1 2 Ac ion Re ea ch S Ed 3 4 5 Ac ion Re ea ch I Sc a d E Ed ca S Ed C a A. M A a S a U L A L d N D S a Wa DC M b 6 FOR INFORMATION: SAGE P b ca , I c. 2455 T R ad T a d Oa , Ca a 91320 E- a : d @ a b.c SAGE P b ca L d. 1 O Ya d 55 C R ad L d EC1Y 1SP U d K d SAGE P b ca I d a P . L d. B 1/I 1 M a C a I d a A a Ma a R ad, N D 110 044 I d a SAGE P b ca A a-Pac c P . L d. 18 C S #10-10/11/12 C a S a C a S a 048423 C 2020 b SAGE P b ca , I c. A d. E c a d b U.S. c a , a a b d c d d b d a b a a , d a da aba a , b . 7 A d a ad a c d d c d a c d d a a d a c . R c ad a a d ca a a , d b , ad a . P d U d S a A ca Librar of Congress Ca aloging-in-P blica ion Da a Na : M , C a A., a . T : Ac a c : c a d d ca / C a A. M , A a S a U . D c : S Ed . T a d Oa , Ca a: SAGE, [2019] P d : 2016. I c d b b a ca c a d d . Id : LCCN 2019007537 ISBN 9781544324395 (Pa bac : ac d- a ) S b c : LCSH: Ac a c d ca . C a ca : LCC LB1028.24 .M47 2019 DDC 370.72 dc23 LC c d a a ab a :// cc . c. /2019007537 T b d ac d- a . Ac Ed : S Sc b C D Ed : C a N P d c Ed : Ja Ma C Ed : W D R T : C&M D a (P) L d. P ad : W d J D d I d : J a Ca a C D : Ga B c a Ma Ma a : J a Ra a 8 9 B ief Con en P ac Ac d Ab A Pa I Wha I Ac ion Re ea ch? C a 1 I d c Ac R a c C a 2 O Ac R a c P c Pa II Ho Do I Begin M Ac ion Re ea ch S d ? C a 3 P a Ac R a c a d R R a d L a C a 4 D a R a c P a Pa III Wha Do I Do Wi h All The e Da a? C a 5 C c Da a C a 6 A a Da a Pa IV I e Go Re l ! No Wha ? C a 7 N S a d F C c : D a Ac P a C a 8 W a Ac R a c R C a 9 S a a d R c A d A. Sa Ac R a c R : W a I I ac P F a R M d a d M O S -E cac G Sc c ? A d B. Sa Ac R a c R : T R a B S a K d F d a d S d S A d C. Ac R a c D a T a G a R c I d 10 11 De ailed Con en P ac Ac d Ab A Pa I Wha I Ac ion Re ea ch? C a 1 I d c Ac R a c C a 1 O a ➡Ac R a c Ca S d 1: M a a d E a S d R c S c a S c W a I Ac R a c ? I d c Ed ca a R a c O Ed ca a R a c O Ac R a c A B H Ac R a c M d Ac R a c C a ac c Ac R a c : W a I I a d W a I I N T Ac R a c T I a c Ac R a c C c T P ac c I Ed ca a P ac c C c Sc I T ac E a d I c a E a P a G S c a J c Ad cac A ca Ac R a c Id P b D a d T S P c T ac Ed ca I -S c P a G R Ac R a c S a Q a d Ac K T S d S d S C d c Ac R a c 12 ➡Ac R a c Ca S d 2: I R ad C a T I P a ➡Ac R a c Ca S d 3: C c a U d a d M a d M ➡Ac R a c C c C a 2 O Ac R a c P c C a 2 O a ➡Ac R a c Ca S d 1: M a a d E a S d R c S c a S c S a a d S Ac R a c T P a S a S 1: Id a d L T c S 2: Ga I a S 3: R R a d L a S 4: D a R a c P a T Ac S a S 5: I P a a d C c Da a S 6: A a Da a ...

1. 1
2
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5. 8
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S d S d S
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12. 15
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16
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15. 17
C Acad c W
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16. Ac R a c C
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18
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17. I d
19
20
P eface
21
P po e of he Te
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c a c d ca a a c d . T a
c d a b ad d ca a
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18. d c .
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22

19. 20 a . T a a d a -
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c d c c , ac , ad a , a d c .
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c a d c , c a a , ca a -c a a ,
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ca a ad a a d ca ac
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d c ca d . T d ca
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c a a b ad a c d ,
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20. d c a d a d c d c
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ca - b . I d , a ad a
a a b a d
ca a d a a a .
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ad a , c , c a , a d ,
ca c c da c a ac c
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d a d c d c c -ba d a c d
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a c c b d ac a c d
23
c , c d , a d c d c d
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b . T ca a c a c a a
c ca c c a d c d , c a b d
b ac c d ca , a d - a d d c a
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21. d a c d a ca -
b , c d c d , a d c ca
ca a d a d d a . A
ba d a c a , b a a ac ca
a ac , d d a d c
ac c d ca .
24
Te Ta ge G ad a e S den ,
Ed ca o
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a d c c d K 12 c a ac , ad a ,
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b a b d a a a ad a c
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a a , c, a , ca d ca , c a d ca ,
ad a , c , a d c a d ca ); a a
a a a c b c a a
a d a .

22. 25
Te O gani ed Seq en iall , Like an
Ac ion Re ea ch S d
T a c c d b a c
d a d c d c c a -ba d a d a c .
T a c a a a d c a a add
c d :
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A ac a c (C a 1)
T c a ac c ac a c (C a 1)
T ac a c c (C a 2)
Id a a a c ac a c (C a 3)
R a d a (C a 3)
D a ac a c d (C a 4)
C c a d a a da a (C a 5 a d 6)
D a ac a (C a 7)
W a ac a c (C a 8)
S a a ac a c d (C a 9)
R c c ac a c (C a 9)
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23. 26
Pedagogical Fea e and Benefi
o S den (a Well a In c o )
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24. c d c d b a a d ca b a a d c a
d ca (a a ) c d b a
d d a ac (a a ), a d d b a
a ac (a c ). I add , a
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acc a b ( d . a b.c / 6 ). T
Ca S d c b ac c a a c d
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ac c a .
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c d d c a .
27
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a d Ac a ca b d d d d ,
d a d , a d a ca .
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a d a c b c a d a d .
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25. a a d c b d
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28
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c C a 2.
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Ancilla Ma e ial on he Web
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27. Templa e a a d d c ac a c
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28. 31
A No e Abo Ac ion Re ea ch
P ojec
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29. A Final No e fo S den of Ac ion
Re ea ch
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d a a a SAGE P b ca a , S Sc b
(ac d ). I d a a E ab Y

30. ( d a a a ) a d a
. I d a Ja Ma ( d c
d ) a d W D R (c d ) a a c
d a a d a a a a c
b . T a a C a N (c d d )
a a c d d a c a . F a , I
d a J a Ra a ( a a a ) a d
a c d b . I c
a d d a d a
d d c a d dbac a
a c a d a d :
R a d B b , U H D
T B , U C b a d
S ac H , W U
K b L d, A S a U
G Sc a , F b U
M c S a a, Cab C
Ga Wa d, U W c R Fa
A , I d c a d a d d a
d d dbac d :
E Ba , U T a C a a a
Ma a B , U Ma ac B
K Ca , G F U
L McFad C , U A aba a a
B a
Ka E a C a , Ma a a C
E ab D , Rad d U
Da a F d ba , N a S a U

31. M c a P. G ad , Sa L U
36
J H , N K c U
T a c Ja b , Ca a S a U , N d
Gab K a , Ca d a S c U
Y -J L , CUNY S O c N Y
K. F L , A S a U
Ma L c a , V a T c
Ida Ma a , A a S a U
J a M. McG , U N Ca a a A
J C. M , Ba S a U
Da c M , Wa S a U
Ma a M c, Na a L U
Ca M a ba , S I U Ca b da
P M a, N Ca a C a U
C J. D a P a, S a L a a
U
C a W a R , Ea K c U
Ga R c , G Ma U
T d J. S a , B S a U
T c S a , Ma a U
Ba ba a Ta , W N M c U
S H. X , Ca a S a U , L B ac
Ta a a Wa , U N Ca a a W
Ma a Wa a , S a M S a U
R b W , B ad U
A a a , I d a , Ka , c d
c a d a ab
dbac b , a c a ac c ,
a d , Add , d a a - a d

32. c . M a b a a a a
Add a a ca d ca a d c ac .
37
38
Abo he A ho
C aig A. Me le
a b a d ca 34 a , 24
d ca . H c a A c a P a d
D c EdD P a L ad a d I a a
A a S a U . H ac d c a c
c d a ca ac a c
d ca , c , a d b-
b dd d a d . H a ac
a a a c d , d c a ca
a a , a a a ca a a , a d d ca a
a d . H a 25 b , 9 d
b c a , 22 d a a c , c
a a , a d a c a d a c . H
a a d a 40 a c a a d
c a a a a . H c d c
- c d ca a a (a a )

