operate concurrently only if controls are provided which sequence or otherwise
optimally control the operation of each unit based on the required cooling load.
8.2.4 Individual air cooled or water cooled direct expansion (DX) units greater than 35 kWr (reciprocating
compressor) or 65 kWr (scroll compressor) should consist of either multi compressors or single compressor with
step/variable unloaders.

3.2.2 CHILLED WATER PUMP UNIT
There are 4 chilled water pumps (2 primary pumps and 2 standby pumps) located nearby the
chillers in the air-conditioning plant. The pumps are connected to the chillers and the pipes are
labelled to indicate the supply and return flow. The chilled water supply flow comes from the
evaporator section in the chillers and it is pumped at high pressure to the fan-coiled unit at various
floors. There are little to no pressure loss problems in the chilled water system as the losses in the
pressure are accommodated by the sufficient capacity of the pump (Khemani,2009). Later, the
return flow with absorbed heat is pumped back to the chiller from the fan coil units and the cycle is
continued.
Figure 3.5: Locations of chilled water pump on roof level (highlighted in blue).
Figure 3.6: Rows of chilled water pumps in air conditioning plant
(blue pipes).
Figure 3.7: Chilled water pipe
labelled with CHWR

MS1525 (2007)
8.15 Preventive maintenance. The owner should implement preventive maintenance system and schedule
periodic maintenance on all the critical items of air-conditioning systems such as compressors, cooling towers,
pumps, condensers, air handlers, controls, filters and piping.
ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1 (2004)
6.5.4 Hydronic System Design and Control. HVAC hydronic systems having a total pump system power
exceeding 10 hp shall meet provisions of 6.5.4.1 through 6.5.4.4.
6.5.4.1 Hydronic Variable Flow Systems. HVAC pumping systems that include control valves designed to
modulate or step open and close as a function of load shall be designed for variable fluid flow and shall be
capable of reducing pump flow rates to 50% or less of the design flow rate. Individual pumps serving variable
flow systems having a pump head exceeding 100 ft and motor exceeding 50 hp shall have controls and/or
devices (such as variable speed control) that will result in pump motor demand of no more than 30% of design
wattage at 50% of design water flow. The controls or devices shall be controlled as a function of desired flow or
to maintain a minimum required differential pressure. Differential pressure shall be measured at or near the most
remote heat exchanger or the heat exchanger requiring the greatest differential pressure.
Exceptions to 6.5.4.1:
(a) Systems where the minimum flow is less than the minimum flow required by the equipment manufacturer for
the proper operation of equipment served by the system, such as chillers, and where total pump system power
is 75 hp or less.
(b) Systems that include no more than three control valves.
6.5.4.2 Pump Isolation. When a chilled water plant includes more than one chiller, provisions shall be made so
that the flow in the chiller plant can be automatically reduced, correspondingly, when a chiller is shut down.
Chillers referred to in this section, piped in series for the purpose of increased temperature differential, shall be
considered as one chiller.
6.5.4.4 Hydronic (Water Loop) Heat Pump Systems. Each hydronic heat pump shall have a two-position
automatic valve interlocked to shut off water flow when the compressor is off.

3.2.3 FAN COIL UNIT
Fan coil unit is a small terminal unit composed mainly with blower and cooling coil to recirculate
and cool the indoor air. It is economical and convenient as it uses water as the cooling medium,
thus eliminating the need for the checking and maintenance required by the F gas regulations.
There are two types of fan coil unit, two-pipe fan coil unit and four-pipe fan coil unit. The two-pipe
fan coil unit which consists of one chilled water supply pipe and one return pipe is used in Ikon
Connaught (Figure3.8).
3.2.3.1 COOLING PROCESS
Figure 3.8: Chilled water piping connection for FCU in common area
Chilled water
return pipe
Chilled water
supply pipe
Figure 3.9: Diagram of concealed fan coil unit in Ikon Connaught
air in air out
Return
grille
Filter Diffuser

Chilled water is pumped to the concealed FCU installed in the ceiling void. The chilled water pipes
are connected to the cooling coil. Besides, the return air grille (Figure3.11) and supply air diffuser
(Figure 3.10) are ducted to the FCU too. Room air is drawn into the FCU through the return air
grille and it is filtered to reduce the air contaminants in the air conditioned space. The air then
passes through the cooling coil and the heat is removed, hence lowering the temperature of the
air. Then, the cooled air is ducted back into the interior through the diffuser and the cycle is
continued.
Figure 3.10: Supply air diffuser on the ceiling Figure 3.11: Return air grille on the ceiling
Figure 3.12: Exposed FCU unit and diffuser
MS1525 (2007)
9.6.3 Terminal Units Terminal units include variable air volume (VAV) boxes, fan coil units (FCU) and split units
should be started and stopped by the EMS. Some applications may require a number of fan coil units or split
units to be grouped together as a common zone for start and stop control by the EMS.

