Christo Ananth, V. RamKumar, N. Padmavathi, I. Chandra, R. Renugadevi, Darwin Nesakumar A, “An Intelligent Light Assisted Wireless Vehicle Communications using Visible Light Communication”, 2023 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication and Applied Informatics (ACCAI) | 979-8-3503-1590-5/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ACCAI58221.2023.10199320

1. 1
An Intelligent Light Assisted Wireless Vehicle
Communications using Visible Light
Communication
V. RamKumar1
, N. Padmavathi2
, I. Chandra3
, R. Renugadevi4
, Christo Ananth5
, Darwin Nesakumar A6
1
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, R.M.K. Engineering College, Chennai
2
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, R.M.D. Engineering college, Chennai.
3
Professor, Department of ECE, Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, Chennai
4
Associate Professor, Department of CSE, R.M.K. Engineering College, Chennai.
5
Professor, Samarkand State University, Uzbekistan
6
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, R.M.K. Engineering College, Chennai.
E-mail : vrr.ece@rmkec.ac.in1, padmavathirmd@gmail.com2, chandra.i@ritchennai.edu.in3, renubalume@gmail.com4,
dr.christoananth@gmail.com 5, 6adn.eee@rmkec.ac.in
Abstract- Using wireless technologies like Wi-Fi or
WiMAX, a VANET enables communication between
and among moving vehicles as well as Road Side Units.
As VANETs develop, their potential uses will increase.
As well as safety apps, it is expected that automobiles
will be able to run entertainment apps like those that
allow passengers to share media or connect to the
internet while on the go. Most of the time, this is what
causes your mobile data plan to go over. Cooperation
driving is intended to increase passenger and driver
safety by allowing cars to exchange and receive
emergency or help-related communications with one
another. Keeping a safe distance between vehicles is
essential for avoiding collisions, and inter-vehicle
communication is a very efficient means of achieving
this goal through the exchange of information between
moving machines. Messages about reckless driving,
gasoline leaks, and other issues are broadcast. Data
transmission between automobiles via Li-Fi
technology is accomplished by LED panels, with
photodetectors on the receiving end for data reception.
Due to the absence of a protocol requirement, the
complexity of this application is greatly reduced. Using
Li-Fi is a certain way to get lightning-fast data
transfers and do your part to protect the planet.
Index Terms— Visible Light Communication, LiFi,
wireless communication technologies.
I.INTRODUCTION
New and innovative, Li-Fi replaces radio waves with
pulses of light to transmit data, making it a major
step forward in the field of light-based
communication. Using Li-Fi technology, data can be
sent and capacity can be unlocked using the visible
light spectrum, which is 10,000 times larger than the
radio spectrum. To some extent, the shortage of
available radio frequencies can be compensated for
by using the vast, open, and unlicensed visible light
spectrum. Antilock brakes, speed sensors, and
automatic vehicle positioning systems are only some
of the features monitored by intelligent
transportation systems. Yet, most people can't afford
the high price tags associated with sports cars and
other luxury automobiles. Hence, we need to come
up with a technology that can be installed in every
car.
It's becoming increasingly important for consumers
to be able to connect to the Internet regardless of
where they happen to be. This huge rollout of
wireless infrastructure is a direct result of the
meteoric rise in mobile data traffic. Hence, co-
channel disturbance has become a significant
capacity limiting problem, and the scarce RF
spectrum is being subjected to aggressive spatial
reuse. As a result, there have been several warnings
of an impending "RF spectrum crisis" as mobile data
needs rise and network spectral efficiency plateaus
despite the introduction of new standards and
significant advances in technology. Recent research
[1] [2] has suggested that VLC might be useful in
resolving this issue.
VANET is a technique that allows for the creation of
a mobile network by employing moving vehicles as
network nodes. It is a special kind of mobile ad hoc
network (MANET). Every car has its own
communication device that can function as a
wireless router and a communication node, and that
2023
International
Conference
on
Advances
in
Computing,
Communication
and
Applied
Informatics
(ACCAI)
|
979-8-3503-1590-5/23/$31.00
©2023
IEEE
|
DOI:
10.1109/ACCAI58221.2023.10199320
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2. 2
it does not need to be connected to a network. An ad
hoc network is a transient network that forms when
there is no preexisting or centrally controlled
network infrastructure. Any vehicle in a VANET
acts as a wireless router or node, enabling those
within 100 to 300 metres of one another to join and
form a wide area network [11]. As one car leaves the
network because it is no longer within range of the
signal, other vehicles can join in, forming a kind of
mobile Internet as vehicles link with one another. As
a result of its potential safety benefits, this
innovation is anticipated to be used initially by
emergency vehicles like police cars and fire trucks.