33. c a -ba d ac a c a d b ad c
c a a . H a a c a d c
c d c a -ba d ac a c , da a-
d d ca a d c a , a a
c , a d c a ac a ac .
B ac a d a c a ,
a c b a d a c c a d a
c ac d ac a d ba . I ,
a a a d a . D . M ca b
ac d a c a . @ a .c c ,
a d , a d a a .
39
40
Pa One Wha I Ac ion Re ea ch?
Chap e 1. In od c ion o Ac ion Re ea ch
Chap e 2. O e ie of he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce
Pa I b d c a d d a ac
a c . I C a 1, a a ac a c (a d
a ), c a ad a
d ca a a c , a ac b c
d ac a c , a d a

34. a ca . Y a a d c
c d c ac a c . I C a 2, a
ab a ac a c c c a d
ca b c d c d a c a d a .
41
42
Chap e One In od c ion o Ac ion
Re ea ch
C a 1 O a
A b c d a a a d ca a a c a d
c a ac c .
O a d d ab Ed ca a R a c , c
b a c : T ad a Ed ca a R a c a d
Ac R a c .
43
T ad a Ed ca R a c a d Ac R a c b a c
a d b . T d c d a b :
Ed ca a R a c
T ad a Ed ca a R a c
S a c c d

35. Q a a ( d c ) a a (d d c )
d
N a a a c
d
M d- d a c d
Ac R a c
A c ac
Va d ac a c
I a c :
C c ac c
I d ca a ac c
C c c
T ac
P a
S c a c ad cac
A ca :
Id b
D a d
P c ac d ca
I - c a
Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d
E a S d R c S c a S c
Wha I Ac ion Re ea ch?
I d c Ed ca a R a c
O Ed ca a R a c
O Ac R a c
A B H Ac R a c
M d Ac R a c
C a ac c Ac R a c : W a I I a d W a
I I N

36. T Ac R a c
The Impo ance of Ac ion Re ea ch
C c T P ac c
I Ed ca a P ac c
C c Sc I
T ac E a d I c a E a
44
P a G
S c a J c Ad cac
Applica ion of Ac ion Re ea ch
Id P b
D a d T S
P c T ac Ed ca
I -S c P a G
Rigo in Ac ion Re ea ch
S mma
➤Q e ion and Ac i i ie
➤Ke Te m
➤S den S d Si e
Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch
➤Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
➤Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➤Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli

37. 45
Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1
Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den
Recei ing Special Se ice
46
Foc ing on S den S cce
T - ad ac a S P E a , a a PK 6
c , ad b a c a a a . K a,
K , a d J ad d a d c ab a d
cca d a c . Eac ac
d a ad a d a c d d d ca . T a a
c d d J d , c a c ac , a d Sa a , a c a c
a d , b d d c a c d
d a d ad d d a d d ca
a (IEP ). Eac - ad c a a S P
ad d IEP a d c d
c a c a c J d a d Sa a . D 30-
, ac d ad a c d d
a c a a d d a J d a d Sa a .
D , J d a d Sa a d d d a d
d a d c a , ad , a d/ c a . F
a a , d ad d d

38. add a c a d d , a c d
cc a a .
H , a ac ad, a a , d
c a cc d c c a c
c a . T b a a ac ad
c d a a d d d a a c a
c d d d d a d J d a d Sa a . A
ad c d c , d d d a a
c a a a a
c a d . T c d
c a c a , c c a d a ca
Sa a c a , d d
. T a d d ac cc
ac - ad c a . E K a, K , a d J
d d d a a , d, a a
a a d a a d a . O c d d a
a c a c , d ca
a d a c d a
. T d ad b a a
d d a a c a a , a d ac
b c a , a c
c d a c a a b
ac c a a .
A d a c a , a d ca d c a b
a a a a ac - ad d

39. 47
c d c a c c ab a
c a . K a, K , a d J a ad d d ac a c
c a a ad a c a . D d c ,
d c d d a , c d d a a a c a d
d a a d a d c a
, c d ac a c c a
c a - d d d a a a ,
d d ac a d cc .
48
Q e ion o Think Abo :
W a a a b a d ca
ac ?
I a a ( ) a a b ?
C d ad a a c d b d add
b ?
F a a c d ac a c b a a
c d ca ?
I a a d a ac a c a b
a a a ca ac a c ?
R a c ab a . W a a c
d a d research? F a ,

40. d a c ab a c a
c a c a a , b , ac ,
a d ac . T c a c , c d
a a a a c ac ac a
a . T d a a c ( , a
a ab c a !) b a , a , a d B
b , c ca d a
d . O a d ca
a c a a d c a
b c a c d a . O a ,
a d, a c a a
a a c c .
F , a c a b c d c d a b
a c a d ca c d d a
c d c a c d . Ad d , c a c c
b c d c d b a , c a a
ab . H , a d a c b c d c d b
prac i ioners a d ca a d a no
a c d . T c c c d c d c
a c a a d a
a da a a c , b
d c a a . I ac -ba d
a c a ac ion research c c
b .

41. 49
Wha I Ac ion Re ea ch?
O a d cad , ac a c a b ca
a ac , ad a , a d c a a d
c (M , 2011). Ed ca a a a a
b ac d a a a c d c a c a
a a ab a a d a b ab a a
a a d a d a a d d c a ca . B
a is ac a c ? W a d ? W a d
acc ?
Ac ion e ea ch d d a a a c c d c d
b ac , ad a , c , a d
ac a d a c
a a ab a c a
c a , ac , a d d a
(M , 2011). M a , ac a c c a ac d a
a c a d b ac . I a
a c ac c (J , 2008). Ac
a c a ac d c a
a , c a d , d , a d
a d b d a d a d
b ab a c . I c
c ca c a ac c a
a ac c d ac b

42. a . T , , c a d a d c
ac (Pa & B , 2002). T ba c c
c d c ac a c c :
1. Id a a a c
2. C c da a
3. A a a d da a
4. D a a ac (M , 2011)
Y a c ab c ac a c
a c a a d C a 2.
50
In od c ion o Ed ca ional Re ea ch
F c a ac a a , a a
, c d ca a a c a
a a ba c d a d a d c c
a d a c . R a c a
a b c a b a .
Q a c a a da , b
a a a . A a a a a
d a a , a a c a
d c a . Y d
a a a , b ac
a a , d a ad a a
c ? Ca a d c da ? D

43. a c ?
A a a a c
a ; , a a d
a a c a b . C d
c a : Y a a d , A ,
a c a a a a d ad . Y a ac a
c a a d a ab d a a
a A . S d a a a a
a d d , b a
A . I add , a a d b d
a a , b d a a
c a a d , a d d a
a a ab b c a A ad .
B d d a a ?
M a d C a (2011) a a c
c a a a c a d
c a c ab ; , c a
a b a b . T c
a c d ad , a , a d c .
T adi ion a c a b a d a .
I a a d a a ac
da , b a a . I add , a b
a b a d a db .

44. 51
A ho i ,
a a b . H , d
a a ab a
c a a d c a a
a . I ac , ca a a a a a
d a a c , c
d a d c a b . F a ,
common en e a a a a ba
a . W a a a
ba c a , a
d dab a . I a a c c d
a c d c b a da d a
acc ac , c d c c a
d c c .
T a b a a c a
a a a d c d ab a . T
a b ca a ba d ad , a , a d
c a a b a d d .
T b a cc a b ca a a c c d
a a c a d b c a . I d
a b acc a a d a ,
b a a a b a d a d ab . T b
acc d b c c d. T cien ific
me hod a c c a d a a d

45. b . Y a ca c c d a
c c c c a a
b d c c c a c . W a
a c c d c a a a a
a c, -b - c d . I 1938,
A ca a d d ca J D d c b d
c c d a a c d b c
(M & C a , 2011). H d c d a a
:
1. C a a b .
2. S a a (a b a ).
3. C c , a a , a d a a d
, c a a .
4. F c c d d a a .
52
5. U c c c .
I d b ad a a a a c a d
a a c d ac . F
a , d a b c a a
a a . A a a c d c d c
c d ac a d c b d ab , d a
a c . C c , a a , a d
a (S 3) a a d a c . I

46. a d c a a a
a a .
H , , c c d a d a c b ad
d d ca ? T a a d a a b
. S , ed ca ional e ea ch a ca
c c d d ca a c , a,
a c a . Ed ca a a c ca
ca d a :
1. S c c ab c a c c .
2. C a c c b c a c c .
3. F a a c a d/ c c
a b .
4. Ca c d b c da a (a a a
a ) a c c d, a a d, a d d.
5. S a d d d a a da a a a .
6. D a c c a d a a c
a d/ . (M & C a , 2011)
N a b D c c
d a d d c d c d ca a a c . T
a c a c b . I ca ,
a b a ac c d a a
cc a a a d , d a a
c d.
J (2008) a d a , a c a c
a a a a c , b a a
d c b c c a d d c c . Sc c

47. c c d c d a
( ca c c d da a) d b . I
53
d , da a a c c d a d a a d d
d a b d:
c (da a) ⟶d ⟶b
A a c c T d I a a
Ma a c a d Sc c S d ( TIMSS). TIMSS d
A ca d ca a c d ab a d
da a a a c a d c c ac
d c a d a d c . S c
1995, TIMSS a d d d da a d a a c
a d c c ac a a a c .
TIMSS a da d d ac , ad d a d
c d d ca a , a a c c d
da a. T a a c , , a d d
a c a . W a a d c c
a da d a a d b c c a d a c
d .
I c a , d c c b d c d
a . O b a b a d da a
a b (J , 2008):