Figure 3.13 LOCATIONS OF FCU IN A3!!

3.2.4 COOLING TOWER
Cooling tower is a heat rejection devices used to abstract heat from the chillers to the atmosphere.
The cooling tower uses the water evaporation to reject process heat and cool the water to almost
the wet bulb air temperature. As some water will get evaporated during the process, water storage
tank is ducted to the cooling tower to replaces the water loss. The atmospheric-cooled water is
then recirculated back to the chiller through condensed water pump.
Figure 3.14: Location of cooling tower at the roof level in Ikon Connaught
Figure 3.15: Cooling Tower on roof level Figure 3.16: Sand filter
connected to cooling tower to
filter out impurities

ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1 (2004)
6.5.2.2.3 Hydronic (Water Loop) Heat Pump Systems. Hydronic heat pumps connected to a common heat
pump water loop with central devices for heat rejection (e.g., cooling tower) and heat addition (e.g., boiler) shall
have the following: (a) Controls that are capable of providing a heat pump water supply temperature dead band
of at least 20°F between initiation of heat rejection and heat addition by the central devices (e.g., tower and
boiler). (b) For climate zones 3 through 8, if a closed-circuit tower (fluid cooler) is used, either an automatic valve
shall be installed to bypass all but a minimal flow of water around the tower (for freeze protection) or low-
leakage positive closure dampers shall be provided. If an open-circuit tower is used directly in the heat pump
loop, an automatic valve shall be installed to bypass all heat pump water flow around the tower. If an open-
circuit tower is used in conjunction with a separate heat exchanger to isolate the tower from the heat pump loop,
then heat loss shall be controlled by shutting down the circulation pump on the cooling tower loop.
Exception to 6.5.2.2.3: Where a system loop temperature optimization controller is used to determine the most
efficient operating temperature based on real-time conditions of demand and capacity, dead bands of less than
20°F shall be allowed.
G3.1.3.11 Heat Rejection (Systems 7 and 8). The heat rejection device shall be an axial fan cooling tower with
two speed fans. Condenser water design supply temperature shall be 85°F or 10°F approach to design wet-bulb
temperature, whichever is lower, with a design temperature rise of 10°F. The tower shall be controlled to
maintain a 70°F leaving water temperature where weather permits, floating up to leaving water temperature at
design conditions. The baseline building design condenser water pump power shall be 19 W/gpm. Each chiller
shall be modelled with separate condenser water and chilled water pumps interlocked to operate with the
associated chiller.

3.2.5 CONDENSED WATER PUMP UNIT
Condenser water pump unit is a set of pumping device to channel the condenser water from cooling
towers to the chillers by using mechanical forces. There are total of 4 condensed water pumps (2
primary pumps and 2 standby pumps) located in the air conditioning plant in Ikon Connaught. The
condensed water pipes are coloured in green and labelled with CDWS for easier distinguishment
(Figure 3.18).
Figure 3.19: Detail of Chiller -Condenser
water pump piping
(Source:Ikon Connaught )
Figure 3.17: Location of condensed water pumps at the roof level
Figure 3.18: Condensed water
pipe labelled with CDWS

Figure 3.20 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM IN A3!

3.3 SPLIT UNIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
In Ikon Connaught, split unit air conditioning system is installed in the security room, fire control
room, and electrical room which have occupants during off hours (Nazrul Hisham, 2016). Split air
conditioning system is a smaller unit of air conditioner that is installed onto the wall of the room
that can easily be control by the occupants by the thermostat depending on their preference.
The split unit air conditioning system is flexible compared to centralised air conditioning system as
the temperature can be changed separately through a thermostat so that the temperature in one
area may differ with another area using another split unit air conditioning system.
Split unit air conditioning system consists of two main parts: indoor and outdoor unit. The indoor
unit of the split AC is installed inside the room to be air conditioned or cooled while the outdoor
unit is installed outside the room to be air conditioned in the open space. The indoor unit is usually
placed on the wall of the room and consists of evaporator, cooling coil, cooling fan, and air filter.
Meanwhile, the outdoor unit is placed outside the building and consist of compressor, condenser,
and expansion valve etc.
Figure 3.21 Diagram of split air conditioning system
Source : http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/45044-parts-of-the-split-air-condioners-outdoor-unit/
Outdoor unit
Indoor unit