Vertical handoffs, horizontal handoffs, hard
handoffs, soft handoffs, essential handoffs,
alternative handoffs, downhill handoffs, and upward
handoffs are all examples of state-of-the-art work in
VANET [12]. Scientists have taken into account
things like decision methods, node mobility,
clustering, and various technologies in their study,
including things like LTE (Long Term Evaluation),
WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access), and the two-antenna method. Among the
most promising new technologies, Li-Fi is based on
wireless communications using visible light and may
be used to facilitate communication in a
communication environment and to execute handoff
at a lower cost [3, 4], [5, 13]. Visible Light
Transmittal is seen in Figure 1.
Forward Vehicle
Traffic Signal
Following Vehicle
Internet
V2VCommunication
LED Display
Figure 1. Visible Light Communication
VANETs come in three different architectural
flavours: WLAN, fully ad hoc networks, and hybrid-
mode networks. Wireless local area network
(WLAN) or access point linked to roadside units
(RSUs) is what's known as vehicle-to-infrastructure
communication (V2I). The second category, known
as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, uses
on-board units (OBUs) to exchange data at very low
frequencies among moving vehicles. In the third
group, V2V and V2I methods of interaction are
combined. The term "handoff" refers to the process
by which data is moved between two areas of
network coverage that are physically separated
because of the shorter range of the outgoing channel.
The transition from one entity to another consists of
the following stages: Analyzing and identifying
networks: In this step, we scan for available wireless
networks and assess the quality of their signals
based on the acknowledgements we get. Here is
where the call is made as to when and between
which access points a handoff should occur.
Procedures for Handoff: During this step, the data
necessary to route a packet to a different channel is
transferred. Depending on the circumstances, a
handoff might be either horizontal or vertical, hard
or soft, mandatory or optional, downward or
upward, based on the network, or client-based, with
or without client assistance.
II.RELATED STUDY
In order to reduce traffic accidents, vehicle-to-
vehicle communication has shown to be the most
effective strategy. In article [6], the author proposes
using light-emitting diode bulbs as a kind of Li-Fi
connectivity, with information being transmitted
using the electromagnetic spectrum as an optical
wireless channel. This technology has the potential
to significantly reduce the number of lives lost in
traffic accidents. In order for cars to talk to one
another while travelling within touching distance,
they use ultrasonic sensors to measure separation.
In-car LI-FI allows for the wireless transfer of data
between vehicles. Media files, documents, and other
kinds of information can all be sent and received
using LIFI. This plan has the potential to be
implemented with little effort and greatest
effectiveness. LED-based illumination is widely
utilised in modern activities, and its advantages—
fast switching, excellent power economy, and safety
to human vision—make it a promising candidate for
use in communication. So, this project will explore
eco-friendly data transmission between automobiles
using visible light, which is comprised of white
LEDs that transmit auditory signals to the receiver.
In addition to improving the efficacy of existing RF
communication, the future looks bright for very low
latency (VLC) transmissions.
During the 1990s, autonomous vehicles have been
the subject of a lot of study. Continuous wireless
communications between vehicles or vehicles and
the infrastructure are crucial for the success of
autonomous vehicles. It is possible to see vehicular
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3. 3
visible light communications (V-VLC) as an
alternative technology to radio frequency (RF) based
communications. For V-VLC, regular vehicle lights
work just fine. In addition to its increased security, it
makes use of the unrestricted bandwidth present in
the visible light spectrum. The influence of road
surface imperfections or the road topography on
fluctuations in the received signal-to-noise ratio is
unknown, despite the fact that numerous research
have been conducted in this field (SNR). In article
[7], we build a channel model that incorporates the
car's suspension system in terms of angular relations
and vertical movement due to the car's vibrations on
bumpy roads. Using the model, we can evaluate the
SNR in various situations.