48. b ⟶d ⟶c
P d c c d a a a b c a
d c b d d a a a
d a a d a , d , d c a b
c . C a , a ac a c,
b c ; d c c d. T ,
c c , a d a c .
54
O e ie of Ed ca ional Re ea ch
T ad a a c d ca ca c d c d b
a c a a d
a d . T a a a c d
a c d a d d a b
a a a a d , , a
c a d a d (Sc c , 1997).
T a ac b d ac a a c ,
a a c . F , ad a a c
a a a a d d a
b c a . T a a ad a d ca a
a c a d a d d ca a ,
, a d c (Ga & A a a , 2000, . 24). I
ad a a c , d a c d c c

49. c d d c c a d a a da a d d
a a . T a a c d d
b b ad ca a a a ac a d
a a a ac ba d d a ab
b d a d a a c a
(McM a , 2004). G a a , a a a c
d c c a d a a ca
da a ( . ., c , a , a d ca ); a a
a c d c a c c a d a a
a a da a ( . ., b a , a c ,
a ).
Q a a a c d a d d c a ac
a a d a a c
. Ded c i e ea oning a
c c, a -d a (T c , 2002a). A
d c d F 1.1, a a a c b b
a ab a c .
T a c d b a d d c c
a c d b d. T c a d
da a a c c d d add
. F a , da a a a a d, a d c c ab
55

50. a d a a a c a ( )
a .
O a d, a a a c d ca a
d c a ac a . Ind c i e ea oning
ac d c c a d d d c
a . U a b - a ac ( F 1.2),
d c a b c c b a a d
c c d b ad a a a d (T c ,
2002a). O b c c b a (da a), a
a da a, a a
, a d a d a c c a d
. I a a , ca ,
a a a c a a da a d
. Ra , ca , a
b d a c d c a
a c a b d d. Y ad ab
d d c a d d c a , a a da a a a ,
C a 6.
Fig e 1.1 T P c D d c R a a A d
R a c
So rce: T c (2002a).
56

51. Fig e 1.2 T P c I d c R a a A d
R a c
So rce: T c (2002a).
B a a a d a a a ac c d c
d ca a a c a d d b a ca
a . T ca a a c d
a a ba c d b ab d
a d b d c c a . T d
b d b a a a c d b a a
d b a a a c . A d a d
b d a d b ab
cc c d c a ac a c d . T a
b ca ac a c , a ,
a a d a a
c a . I ac ca a d c a
ca a ca . M (2011) a
ac ca ac a c ( . 7), c c a
ca ba d c ca ac a c . T c
a c a b ; -d d c
ca ba d ac a c a b d
c b . I a d a ab
a d ca a a d

52. 57
c c ac a c , a c c c d
J (2008), McM a (2004), a d M (2011).
R ca a a a a a c d c b
d a d d ca a a. T acc
, a c c c da a b a a iable ( ac a
a a c c a d c a ac c a a
c a c ab c a c d a
c c ) a d a a da a d
h po he e ( d c d c d ) a
e ea ch q e ion . F a , a a a a c d
c c da a a c d c
a a d ab ( ca a ab ) d
a : A d c a
d c a b a d ab c a K 8 a
ad - a c a ( . ., K 5, K
6)?
T e ea ch de ign d b a c
a a b d ca d . R a c
d a b a a . I
none pe imen al e ea ch, a c a d c c
a a ab d , b ca a a ad
cc d b ca b b c d. I
d , a a c , a ab ca b
c d a a d b a c . T

53. a a d c d c a d ab
b a a a a d , a
ad c a , b d c a , a d
b ab c ca b c d c d b
a c . T ac a a ab ca b c d
a d a a d c b
a a c a d a a c , c a
c d a c c a d a d . T
a a a c c a d ca
d c b a ab a b a ab .
E a a a c d c d
descrip i e, compara i e, correla ional, a d ca sal -compara i e
a c (McM a , 2004). Descrip i e d
a ab c a ( . .,
58
W a c a d ac a c -ba d
a c a ?). Compara i e d
c a ac ca b d d c d b c a
a c a d ( . ., I a ca
d c b a a d c da ac
a c -ba d a ?). Correla ional d
a d c a a b
a ab ( . ., W a a b a

54. ac c a d a c -ba d
a ?). F a , ca sal-compara i e d (a
d a ac d ) c a
b d d b a
cc d a b da a a a ab
c a a a a a c d d c ca a a
b a ab ( . ., D ac c d a
a d-a c c c a a
a c -ba d a a ac d d
c c a c ?). N c a ba d a
a c d d b a
a a a c d d a
c ca , c a ac
a c -ba d a .
I e pe imen al e ea ch, a c a c
a ab c d d d a a
c ( ca ) a c a b a . T a ab
c a c a c a a independen
a iable ; a a ab a a a a d b
a c , a a a c d c
b c c c c d . F a ,
c a a a a b a d,
d d a d c
e pe imen al o ea men g o p; a c d b
c a d a a con ol g o p a c d a da d

55. a c . T a a ab ( . .,
b a a ab d ab , a a
ac a ) d a dependen
a iable ( c a d d a ,
b , d d a ab ).
59
T a a d a a a c d ,
d c c b d c b . H , a
a a a c d . S a
ac a d d
b a U.S. ad a a d
( . ., a ) a ac a bac a d ( . .,
a ) a ac . S , a d a a c a
b a a d a ac a d a b
a bac a d a ac . T d d a ab
d c . T a
a ab a d a
c a bac a d a ac c ;
c c ad a a d a ac .
F a , acad c a c (d d a ab ) a
d a d a ( . ., a a
a ) b . T a c a a d

56. a a a ac d
c c c a ( . .,
c ); d , a a c
d d a ab .
Da a c c d a a a a a c d a
ca a d a a a a d a ca . A a
a c d d c a c , a a c , b .
De c ip i e a i ic a a c a , a ,
a d da a. S c c c c d c a c a
a , d a , d , a , a da d d a , c a ,
a d a da d d c . Infe en ial a i ic a c
a d a c a ca ca c
d c b d
c a b a ab . S a i ical ignificance
a d c ad a ca c d a
ab a c c c d a d a d
( . ., d c b
a b a ab ) a a
a d d d a a
d c a pop la ion c a
a d a .
60
W a a a a c d c a a a
b a ab , a a a c d a c

57. b ad , c a ac da a c c . Q a a
a c d a c b a d a
d , ac d a d , a d a a c .
T a c a a a a ab a
a a d ; a c a d a
a d a d (J , 2008). Q a a a c d
a a c a a d b a
(T c , 2002b). T , d a c d
b b ad a d - d d. T a a c
c c a d a da a a
c c d a . T a
a c a a a . T iang la ion
a c a c da a d ab
ca c c ac
acc b a (B da & B ,
2007; G , 2006). I a a a a
d c a a a a c (a
ri-) c da a; a a a
c da a a , a a a d b
pol ang la ion ( c pol - d d a a
a ). U a , ab a c
a b a d a a a a d a a
c d c d (G , 2006). F a , a
a a d , c c da a a d
b a , d a d b a , a d .

58. T a a c da a d a a
d d , a , a c a c
c b a , a d da a
. I d , d d a ac a a
a d ac d, d d ba a b a d
ac a b a ?
S a a a a c , a a a a a
a c d . T c d phenomenolog , e hnograph ,
gro nded heor , a d case s dies (McM a , 2004).
Phenomenological die a a c a
c d d a a a d a d a
( . ., W a c a ac c ac a d d
61
d b d a c a a b d ?).
E hnog aphic die a d c b c a ac
b ( . ., W a a d
ac a a a Ma S E a
Sc ?). G o nded heo a c d a d c
a a a a a c a ( . ., W a
a a d c c a ac c a
ac ?). F a , ca e die a -d d d d a
a , ac , , ( . ., W a a
c c a Wa M dd Sc ?).

59. Da a c c d d a a a a c d a b
d . R ca a a a da a a ca a a a d
c a b a , , a d
d c a d (McM a , 2004). R a a
da a a a a d b a a c a logico-
ind c i e anal i , a c a c a
a a d d da a (M & C a , 2011).
A a a a d a a a ac c d c
a c a d a , d b
c d d a c . S d b
a c da a. T d a d a
mi ed-me hod e ea ch de ign . T c b a
a a a d a a da a d d a b
d a d a a c b a da a
c d . I d , d ca a
a b a a a d a a da a.
C (2005) c d ac a c d b
a d- d d , c b
a a a d a a da a. T a d c b
d a c . T a a
d- d d ad a ( . ., b
d a d a d a a a c b ); a a
ac a c add ca - b
a c a d d a .