3.3.1 PROCESS OF SPLIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
A split system air conditioner works by extracting hot air and humidity from the air inside the
building and expelling them through the compressor into the air outside the building. Refrigerants
inside the compressor then cool air from outside and pass them into the indoor unit though copper
pipes, where the fan blows the chilled air around the room.
3.3.2 INDOOR UNIT
Components of indoor unit:
Evaporator
In this system, refrigerant circulates continuously between the indoor evaporator coil and the
outdoor condenser coil. As it circulates through the evaporator coil installed in the indoor air
handler, warm air is drawn through the coil by the blower. Heat energy is transferred by the
evaporator coil surfaces into the cold refrigerant, which is conveyed through an insulated line from
the air handler to the outdoor condenser unit. When the refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator,
it absorbs heat from the surrounding air and produces cooled air.
Figure 3.23 Image of the evaporator unitFigure 3.22 Split unit air conditioner (indoor unit) in the
electrical room in Ikon Connaught

Blower / Cooling fan
The blower or cooling fan is one of the key components that are needed as part of the air
conditioning system. It transfer warm air away and circulates cooled air into the building and pulls
room-temperature air back for re-cooling. The blower exhausts air from the indoor environment
and conveys it through the evaporator. Then, the air is now cool and distributed back into the
environment.
Air filter
The function is to clean the air that circulates through the heating and cooling system such as the
blower and evaporator coil. The air filter trap dust, pollen, and other particles as air moves through
the air conditioning system. Filtration usually occurs when expended air is brought back into the
HVAC equipment to be conditioned and distributed again. The air is forced through the filter, and
the material removes dust and other contaminants from the air.
Figure 3.24 Image of the blower Figure 3.25 Image of the air filter

3.3.3 OUTDOOR UNIT
Components of outdoor unit
Compressor
The compressor is the heart of the cooling cycle. The cycle begins when the compressor draws in
cool, low-pressure refrigerant gas from the evaporator and compresses the refrigerant from low
pressure to high pressure. It then discharges it to the condenser. At this point, the refrigerant gas
is carrying heat taken from the building.
Condenser
Hot compressed refrigerant gas leaves the compressor and is condensed to liquid in the condenser.
As refrigerant condenses inside the condenser coil, heat energy is rapidly released.
The condenser is the final point of heat exchange, where heat is transferred from the refrigerant to
the atmosphere. The coil fan blowing over the condenser surface disperses this heat into outdoor
air. The condenser capacity must be sufficient to reject heat taken from the building in the
Figure 3.26 Image of the outdoor unit of split air conditioner
used In Ikon Connaught (Lim, 2016)
Figure 3.27 Image of the compressor unit
Figure 3.28 Image of the condenser unit Figure 3.29: Expansion Valve

evaporator and heat added by the compressor. The condenser is also covered with the aluminium
fins so that the heat from the refrigerant can be removed at a faster rate.
Expansion Valve
Is a system that controls the amount of refrigerant flow into the condenser hence controlling the
superheating at the outlet of the evaporator. The high pressure and medium temperature
refrigerant leaves the condenser and enters the expansion valve, where its temperature and
pressure drops.
3.3.4 CONCLUSION
Observation shows that split air conditioning system in Ikon Connaught are usually installed in the
enclosed area where it is accessible by certain people only. This is good as it helps to reduce
excessive use of electricity and usage by the occupants.

According to Butler (2002), mechanical ventilation is defined as mechanical means of supplying
fresh air to the indoor paces. Usually, large HVAC system is popular among buildings as it provides
mechanical ventilation while controlling the indoor temperature and moisture.
The ventilation system usually involves in either extract or supply of air or both at once. Balanced
ventilation system supplies and extract the indoor air, while exhaust ventilation only extract the air.
Supply ventilation only involves in supplying fresh air into the indoor.
For the process to happen, fans with filters and conditioners are used as the main component to
supply outdoor fresh air into an enclosed space through air louver. The air is transfer through
ducting. According Butler (2002), the vertical ducting is the most efficient way for transfer stale air
as the flow of air is aid by pressure and fan movement. On the other side, horizontal ducting
controls the air movement by solely fan movement.
The stale air in the room is extract out through a return air duct where a splitter damper release
part of the air to outdoors while part of it back to be mix with fresh air.
If stale air sensors notify controls that the interior spaces need more fresh air, the ventilation
processed will be further increased by a dedicated exhaust fan to draw out more fresh air.
It is noted that the supply air inlet or louvers should be placed away from return air outlets, cooling
tower exhaust, other exhaust airstream, service area or plumbing vents. Screen are placed to
avoid obstruction of insects, birds and nests.
The three types of mechanical ventilation are:
(a) Flow tracking. The fresh air requirements are based on similar amounts required by
similarly occupied space.
(b) Demand controlled. The fresh air requirements are dependent on the specific function of
the space.
(c) Air pressure management. Fresh air requirements are based on pressure differential
between s.a.p. sensors located in the adjacent spaces.
Different types of ventilation are used in different situation (Butler, 2002). Ikon Connaught building
uses balanced ventilation system, exhaust ventilation system and supply ventilation in their
building. In the case, supply ventilation are used in stairs and lifts for fire protection purpose.
Different types of ventilation are applied to the different needs of ventilation.