Visible Light Communication (VLC) allows for
localized data transmission by light beams as an
alternative to radio waves. They have qualities that
make them well-suited for use in ADAS (Advanced
Driving Assistance System) software for use on
mobile devices. According to the research in paper
[8], a smartphone needs access to a car's private
data. It's crucial that this information is transmitted
accurately. We do this by developing and deploying
a VLC system comprised of a customized book light
and a USB optical transmitter. Our model has these
two parts permanently installed into a car. Our VLC
system is well-suited to this level of mobility
restriction. When compared to RF communication,
our VLC system's consistent short-range
communication, low transmission power, and line-
of-sight (LOS) property are significant advantages.
This fits the bill well for achieving a safe and
confidential data transmission in ADAS systems. In
this paper, a commercial LED-based VLC prototype
is introduced and evaluated. Our experimental
evaluation demonstrates that our VLC prototype is
feasible for delivering adequate data connection
quality and can function on resource-constrained
systems.
Several experts believe that Visible Light
Communications have great promise for facilitating
communication-based car safety technologies due to
its many benefits. Among the primary applications
in this field is the transmission of data from vehicles
to infrastructure. Nevertheless, the dependability of
VLC systems is severely compromised by the
external communication route. In article [9], the
author conducts extensive daytime testing on a
similar VLC link. The goal is to analyse and
emphasise the effect of sunshine on the
performances of the links by experimentation,
determining the effects of sun power and sun
direction on VLC. The exploratory inquiry also aims
to find security flaws so that they can be fixed in the
future. We improved the design of a photodiode-
based VLC receiver by employing an unique
logarithmic transimpedance configuration, and we
employed a standard-compliant LED traffic light as
the VLC emitter in this system. The findings of the
experiments demonstrated that sunlight may
significantly affect VLC in the open. Nevertheless,
they also demonstrated that VLC can handle 50 m
conversation ranges in transportation components
with the right system architecture and suitable signal
conditioning.
To improve transportation reliability and
effectiveness, among the best alternative is
communication-based vehicle safety technologies.
Because to their low cost, wide availability, and
uncontrolled emission spectrum, visible light
communications (VLC) hold considerable potential
for advancement in this area. Yet, the criteria set by
vehicle safety purposes are beyond the capabilities
of current VLC systems. The ability to communicate
across long distances is one of the most pressing
areas for improvement. In this light, author [10]
reports initial experimental findings of a
revolutionary VLC system that allows for
communication between traffic lights and vehicles at
a distance of 130 metres. The implementation of a
phototransistor-based VLC detector for increased
sensitivity, a logarithmic transimpedance
amplification circuit to dampen the impact of
parasitic light and prevent photoelement
concentration. As far as we are aware, this is the
furthest range a VLC link has been successfully
established in an automobile.
III.METHODOLOGY
Li Fi The radio frequency spectrum is becoming
increasingly congested, but the emergence of visible
light communication (VLC) using the enormous
unregulated and free light spectrum offers hope. The
optical networked communication known as light
fidelity (Li-Fi) is a type of very-long-range (VLC)
used to offload mobile data traffics. The idea is to
use a Li-Fi network with an existing RF wireless
infrastructure. The downlink transmitter in a Li-Fi
network is lit by white LED lights. In most cases,
the LEDs will have a steady current delivered across
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4. 4
them. Increasing the rate of current variation leads to
a corresponding increase in optical output. The
necessary data may be simply encoded and delivered
by adjusting the rate at which the LEDs flicker.
Adding more LEDs to the system allows for
simultaneous information transfer, and changing the
ratio of red, blue, and green LEDs allows for
different frequencies of light to be used to encode
multiple data channels.
Transmitter Section
Arduino
UNO
ADXL335
PING
PIC 16F877
IR2110/IR2113
LiFi Transmission
model
MOSFET
Speed Sensor
Figure 2. Transmitter Section.
Using Li-Fi technology and LED light, the
suggested system makes it simple for one vehicle to
send data to another. By using this strategy, we can
reduce the likelihood of vehicular mishaps. Data
transfer using Li-Fi technology is expected to
become increasingly important in the future. As the
number of users on a WiFi network grows, issues
such as slow speeds and signal interference become
increasingly common. Li-Fi is the optical wireless
connection for data, music, and video streaming in
LEDs, which greatly decreases traffic congestion
and ushers in a safer, greener, and more prosperous
future without radio waves, which have been shown
to be hazardous to living things. The vibration
detector is employed to identify potential collision
zones, while the detector is used to estimate the
distance between close cars. Transmitter and
receiver configuration shown in Figure 2.