60. 62
O e ie of Ac ion Re ea ch
F d cad , a b b b c a d
a c c . T b c,
d b a d a, a c c d c
ac a , c c , ad , , a d
(Sc c , 1997). B ad a c a
d c . A ac a c
d b c c , b a ac
U d S a a b d a d c d a
a d b c a . H , a b a d,
c b b a
a c a . T ac b ab a d
c ca a ac c a a d (b
c c a d d d a ) a b .
O , c ad a d
b d d ca a a c a a a a d
. H , a ac d d a
a a d acad c a c
(A d , 2002). T a d ac a ad a
d ca a a c a a d c ab ac
a c d c a d ac
a ca a a ( . ., a c a a ) a d
d ada a ( . ., c a c d
a ac a ; M & Pa , 2002). I

61. b a , b ca c d
ad a a c d , a a d c a d
ac c ac - a d, c a -ba d ac a c .
Sc c (1997) d ac a c a a a d a
a c a a a ac
a d ( . 28). I a
a d a d b ,
c a ac d ab d ca a c .
McM a (2004) d c b ac a c a b c d
a c c c a c b ,
ac c , a a d c a a ca . Ac
a c a c b c c ac c ca b
63
c a d a d b ac c . The main goal of ac ion research
is o address local-le el problems of prac ice i h he an icipa ion
of finding immedia e ans ers o q es ions or sol ions o hose
problems (M , 2018).
A , a c a a a b b
ac c . T a d c d ca a
a d ca a problems problems of prac ice. A a
, b a ab da d ca a .
H , b a d a d c
ab . F a , a a c a ac ,

62. b c a a b a c a
c : m s den s do no perform ell in ma h. B d ,
a b ac c . H , R c a d , a d
M a (2017) a d c b d a b ac c a :
T b ac c c d ca , b
a , c c a d (C , E ,
F a a , & T , 2009). W a a b
ac c : a comple and si eable, e s ill ac ionable,
problem hich e is s i hin a professional s sphere of ork.
S c b c c b ad c d ca a
, b a a a a d d a
d ca a c a d a ab ; , b
a a d b d ab ac (La , 1985).
( . 142)
A a a b ac c b
d a b
The s den s in m class do no perform ell in ma h. Wha
migh I be able o do differen l i h m ins r c ion ha co ld
facili a e impro emen in m s den s ma h skills and
performance?
I d , a b ac c b a d a
a d ca c a d b c c
64

63. a c a , d , a d c (M , 2018). T
a a d a problem, c c d a
cc a d c a d
a a b ac c , c c
b , a d a a c a c , a d c d c c
a b , add
, c c a ca d (M , 2018).
B ca ac a c a ab a
ac c (McL a , 1995), c a a a ac
a c c . Reflec ion ca b d d a ac
c ca a a d , d c d d d ,
a d a c a b . I d ac b
c , b c ac a c a c a
a a ac b a c ;
a a a d c a a a a b
c c d a a c a a d a a
a a ba a a d d c a (Pa &
B , 2002). Reflec i e eaching a c d
a d a
c d a d ca a , a c , a d
ac ca c , a a a c d
a (Pa & B , 2002). T c a ca
c c a d b ac c a
a ac c a c ac
a c .
Acc d , ac a c a a ab d

64. a d ac a d ac
(M , 2011). T ac a c , ac a c a d
b c c , a c a
c ac c . T c a a
d ca ac a c c a ac a
d a c c a , c ca ab ac a d
ac d , c a d/ c a d a
ac c , a d a (M , 2011). A a c a
ac d b a ac c a
a d c . Ac a c a c a
b c ca b acc d.
65
A B ief Hi o of Ac ion Re ea ch
T ac a c ca b ac d bac K L ,
c d d c ac ion research a d
1934. H a a c c d ac d a
c a d c a d a ac
(H d c , 2013). L b d a a c
c d c d c ca i hin c c a b
d a a a a a b ,
d c a , a d a ad a
a c c d acc :

65. T a c d d c a ac c ca b b
c a ac d a a c c a a a c a
. I a ac ion-research [ a add d],
a c a a a c c d a d c
a c a ac , a d a c ad c a
ac . R a c a d c b b
c . (L , 1946, . 35)
L d ac a c a a a c c ,
, a d ac a b a d a
a d add c a b
(H d c , 2013):
Ra a c a a a , , c d a a
ac c c d a c c a ,
ac , a d ac - d ab ac . (L ,
1946, . 38)
L c c c a d c a c ac
c a b a a d d c b ca a
a a a ac a c . A ca
c c b L d a a d d ca
d a c c d b c a
66
d c d c a c c a a c
(H d c , 2013).

66. 67
Model of Ac ion Re ea ch
N a a d d ac a c
c . S d a , a
a c . S a a c c ca a ; d c a
a c ; a a d a a . Y ac
d b a c a b c. Eac
b a c ac c , d b
c c a d a a d da a. F a , ac
d , ac a , c a
ba a ac a c (M , 2011). I
d , a d ac a c a a - a c
a a a c a c c . S
a :
S (2007), ac a c ac a ,
d c b ac a c a a ,
a c a , , a d ac ( . 8).
D ac a , a c a b , c , a d
a ac . T ac ad
a .
K L (S , 2001) a d c a ac a c
a , c c d ac d , a , a ac ,
a a , a d a d a b a
c d ac .

67. Bac a (2001) ac a c a c
c c ca a ac a c . H d a d a
a a c a a a , a ac ,
b a d a a ac , a d c a d a
a c c a , ba d a
a d c c .
R (2007) b ac
a c d a a c a
ac c c : a , a ac , c c d c , a d
c .
W c d d ? P a , I d a
a , a I a a a a a
(a d c d b a d ).
68
G a a , ac a c c
c d a - a c d (M & C a , 2011),
c b a d d d a c a . F
b , a a a :
1. T a a
2. T ac a
3. T d a
4. T c a
W a a d a ad a a

68. d d ac a c a c , c c ca
c a ca d c d a a a
(J , 2008). P ac - a c a d ac
a c d a
a a d a d d .
D d a a ac a c c ,
a b a c a d d ac a c
b c c a , ac a d b ,
d a a , a d c , c a
a (M & C a , 2011). Y a
ab c c c d c ac a c
C a 2.
69
Cha ac e i ic of Ac ion Re ea ch: Wha I I
and Wha I I No
A ac a c ca b a a a a d c ,
d d b d ca a ac (M
& C a , 2011). T a a a c d
a c a ac a a a ac c d c
d ca a a c . I a d ca a a
d, da a d a d a ac a c
a d . T , c d a c
(J , 2008; M & C a , 2011; M , 2011; Sc c ,
1997), a a d c b a ac a c :

69. Ac a c a c a d ca ,
a , b c a c a .
Ac a c a c d ca
ac c .
Ac a c a a d a a , c
d b ac ac .
Ac a c c ab a ; a , c d
d ca a a d d ca
a .
Ac a c a c a , c d ca a a
b d d d a c
c .
Ac a c ac ca a d a c a
ac , c a d c acc a c
d .
Ac a c d c ca c ab
ac .
Ac a c a a d, a c a ac
d a d a c .
Ac a c a c a
d a ab d ca .
Ac a c - d d.
Ac a c a c ca a a d ca a ac
.

70. 70
Ac a c a c c ca c a , ac ,
d , a d c .
Ac a c a ca ac ac c .
O a a c a d ca d a d a ac
a c (J , 2008; M & C a , 2011; M ,
2011; Sc c , 1997):
Ac a c a a ac d
ab ac ; a c a d
c ab a .
Ac a c b ;
c ca a b , d
( ca ), a d c ca c
c .
Ac a c d b ;
a c d b a c a d ca , ,
d a d c a .
Ac a c a
d d a d ca a ; ,
d c , a d d c a d ca a
b .
Ac a c c c ; ac
a c a b a a
a a ba d b a a d da a

71. c c a d a a d a a d
d a d a .
Ac a c a ad; d ac a a a
d a c a a c a
c a d c d a . T ac a
a a a c a ac c , a d
a ac d a d c
b a , , a d c a a c , a
ac a .
Video Clip 1.1 V a c D . M d c
a c ac a c .
71
T pe of Ac ion Re ea ch
T a a a ac c d c ac a c
par icipa or ac ion research a d prac ical ac ion research. T
pa icipa o ac ion e ea ch
a d d a a a a ,
c , a d a . I c d d a
a d a d b ab c a
c a , (F a , Wa , & H , 2012). W
a , ac a c a a b d
a comm ni -based inq ir , collabora i e ac ion research, o h
par icipa or ac ion research, emancipa or ac ion research,
cri ical ac ion research (C , 2005; F a a ., 2012;

72. Ga , M , & A a a , 2009).
I c a , p ac ical ac ion e ea ch c add a
c c b d a c a , c , a
c (F a a ., 2012). I c ab
- c d c ac a c , a d
ca a ac a c a ac a c (Ga a .,
2009). Ga a . (2009) d a
a ac ca ac a c :
I d d a d ca a d ca a ab
d a a ac a c a b
d a .
Ac a c a c d c a
d a d c a c
c ca c .
Ac a c a ca ab c a a
c , d a c d c a c , a d
d ac a ba d d .
F b , c a ac a c a a
d ca a ac c ac ca ac a c .
72
The Impo ance of Ac ion Re ea ch
A , a d a a ba c a b
a : W d I b c d a ac