4.2 BALANCED VENTILATION SYSTEM
Balanced ventilation system involved the process of supply and extract indoor. Both of the
processes use machine to achieve adequate air movement to exchange the indoor air. This type
of ventilation is used in spaces that are enclosed or located internally ("Info-611: Balanced
Ventilation Systems (HRVs and ERVs)", 2016).
.
4.2.1 BASEMENT CAR PARK VENTILATION SYSTEM
UBBL 1984
249. Smoke and heat venting.
In windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke venting facilities shall be provided
for the safe use of exit.
Third Schedule
7. Mechanical ventilation systems in basement areas.
(2) Basement or underground car parks shall be provided with mechanical ventilation such that the air exhausted
to the external atmosphere should constitute not less than six air changes per hour. Air extract opening shall be
arrange such that it is not less than 0.5 metres above the floor level period system.
Figure 4.1: Balanced Ventilation System
(Source: http://buildingscience.com/documents/information-sheets/info-611-balanced-ventilation-systems )

The basement area of Ikon building includes car park, staircase and lift. It is located beneath the
surface of ground where natural ventilation is not sustained by its surrounding. Mechanical
ventilation is used to discharge the stale air and supply fresh outdoor air. This is necessary as toxic
fumes such as carbon monoxide and flammable gases are released from the vehicles in the car
park. During fire event, the ventilation system also functions to exhaust the toxic smoke to prevent
accumulation of gases that are harmful to the occupant.
Centralized balanced ventilation extracts and supplies air to multiple points through ductwork from
separate central fan. The supply air fan, axial fan and extract fan facilitate the ventilation process
in the basement area. The fan duct also supply air to the staircase and lift altogether with the car
park area. As refer to figure 4.3, the plan of Ikon building shows the ventilation for the basement
car park.
Figure 4.2: Balanced Ventilation System
(Source: http://buildingscience.com/documents/information-sheets/info-611-balanced-ventilation-systems )

Figure 4.3: Ventilation system in Basement.
Axial Fan

4.2.1.1 COMPONENTS AND OPERATION OF VENTILATION SYSTEM
UBBL 1984
156. Protected shafts as ventilating duct.
(1) If a protected shaft serves as, or contains, a ventilating duct –
(a) the duct shall be fitted with automatic fire dampers together with or without subducts as Australian Standard
1668: Pt. 1:1974, so constructed at such intervals and in such positions as may be necessary to reduce, so far as
practical, the risk of fire spreading from a compartment to any other compartment or such other provision shall be
made as will reduce such risk so far as practicable; and
(b) the duct shall not be constructed of, or lined with, any material which substantially increases such risk.
(a) Smoke spill axial fan is used to draw in air and supply to the basement. Air is then transfer
to the basement through the air duct shaft to the wall height air slot to the wall mounted
supply grille (Figure4.4). Full weld stainless steel ductwork is used due to its corrosion
resistant properties. The fan, ducting and grille helps to supply the outdoor air into the
carpark area.
Figure 4.4: Wall mounted supply grille on the wall of basement.
Figure 4.5: Supply grille
(Source:https://www.limaregister.com/comm
ercial-grds/registers-grilles)

(b) Wall height air slot (Figure4.6) is a void behind the wall that provides space for the air to
slow. The tall vertical air slot causes air pressure thus increasing the velocity of airflow. At
the end of the air slot is connected to an axial smoke spill fan (Figure4.7) that aid in create
air movement.
(c) On the other end of the basement, smoke spill fans are also used to extract stale air inside
the basement. It also connects to the air slot and exhaust grille (Figure4.8) that drain the
air to create negative pressure to ensure the stale air is extracted out. (figure 4.3)
UBBL 1984
Third Schedule
5. Openings for mechanical ventilation for air-conditioning system,
Where mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is provided –
(a) Foul air shall not be discharged into an airwell
(b) The underside of openings for the exhaust of air from any mechanical ventilation or air conditioning plant
shall not be less than 2.5 metres from any external pavement, road way, ground level or similar external
surface;
Figure 4.8: Exhaust grille located at basement
Figure 4.6: Section of Full Wall Height Air Slot.
Figure 4.7: Smoke Spill Axial Fan
(Source:http://www.indiamart.com/panelspowermovers
/smoke-spill-axial-fans.html)

Building Services Report

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Building Services Report

Similar to Building Services Report (20)

More from Cindy Lim

More from Cindy Lim (18)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Building Services Report