Receiver Section
Arduino UNO
LiFi Transceiver
model
UART Mobile
Figure 2. Receiver Section.
The microcontroller is the heart of the system being
suggested here. PIC 16F877 is the microcontroller
utilized. The microcontroller is linked to all the
parts. The input unit, the output unit, and the control
unit are the three main components. Accelerometers
and ultrasonic sensors serve as input devices. The
distance between the two cars is determined using an
ultrasonic sensor, which then sends that data to a
microcontroller. As the driver makes a left or right
turn, the accelerometer records that information and
sends it to the micro controller. The microprocessor
and the car's three buttons or switches are in charge
of the vehicle's three functions—accelerating,
decelerating, and applying the brakes. In this case,
the prototype for the DC motor is the vehicle's
wheels. The pulse width modulation of a MOSFET
driver regulates the motor's speed. The data about
the transmitter car is shown on an LCD in the output
device. You can see information like how fast you're
going, how far apart the cars are, and which way
you're pointing the steering wheel.
PIC MICROCONTROLER
The programmable integrated circuit (PIC)
microcontroller was the first microcontroller to
implement the reduced instruction set computer
(RISC) architecture. An acronym for "Reduced
Instruction Set Computer," or RISC. Due to a
dedicated data bus and an isolated instruction bus,
both types of memory may be accessed at the same
time.
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5. 5
ULTRA SONIC SENSOR
In this experiment, a parallax PING ultrasonic sensor
was employed. This detector is often implemented in
a project setting. There are two primary components
to this sensor: the transmitter and the receiver. The
ultrasonic waves are broadcast by the transmitter and
picked up by the receiver after being deflected.
Lastly, the differential in wave arrival times may be
calculated, allowing the distances between the
vehicles to be determined.
ACCELEROMETER
The ADXL335 is a low-power, full 3-axis
accelerometer that is tiny and thin. Signal
conditioning occurs at the output voltages. The
meter has a full-scale range of +/- 3g, therefore it
can measure accelerations from +/- 3g to 0g. In tilt-
sensing systems, the dynamic acceleration due to
motion can be sensed alongside the static
gravitational acceleration. Capacitors labelled CX,
CY, and CZ are connected to the accelerometer's
XOUT, YOUT, and ZOUT pins, respectively, and
allow the user to adjust the device's bandwidth.
MOSFET DRIVER
The IR2110/IR2113 MOSFET Driver is employed.
This driver is faster, has greater voltage, and can
output in two different directions (high and low).
There has been a shift away from monolithic design
thanks to Proprietary HVIC and latch immune
CMOS technology. The logic inputs are reduced to
3.3V-3V, making them compatible with normal
CMOS output. To ensure minimal driver cross-
conduction, the production drivers have a high-
current pulse-buffer stage.
SOLAR PANNEL
With this setup, the solar panel doubles as a Li-Fi
receiver. A vast number of photovoltaic cells are
stacked in a linear fashion to form the solar panel.
The information from the Li-Fi transmitter is
captured by the panel and converted into an
electrical signal before being boosted by the
amplifier.
LCD
The liquid crystal display (LCD) utilized here is a
standard 16x2 model. It uses an LCD dot matrix
with 16 rows and 2 columns of either [5x7] or [5x8].
We'll be using component number JHD162A. The
16-pin packages have a contrast-adjusting
functionality, a backlight, and a dot-by-dot
resolution of 5x8.
LED
A semiconductor diode emits light when electric
current passes through it, thus the name "light-
emitting diode" (LED). Photons are released as a
result of electron and hole recombination, which is
what we see as light. Electroluminescence is the
name for this phenomenon. The color of the light is
set by how much energy is needed for electrons to
jump the band gap of the semiconductor.
IV.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
As a result, we devised a model for the transmission
of information by means of illumination among two
vehicles. This model allows for the exchange of data
that includes the speed of the vehicles, the length
that separates them, as well as the direction in which
the vehicles are being driven once every five
seconds. For the purpose of presenting the data that
has been communicated, a programme known as
"SERIAL USB TERMINAL" is utilized. The data is
also presented on the LCD screen, and the motor is
being used to simulate a wheel as part of the design
process.