73. a c c , c a a d a d a d
b ac d a a d ca a ad ? M a d
C a (2011) a d d a a a a a
:
[F ,] ac a c d a b ,
. S c d, ac a c ; ca
a a ad a d d
d a . T d, ac a c d d ca
b d a d, a d
, d ca a ac c . F , a a c ,
ac a c ca a b d
a a c a . F a ,
a d b a , ac a c d
d ca a a a a d a ac
d ca a a d b a d a
a d ca a ac c . ( . 339 340)
U a , a a a a
d a d: I b a
b a a , d d ac a c ? A a ,
M a d C a (2011) a :
F , a a a c a d a
d cad , ac a c a
c a d ad a c d c a c .
S c d, a a ca , ac a c
d c c d c a ad a a ac

74. a c . Ed ca a b
a c a b a c d c
a c . T d, ac a c d c
a c a a c
73
c ac a b a a c d
a d d c c d c . F a , b ca ac
b a da d a c a d c
c d c ac a c , ac a d d c
. ( . 340)
T ca ( a
a c) d c a b
c d c a d c d c ac a c c . T
a d c b ad b a a a
c ac a c ca b d cc d ca a
c c c ac c ,
d ca a ac c , c c a c
, a d ac , a a a
a a d a a c a c a c
ad cac .
74

75. Connec ing Theo o P ac ice
R a c d d a a
d b ac c d ca (J , 2008). T
b ac c a d ac d c
a c d . J (2008) d c b
d c a a c c
a c d , a c ac b a
d . F , a a b a a d b
a c , c d c a d a c
d ca a c , a d ac c c a ac . T
a a a a b d c b d a : R a c cc
, a ac c a ac c
(Pa & B , 2002). W a b c c
c a d c a c d a d
c a ac c a d d a (J , 2008).
J (2008) a a c ab
b a d . F , c ac a a c ( . ., a
c d c d b a d c a d
a c ) c a ac ca a d b d
a a a d c d a ac ca da - -da
c d . R a c a c a d c , c a
a ab da c a , a d a c d a d
da d a d c a a ab ac .
Ma ac a a d ca a a c d
c a a a d ac a
b , a , d ca a c ac ca a d

76. a d . S c d, J a -
a a a c ac c a a
c a c c ac c
ac b a a c a . O ,
a c d d a c a a acc
ac , c ac a
c , ac ca c a ac add
c a a da ba .
Video Clip 1.2 & 1.3 V c ac - a c
d c a c ac a c .
75
Ac a c ca b d a b c a a - a
a . O a d, d ca ca a c
d b ac c a d b d a d a
a c a . O a d, da a c c d
a d a a d b ac c ac c a ca
b d a d a c a d b ac c
(J , 2008). Pa a d B (2002) c a
- a a b a a ac d c
a a d b a d a c , b
a a d d c d ca a a d a c ( .
7).

77. 76
Imp o emen of Ed ca ional P ac ice
A a d c d , a a c ac a c
c a ac c . W ac a
c a d c ca ac c ,
a c c a d a b a a a
ac a d, ac ca d c a (Pa &
B , 2002). T c a ac a c a
c a d c ab a a d a ca a ad
d ca a ac c (Pa & B , 2002).
T a b a a ab
a d a ac c a ac c . Ma ac b
a a a d a d a b
cc d a a b d .
I ca , , cc ac ( . .,
ca a ac ) a c a
a d a ca c ac a d c c
ac . T c a c ac
d a a ac a d a
c . I a b a , a ac , a
da a b ; ac c a
c a a . Eac a b a d d ,
d , a , , a , , a d

78. a . Eac d d c a
d c a a d , a
c a ac (Pa & B , 2002).
S a c c ac a c ca d
c a a d ac c d a
a a d d a .
77
Connec ion o School Imp o emen
T d c c c d
ac a c a a c a d d a
c a ac c . Ac a c ca a b a d a d
ac a d c a a a c
. O a acc a ac ac
a c a a c ab a . O b a
b c a c a b
d c , d a , c , a d c (M ,
2009). C ab a d d a d d ac a c
a c c a collabo a i e ac ion e ea ch ( CAR),
a d d d a ac a c (C a , L c , &
M , 2008, . 2) a d a c a a
ac , ad a , a d c, -
a d c . T c c ca ad a
a c d e er d ca a c ; c c a
c d ac a c (C a a ., 2008, . 2). B

79. c a d d ca (a ad
c ), c ad b c , b
a , a d d c d c
c a .
78
Teache Empo e men and In ellec al
Engagemen
A a a c ac a c a ad a c
eache empo e men . O d ca a c a
b c da a-d a . W ac c c
da a d a a d c ab
d a d c a c a a ac
a c d ac b c d. T ac
a ac b c a
, a , a d c a a ca
c a a b d
d (J , 2008).
T ac a a d c a d a a d a
c a c a ac c a d
b b a a . T a ac c
ad a d c
a da d -d , ad a -d ad . T
a a a d ab b d - a d d c -

80. ad a a d d; ad
d d a a c a . T a d
( . ., ac a , , a d ). T c
c c d c a , b
a c c c a d c
(J , 2008).
A a b c d, ac b c c
c a a d c a
c a a d c . T a a a d
d a c c d c
ac a c a a a ac a a ab
ac a d a c a a c
a a ab da ac a c a
c a d c . T ac a d c a
a a a a c a d
ac ad c .
79
P ofe ional G o h
J (2008) c a ac ad a ac - c a
a ac , a a a da ac a
a - ac d da , a d a d c b
a d , a a ac , c a a a
a a a c a a

81. ac . T ac a d d ,
c , ac c c a d
a c ac c . T a ac ca d
a d c a d ca ( . ., a
a d ) , , da d. E -
d a d d, c ac ca c a
d d (a d ac ca a , a
a ), d d a d a d d a
b a a acc a .
Ac a c a b a a a
ac b - a d a d
a d a d a d c c a a a
c a c d c a d a - (Pa
& B , 2002). F , ac a c a
a ac b ac a a c
a d , a d b d b
a a c c a c a d d b
ac b d d c (Sc c , 1997).
F d a , c
ac a c ca b d c a ac a
d , a a c a a ac
a . T a ac ac
a heir ac c a d d c a a d
heir d heir c a .
R ad d d a ac a c a a a

82. a d c ab a a d d a
b d ad a a a c I , d C a -
Ba d Ac R a c : R P c a C ab
a d M a P a D Ed ca (M ,
2013).
80
Social J ice Ad ocac
I d ca , a d a a d a d ca a
a d , a d b , c a
c a , d d ca , a d . E a a d a
d ca a a c a c d
a d b c b b c ca b . T
ab a , a ,
c a c a d a d , ,
a d a d . Ac a c ca a a
d c a ad cac c a c
d ca a c . W a d a ac ac
a c c d a c i ical ac ion e ea ch a
, c a , c b , a c d b
a ab a a a c a c a
c a d d ca a .
81

83. Applica ion of Ac ion Re ea ch
T a a a a ba c c ac
a c . F a d ca
d ca a b , d a d b
, c ac d ca , a d - c ac
a a d .
82
Iden if ing P oblem
Ac a c ca b a c a d b
c . I ac , a c a ,
d ca a a c a b a
c c d c a ac a c d . I a a ac
a c a d c a , b
c c a a c a b
d d (J , 2008). T ba c c b
d ca cc a a b d a d
c a a a c d bab b
d b (J , 2008). Id , d , a d
b c ca , d b ac
d a d a a d c
b ca a ac . Y a , c , a
: W a a a (J , 2008)? E a

84. c d :
W a d a a a b
a ?
W d Ada , B , a d Ca ac a
ad?
W a a c c a b d D b a
b ?
H ca I c a c ?
83
De eloping and Te ing Sol ion
Y ca a ac a c d b
a d d a d a c . O c
a c d a b ( . ., d a d a
a , a d d a ), ca b - a
a a b (J , 2008). F a ,
c a b (J , 2008) a c a
d ca a b a a a a
a b ; c a b ;
a d ; a d a a a a d , c
d c a , .
Ac a c ca a c a a ac
b b , c d a , a d

85. a d a ac b (J ,
2008). A ac ab ac b c b ab
b .
O c b a b d d, b
d d d d c
(J , 2008). E d a b d d ,
, . O , d a a a
, c d b d a d ad d. T
c . Ac a c a
a b a a d a a a , a
da a-d d c a . Fo ma i e e al a ion cc
d a a ; mma i e e al a ion cc
c a a . B
a a d c a a d
c a a d.
84
P e e ice Teache Ed ca ion
A a , ac a c a
d a . I ca a a , a c d c a
ac , a a a a a
d b ac . T c ac
d ba a d d a d c
ca c a d. W

86. d ba a d d a d , da d c -
a c a b a a c
ac c a d - c ac (J ,
2008). Ac a c ca add d d ba b
c ac c a a
d a c (J , 2008). T ca d
c a a a c a ,
a a b a d c d c . A
a , a a d d a a d
c c a d a d d ca a a c c
a d c d a c a a b
c ac . N ca a ac a c add
d ba , b ca d c a d
a ab d ca a a c ,
a .
M - c ac a cca c a
a c ac d ca . H , I a
c ad c : I a a d d a a
c ac d a , c d d a
a a d
ac a c c , d c ab a
. P c ac ac a c c ca c
b a d , b a c a
ac ( c d ), b a ac c . I

87. a d, b d d a a b
bab a a c, ac a c a ac . Ac
a c ca a a c c c
ac , - c ac , a d ac ca
. Sc a d ac c d a -
d c d a d ac ;
85
d a d ac d c a d ac acc
c b ac c . T ac a c , c
ac , - c ac , a d ac ca
a d d a . O
ca a , : B c d a - ca c
b a a a c -
ba d a a c
ac , d a a ad b (J , 2008).
86
In-Se ice P ofe ional G o h
A a b d c d, ac a c a c
a ac d a d a
b c a d . I ac ,
J (2008) b ac a c b a

88. c a d c a add a
d ac ( . 44). Ac a c a d ac
c c ac c , b c
c ac c , a d b c d a .
A ab - c c a ac
a a d a a d
a , a a d c
a .
87
Rigo in Ac ion Re ea ch
R a c , a d, a c c d a . Q a a c
a da d d ac c . T ba ab
a ad a ( . ., a ) a c
c c a d a d ab . Ac a c , b ca
a c a a , a d c a (S ,
2007). H ca , a ac a c
a b c d a . P a b
a , c ac a c c d c d b ac a d
acad c a a c , b . S (2007)
c b a a , c a
a c d, a ac a c a a a
a a d ca a a c c c . Acc a
c ca a dbac ,

89. d c a a ( . 191).
T d a a ac a c a , c ,
. H , c ca ac a c a
a c d. T c ac a a da d
a d c a d a c
d d d a d c . T a ac
a c ca b d a rigor. I a , igo
a , a d , acc ac , a d c d b ac a c a d
d . R ca a c a d alidi a d reliabili
a a d acc ac ,
da a, a d a c d a d acc rac , credibili , a d
dependabili a a d (M , 2001). (T
c c a d c d C a 5.)
Ma ac a c rigor a c b ad
, a c a c c ,
a c da a c c , da a a a , a d d (M ,
2001). R ac a c ca ba d c d
c c a a b a d a d
c a c a c a c
(S , 2007).
88
A d, d a c
d d a d c a ac a c .

90. C a -ba d ac a c ca b d a d a d
a a d c ( . ., ac , ad a , c ,
a , c b a d , a a a ), a d
ac a c d d
a c a c ab , c ca a d
c a d d a c a a d c (M ,
2001). F a , a c d d a
b ac a c b d a ,
c a c d a d d
a a a a a a c c c b ca a
a . I c a b ad d a b
c c d a ab , a a
d d b d c a d
.
H , ac a c d d ca -
d a a d, a a a d , I b a a
c a -ba d ac a c a ca a a
a d c . I a b a
a c a ac a c d a a a d a
(M , 2001); ac a c
c . T a c a d d a ,
c a ab , a d d c ab . T , a b
a ab c c a a , a d a c -
c c a d a c a a c a a d
a d a . W a a ca

91. ac c , a d c d b , b c a ,
d (a d d b a ab ). T a b a d,
b a c a d c
a d, a a c (S , 2007).
T a a c d
c ac - d ac a c d . T
a b ada d M (2001), M (2011), a d S
(2007):
Repe i ion of he c cle Ac a c , b a ,
c c ca . M ac a c b a c
89
a ac a c c c . I
d d ad a , c ca c d
a b c c , a c c
c d c a c c (M , 2001). I ,
ac b c c , a d a d a
c d b add d d .
Prolonged engagemen and persis en obser a ion I d
a a a c a
d a d c a ac a c c ,
b d d d d a d
c (S , 2007, . 58) a a
b b a d. H , d

92. . F a ,
b a a d b d b a a d
ca c d c d (M , 2011; S , 2007). T
d b d c a a c ac .
E perience i h he process I a ca a d
c d b d d c ac
a c ( ). I a ac a ( c
a ) c d c d d c c
a d , d d a ca c d
a d a a c d b a d c (M ,
2001). H , ac - a c a c ,
c a b a c d
ac a .
Pol ang la ion of da a R ca b a c d d
ac a c c c da a a d
a a c d d (M , 2011; S , 2007).
T ac a c c -c c
acc ac da a (M , 2011) a d c a a
c c d b a c a (S , 2007).
Acc ac da a a d c d b d d a d
a d.
Member checking Pa c a d b d d
a da a, a a , a d a
ac a c c (M ,
2011; S , 2007). T a c a c
b a a c a a a a c

93. a c c ad a a d acc a
b , c , a d c . I a
90
a d a a
a a ad d d.
Par icipan debriefing S a b c c ,
d b a a c a d
. H , ca , c
a d , ad ac a a a
d (M , 2011; S , 2007). T a add
a a c d d a
b d .
Di erse case anal sis T a a a c
a c c d b a c b a
c , a a d ,
a c d d a d (S , 2007).
Referen ial adeq ac A a c a ac a c
d d c a b d a a d b c
c a d c d
d . T a a
con e ali a ion. C ca b d a d
a d d b d d a a

94. a c a d a d (S , 2007).
N d a , ac a c a , a b
a a a d ad a
d ca a a c .
S a
Ed ca a a c a c c d
d ca a b .
W a a ab
d ca a b , a c c
d , c a ad , a , a d c
, a b b a d.
T c c d a a c, b c
c d d a .
T ad a a c c d c d b d d a
a a d a
d .
T b ad a c d a (1) a a a d
(2) a a .
Q a a a c d c c
ca da a a d a d d c a ac
91
a ; c d b a ( . .,

95. d c , c a a , ca a -c a a a c )
a d a d .
Q a a a c d c c
a a da a a d a d c a ac
a ; c d , a ,
d d , a d ca d .
M d- d a c d c b a a
a d a a da a.
Ac a c a a c c d c d b
d ca a a ab
a c a c a , ac , a d
d a .
Ac a c d b ac for ac ,
d a d c a .
T ac c a a a ac a c .
T ba c c ac a c c
a : a , ac , d , a d c .
M ac a c d a c c ca a d a .
Ac a c ca b d b d a b
a d ac c , d ca a ac c ,
ac , d a
ac , ad ca c a c ,
d d ca a b , d a d
, a d a d d ba
c ac .

96. 92
Q e ion and Ac i i ie
1. L d c b a a ( . ., b , d
) c a c a a d
a a . D a a
b a a a ac a c d ?
2. D c b a a ad a d c a
a c d c a ac c . I ad b , d
a ad a d c ? I , a d d c
a b , a d d a a d c ?
3. T ab a c a d a a a d
c a . I a c a ( a . 30), d a
ad a a a d a b ad a a c a d ac
a c .
4. D a ad a a c ca b a d
d ? I , ? I , d b a ca ?
5. D a ac a c ca b a d
d ? I , ? I , d b a ca ?
93
Ke Te m
ac a c 5
a 7

97. ca d 13
c ab a ac a c 22
c 7
c 12
c ca ac a c 24
d d c a 9
d d a ab 12
d c a c 12
d ca a a c 8
a c d 13
a a 12
a a c 12
a a a 25
d d 13
11
d d a ab 12
d c a 9
a a c 12
c - d c a a 14
d- d a c d 14
a a c 11
a c a ac a c 19
ca d 13
a 13
ac ca ac a c 19
c 15
c ac 15
a c d 11

98. a c 11
26
c c d 7
a ca ca c 13
a a a 25
ac 22
94
ad 6
a a 13
a ab 11
Re ie P ac ice Imp o e
G d a d . Acc
d d a c a , ac c ,
F a ca d , a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.
95
Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch
No e: F a add a ac a c ca d .
A ca d a , d c b ,
c a b , ac a c
d b d, a d a c a
add d ac c a .

99. 96
Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2
Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a
Ti le I P og am
97
Con ib ing o Wide p ead School
Imp o emen
S a a a , ad a c ad a a d
ac ad a S E a Sc b a c a
a ac a c a a a ac d a ac
c . A ad - ac , a a a
c a a a d ac a , a c a d a c
d a d c d c c a - a d c -ba d ac
a c . T ad a b d a d ad
a ac a c c d c d b d d a
b c ab a ac a c a c d, ,
acad c a c d .
A a T I ad ac a S E a Sc , Ka
c d c ac d a d a
c d . A a ac a
c , Ka b d a a a a d ac

100. a c c d a a ac c
c . S d c d d a a , d b ac
a c a c c a a c a d d
acad c a c .
98
Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3
Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and
Meio i
99
Collabo a ing fo he Imp o emen of
Ed ca ional P ac ice
Sa a a d T b a b a a -c c .
Sa a ad b ac 3 a , a d T , 12 a . A
a d a c c d ca c c , a a
a c a -ba d ac a c ,
d c d d c ab a ac a c c d
c a . T b d a d c ,
d a , a d , c d d a a c
a b ac . F a c a d a
a d c a a , ac d c d d
a c c a a c c d . T
a a d c d b a a c .