The outcomes of the simulation were used to create
two graphs that compared the hybrid method to the
suggested method in terms of delay and average
packet loss. Li-Fi causes an unwanted delay in the
system, it was discovered that the suggested method
had a lower average latency than the hybrid
protocol. This was due to the fact that the hybrid
protocol switches between Wi-Fi and Li-Fi. As an
additional consequence, this led to an increased
number of lost packets, which was clearly visible in
comparison to the technique that we had advised. As
a result, the suggested protocol would result in a
more effective handover with much reduced packet
loss. The percentage of packages delivered across a
range of vehicle counts is illustrated in Table 1 and
Figure 3, respectively.
Table 1. Packet Delivery Ratio Vs Number of
Vehicles.
No of
Vehicles
PDR
Li-Fi Wi-Fi
15 89.67 91.21
55 87.12 84.87
75 82.48 78.83
110 76.78 71.98
125 71.91 67.34
140 69.24 65.11
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6. 6
Figure 3. PDR Vs No. of Vehicles.
Table 2. Latency vs Distance
Distance Proposed
Hybrid
Protocol
100 7 8
200 20 27
300 24 29
400 26 30
500 28 32
600 30 34
Figure 4. Latency vs distance between vehicles.
The amount of time that passes between cars is seen
in Table 2 and Figure 4. It is possible for vehicles to
transmit their speeds and other characteristics to one
another, therefore reducing the likelihood of
collisions and the amount of time spent in traffic.
The receiver side of the system was implemented on
MATLAB as a Simulink model so that the workings
of the receiver side could be studied and analyzed.
The photodiode receives the data in the form of a
PWM signal, which is then converted into a light
signal and given a threshold value. The signal moves
in a downward direction, and the reason for this is
because the threshold value is too high. This voltage
at the output is then amplified by the inverting
amplifier, and the output response may then be
measured. The 0.25V threshold setting is to blame
for the rise in amplitude that can be seen in the
waveform (-ve due to inverting amplifier). In this
section, the same interval value that was set for the
transmitter is used to synchronize this section. Timer
0 is started, and serial contact with the PC that is
located on the receiving end is established. The
value that has been received is then translated to
decimal format, and this value is utilized to drive the
motor at the receiving end. The voltage that is
detected at the photodiode output as a result of the
existence of lights in the environment in which the
communication is taking place is referred to as the
threshold value. Following the determination of this
value, it is regarded as a digital LOW for the
purpose of the data transfer, whilst anything that is
much higher than this value is regarded as a digital
HIGH. The typical amount of data that is lost due to
the distance between vehicles is outlined in Table 5.
Figure 5. Average packet loss vs distance between
vehicles.
V.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
A discussion of LiFi's role as a communication
system follows, during which its modulation
methods and overall design are laid out. LiFi's
objective, which is to offer high speed data transfer,
is highlighted as one of the technology's most
significant advantages, along with its associated
obstacles. The primary facets of vehicle ad hoc
networks were the focus of our research. We
50
60
70
80
90
100
20 50 70 100 130 150
Li-Fi Wi-Fi
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
100 200 300 400 500 600
Latency
Distance between two cars
Proposed Hybrid Protocol
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
100 200 300 400
Average
packet
loss
Distance between two cars
Proposed Hybrid Protocol
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7. 7
discussed the current state of research on Li-Fi as
well as its potential benefits, which include the
ability to supplement RF correspondence and
enhance the efficiency of wireless networks
anywhere and everywhere short range links, such as
those used in Vanets, are utilized for high speed and
protected data transmission. Not only would the
incorporation of Li-Fi into RF communications
hasten the commercialization of Li-Fi, but it will
also unload traffic from the already overburdened
cellular networks. When executing a changeover
between a Li-Fi network and an RF network,
however, there may be a significant latency as well
as a high amount of feedback packets. Both of these
issues need to be studied. This article has offered an
approach on handover utilizing Li-Fi technology,
and after comparing it to traditional model, it was
discovered to reduce the delay implicated in
handover operation, in addition to a huge decrease
inside the loss of packets. This was discovered after
the article symbolized a scheme on handover
utilizing Li-Fi technology. This study would assist
researchers in understanding the existing methods
and working towards the creation of a newer and
more effective method. The work that has to be done
in the future is to analyses the outcome using current
research standards in terms of other factors.
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