101. Ac R a c C c 1
100
Ac ion Re ea ch a a Pa of Yo
P ofe ional P ac ice
Ma a a c b a ac
a c ca c c ac c .
G a d a ac a c c a c d
c b c .
D c c d a ac a c c a
d c b a a d
d .
F a a c a
a d, d c c d b c ab a ac
a c c .
L a c c d a ac a c
.
101
102

102. Chap e T o O e ie of he Ac ion
Re ea ch P oce
C a 2 O a
A b c d a a a a Ac R a c .
Ac R a c b a c c a ac c a
c .
C c ca , a , c
Ob d b ad d a a
N d da c
S a b d a a d, a a
N d da c a a d b :
Ac a c
Id a d c
Ga a
R a d a
D a a c a
I a a d c c da a
A a da a
103
D a ac a
S a a d c ca
R c a c c
Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d
E a S d R c S c a S c

103. S age and S ep in Ac ion Re ea ch
The Planning S age
S 1: Id a d L T c
S 2: Ga I a
S 3: R R a d L a
S 4: D a R a c P a
The Ac ing S age
S 5: I P a a d C c Da a
S 6: A a Da a
The De eloping S age
S 7: D a Ac P a
The Reflec ing S age
S 8: S a a d C ca R
S 9: R c P c
A B ief E ample
S 1: Id a d L T c
S 2: Ga I a
S 3: R R a d L a
S 4: D a R a c P a
S 5: I P a a d C c Da a
S 6: A a Da a
S 7: D a Ac P a
S 8: S a a d C ca R
S 9: R c P c
S mma
➤Q e ion and Ac i i ie
➤Ke Te m
➤S den S d Si e
Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch

104. ➤Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
➤Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
104
➤Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli
105
Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1
Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den
Recei ing Special Se ice
106
O lining he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce
O c a c a d d c , K a, K , a d
J a J d a d Sa a d c d d a d d add
da a c a a d
a - ad d c d c a c . T
d a , a c a
, b a c d d c d
, c d a b c a ,
c a b d b a a a c . T d d

105. a d c a c a a d c d a c
c a . Add a , a a
d , d b a
- ad d c d c a c .
T d ca a , c d a c
d c a a d ,
c d a ad b A . T a a a d a
a b A a d a da a
a c a . I a a , c d
a c d ( c a ) a d c
a a d c a .
107
Q e ion o Think Abo :
D a d ca a ac a c
a a ab ?
W a add a (c d a d c ,
c , c.) ac a a a ?
W a ba a c ?
I C a 1, a c c d c ac a c
a b d c d a a - a c d . T a ,
a a a :
1. T planning a

106. 2. T ac ing a
3. T de eloping a
4. T reflec ing a
H , c ca a a b a
specific c d c a ac a c d . T
c a d c a
c c ac a c . T b
d a d C a 3 9. T ( d
a ca b c a a add d
b ) a a :
1. Id a d c (C a 3)
2. Ga a (C a 3)
3. R a d a (C a 3)
4. D a a c a (C a 4)
5. I a a d c c da a (C a 5)
6. A a da a (C a 6)
7. D a ac a (C a 7)
8. S a a d c ca (C a 9)
9. R c c (C a 9)
U c a a - a c d
c c , bab d d c
( F 2.1). S a 1 ( planning age)
c d S 1, 2, 3, a d 4, c a a
108
ac d a c . S a 2
( ac ing age) c d S 5 a d 6,

107. ac a c a a d c c a d
a a da a. S 7 , c , a , a
S a 3 ( de eloping age). T
, c a , a , a d ac
( a a ac a ) a d d. F a , S a 4 (
eflec ing age) c d S 8 a d 9; ac
a c a d , c a a a
a , a d c c . I
a a a a F 2.1,
c c b add d,
C a 3 9.
I c ca a ac a ac a c , c a
a d c d F 2.1, a a c . T
F 2.1 a b
c ( . ., a a d a a
ac a ) a ac a c c . Ac
a c a ca b d a c c ca a (M
& C a , 2011). A ac a c a a c a b ,
d a a c a d d d . O d a , ac -
a c d a d a c , c c a d a a
da a d a d a a c c ,
a d a a d c
a . U a , c d
a a a a d
a d c d a d a a d,

108. d d a
a . A c a a a c a d
ac a c c c a ,
a a , a d , a a
(M & C a , 2011). Pa a d B (2002)
d c b c a b -d - b -
ad a d d a a ( . 8). T c ac
a c , c c ca a d a a , a d
F 2.2.
Fig e 2.1 I a T O a a a Sc
S -b -S P c Ac R a c
109
A c ac a c a d , a
a a a a d a d c c a , b a d
d a a .
T d a a ab d a Ac R a c . B ab , a
c a . Eac a ad
c c d b a b , :
P a S a
Ac S a
D S a
R c S a ad bac S a 1 a d d
a
B c a , c d a d

109. . Eac c b a d ad
a a b , - b - :
Id a d c, a a ,
a d a , D a a c a
110
C c da a, A a da a
D a ac a
S a a d c ca , c c
ad bac S 1 a d d a
Eac a c a d c
d a d c a a a d - a d d
a .
111
S age and S ep in Ac ion
Re ea ch
A b a a a d c c
a d a , J (2008) d a
a a a d c d c ac
a c c . T b ada d a a c a a c
b c. F , d
b a ca . W a a , ac -

110. a c a , a a d , a
a c (J , 2008). Ac a c ca a
a , a d a d . T
ac -c d c d ac a c
add d b c a d c
a a a d a ha ac (Pa &
B , 2002), c a a b c
a d.
Fig e 2.2 T P c Ac R a c
112
So rce: Ada d M a d C a (2011).
A c ac a c a d ,
c c c d a a , ac ad a a d b .
C c 1 a c c c c d a a a
d b :
S a 1 P a
S a 2 Ac
S a 3 D
S a 4 R c
S a 4 ad bac S a 1 C c 1 a ad
ab C c 2 b , a d d a .

111. 113
C c 2 ab a c c c c d a a a
a a a d C c 1.
S a 4 C c 2 ad bac S a 1 a ad
a b , C c ca c ac
a c c .
114
The Planning S age
T a a ac a c c
a ac a a c a
ac a c d c . T c d c c
d d , a a d a a d a c a
a d c, a d d a a a ac a ac
a c d .
115
S ep 1: Iden if ing and Limi ing he Topic
T a a c d d c d ac ha
d . S c a a d a c a c a
ac - a d ac a c , c a ca
c d a ab c a c , a a
, a a a a .

112. E a , a d c a d
a d (J , 2008). R b
a a a ac a c c a
b , c c ac c , c c a
a d (F a & Wa , 2003). T a
b d a d a d a a
c c.
Video Clip 2.1 V a c D . M d c c
c d c ac a c .
I add , d a a c ac a c ,
b a a ab (F a & Wa , 2003). W a d
c , a - ca , c a d a c c a
bab b a a c . Ac a c
d d d a d c d c d b c a ac d
a c d a ( c ),
da a c c a d a a d d a ( )
c d c a c , a d a b d a a . F
a , ac a c c a a a c
(F a & Wa , 2003).
S d a d a c ac
a c c a d c d C a 3.
116
S ep 2: Ga he ing Info ma ion

113. A d a d c, a
a a a , a c a M (2011)
a econnai ance. I a a ca b a
a a ac , c ,
ad a c d c d a
c d a c b a d a
a d a . Y a ac a a
c c a d , a a a d d a
a a c.
M a , d c a a c a c
b a d a a b d a d a
a d c a c b (M , 2011). D
c a a c a : - c , d c , a d
a a . T a d c d d a C a 3.
117
S ep 3: Re ie ing he Rela ed Li e a e
R a d a ca b d d a a c
a a ca d c c d
a . A c , c d a b ,
a c a , c b d d a b a ,
ac c a a , c d c d c , a d
d c c a (C , 2005; J , 2008).
T a a c a d a ,

114. b ca a
ac - a c a d d c ab
a c c a d a . T a d a ca
d b , d a a a a c
d , c a c
c c da a (Pa & B , 2002). A a , ac
d a ac a c c c
a d a c ac a c a ac c (J , 2008).
M c da c , c d c c c da a d
c , a d a d C a
3.
118
S ep 4: De eloping a Re ea ch Plan
I a ad a d ca a a c d , d a
a c d a d a c c da a a
e ea ch me hodolog . I d a ac a c
d a a d c a b ad d
ac a c c . O c a d d a d
c d a c b c, a a a
a c a d, b , d c c
(Pa & B , 2002). A C a
4, a research q es ion da a

115. a c b ; he ac a c
a c d c d . T a c
d a d . E a ac
a c d d b d d ac a d a a
a c . T a a a
a c a c a a
d c ab d .
I ca b d a a b b
a one a c . H , a c ,
a b a a a a add a a a b
b d a ( . ., a b a a a ) a
. T a d a
s bq es ions (M & C a , 2011). I ac -
a c a c c a
a d, a b b a a c , a a
a b , a a c . A research
h po hesis a c ca c d a a
d c , a c . A a
c a ad a a c c a
a a a c a d d ac
a c .
R a c a d d c a ab
a b c a a . R ca C a 1 a
a ariable a c a ac c a c a c ab
c a c d a c c . T , a

116. a ab c ac a c a ac c b a
c da a b c c d. F a , c ca a
119
a ab b b ab a d a ab . F a ,
b b a nders anding add a d
b ac ac b ca ac a d a d ac
a d cc a d b a . A d c ca
b a , ca d c a b
c d d a d . A a a a ab
b acc rac a add a d b ac ac .
S d c d b a add a d b ac
b c . T acc ac c d b a d b
c b b ac d a d
c c .
C a d d c ab c c a ac c b
a d b d a c d b d c c
da a; a a c a d c a d d
a c d . T ac a c d d c d
ca d da a a a d d, a a c a a
d d d , a d a acc d d a
(C , 2005). A d b d c b d
C a 1 b a a , a a , d
d a ca b d (a a a

117. d a d ca d ; F a & Wa , 2003).
S , c a a d , c a a d , ,
b a , , a a c d , a d
a a d ca d a
ca b c d. A , b a ac a c
a c; , da a c c b c d, a d
d c ab a a c d a d da a
c c b d d before d d
(J , 2008). R b , a , a da a b c c d
d a d c a c a a d
d .
A a d a a ac a c
d a c a e ea ch e hic .
R a c c d a a a c c d c
a c , c a a c a b .
C d a b a d a c a a ,
a d a a c a b a d d, a d
a c b d. A M (2011) a ,
120
ba ca d a a c
c ( . 29), c d d a a d
a c a . A a , a c c a c
, ca , a d a . P ac - a c d

118. a d c b a
c d c a c c , d c ,
a d a c a . I a a
c d a c d ac
a c c a ca a a c
a c a d b a a c e er . Y
a ab ca c d a C a 3, 4, 5,
a d 8.
Video Clip 2.2 & 2.3 V c ac - a c
d c c c d c ac a c .
D a a d a c a d , a c
d , c , a d d c a d d
a a c a a d c d C a 4.
121
The Ac ing S age
T ac a ac a c c
c ac a a c ac a ac . I c d d
a a c d a c a ,
c c da a c a
a b d, a d a a a da a.
122

119. S ep 5: Implemen ing he Plan and Collec ing
Da a
T c c d c ac a c
d c c da a b c c d a d ac all
c c . I d , d c b ad ab
da a c c c a b d
d . F a a d Wa (2003) a da a
c c c . F , ac ca obser e a c a
d d ca a c . T a c a
c d d , ac , a , a d ad a .
W b a a ad b ac , a d d a
c d a c a b a b d. Field no e
a a ca d d c b d a a a d
a d.
S c d, ac ca c c da a d
d d a b a in e ie . W ,
ca a a -a d-a c a b
d d a . H , ca a b
c d c d , q e ionnai e e .
O , da a c c d b a ca ad c
add a da a c c d (F a
& Wa , 2003).
F a a d Wa d ca da a c c c
a a a d a a e i ing doc men o
eco d . A a c d a -
c , c da a a a ad b

120. c c d; b ac a c a
a a ad . E a da a a
a da c c d , ac , c
a , a , c a a , a c a , a d
d a d .
I d add a ca a d d b
F a a d Wa (2003). T ca c d
a a a , c a checkli , a ing cale , e ,
a d a a a a d c .
123
C c a d a ca a d c a b
ac , a c b c . I a ,
a b c d d c d . H , a a b
c ca d d c c da a a a a ac a c
d . T , a da d d ac -d d, a
a a a c , a a
da a a ca b d c ac a c
.
Ac a c a a da a, c c d
a d a c . A b F a
a d Wa (2003) a d J (2008) , a
c c a a ab a

121. d . T a a d, ac , enco rages ac -
a c pol ang la e da a. R ca C a 1 a
pol ang la ion c a a
c da a d ab a a d
acc ac . F a , b c a da a
, d c ab d a c ad d
c d b d b a a b a b d
a d d a d d a a -
c .
M c a , c d a a da a
c c a d c , d d C a 5.
B a a ( . ., b a , , a ) a d
a a ( . ., , c c , a ca , )
c a d.
124
S ep 6: Anal ing he Da a
A a da a cc a a d a a c
d . I radi ional q an i a i e a c d , a a ca
cc a a da a a b c c d. I radi ional
q ali a i e a c d , da a a a ca b d
da a c c , c a d c
c c da a, a d c d da a c c .
Ac a c c b a ac . J (2008)

122. , [A] c c da a, a a b
, ca , a a . T a a
c da a c c [a d a a ] b
a ( . 63). H c b a a
d a b a a a da a a a c a
b c c d.
D c ab c da a a a a ba d
a da a a a a a a .
M , a b a a a da a
a c a c ( ) b add d a d,
, a d b d . M a a da a a
a a a a d b a a d c c ,
ac a c a a da a a a d
a . Q a a da a a b a a d
d c a c a a c . I ca ,
d c a c c ; , a a c a
b d c a c a a
a b a ab (C , 2005).
A , a c d ad c : T
b c d a a a da a,
c a a c d , a , a d
c a b d a c
d . T a a ac a c da a ca c
c a d d a d a , a a c

123. d (F a & Wa , 2003). I add , a
d a o a a a da a; a
ac , ad a , da a a a
125
(C , 2005). I a ab a a ca c b
a a a d a a d C a 6.
126
The De eloping S age
T d a ac a c c
c a a
a a , da a c c , a d da a a a a . T
a a ac b ac c a d
c c ac a c a c d.
127
S ep 7: De eloping an Ac ion Plan
O c da a a b a a d a d a a
d, ac a c c
d a ac a . T a a a a
ac a c d ac a ac a c .

124. T a c d a ac a a
c c a d a b a ac a b
(C , 2005). T ac a a a d
a ac a c
c . A ac a d, c
c a b d, a a d, a d d,
a c c ca a ac a c .
T ac a a b d a d d a ac
c a , c ab a a a ac , a
c d a d c d ba . I a , a
b c a a a a d c ac
a ; , c a d a d d
b a c . T b
d c d a ab a ; ac a c d
c c a
.
F a ab a a ac a a d
a a a a C a 7.
128
The Reflec ing S age
T c a ac a c c a
d a a c
a c d. I add , a c

125. ac a c c a c ca a .
129
S ep 8: Sha ing and Comm nica ing he
Re l
A a a a a c d a
d ca a c a a . Ac
a c d b d . S b ca a
d a c d a b a
ca a d a a a d a a
b d a a b a d. T
a a d ca a c a a
ac c a a d c d ,
a .
T a ca a a a . F
a , J (2008) a a a c a
a d c a ac a c
c a . R ca b a d a d c
a a a , a a a b
a a a a c d d ac ac
- c (J , 2008). E a d d a d a
a c a a b a a a a .
P a c ca c d a
ca a b ad c b a d , c a ,

126. ad a , d , a d a .
O a a , ac a c d
ca a b d a d a d ca a a d c ,
ca a . R ca b a
d a a c c ac
c , a a , a , a a
(J , 2008). Acad c a a a d
c a d a a a ca
b ad a d c . J a a c a c c
d ca a , a , dd , c
a c a b c a a a , a a c , c c ,
c a d , a a a a a a
a c a ac a c . T , ,
d a a c a a
d a d .
130
D a d a a d c ca
ac a c , b a a d , a d d
C a 8 a d 9.
131

127. S ep 9: Reflec ing on he P oce
Ac a c a ab c ca a a
ac c . I d c ca a
ac c , a a a c c a
ac c . R c , a a ac a c ,
a b d a d ac c c . I a c c a a
ac - a c a a b d , d
c , a d a d c ab b
a c ( c , a d,
c ac a c c c ).
H , a c a d a
c c ; c ac a c a d c ca a
ac c c d ring c ac . W a
ac a a a , c
a a d a a d b
d , a a a ac , a d
a c a a a a d c
. T a a d ring c .
S a , ac - a c d a c
ac c hro gho ac a c c . R c
ac c ac -
a c c c .
T a ac a d c a d,
a a , re isions c
a . B d , ac - a c a
c d d c ad a a c ; ca

128. ada c d a a a . I a ,
c a a a b a d
ac a c c c .
R c a c c d c ac a c
d c d C a 9.
132
A B ief E ample
N a a a a c c a ac
a ac a c d , c d a
a ac a c d . O a b
d a c a a c c a d d a ,
, a b d a d a c
d c U.S. c . T c a
a a b a a ad a a c
c a b A ca R a d d
c . T d a c a , ac
c c a a ac ,
b a a b a a bac a d
a ac ac ( . ., b c
a d c d bac d d a A ca
R ). T c a a ac
a a c a ac a c c , a d
a .

129. 133
S ep 1: Iden if ing and Limi ing he Topic
T ac a c cca
d d c add
a a a d a a a c a a ac .
T d a b d
a c c b a d ca
. T d a c a a a a bac a d
a ac ( . ., b c ca
c d b a a ) a a
ac a ab a
c c . T ac d c d c a a
d c a c a a ac a
d ab a c c .
134
S ep 2: Ga he ing Info ma ion
T ac d c d a c a d ac
a a ac b c a a b d . T
a a ac ab a
a d a c c b ca
a cc d d cad a a . T a
a c ab bac a d a ac ac

130. c . Add a , ac d , d d ,
c a da , c d h b a
ca d
c . I d , ca c d a d c
a a a d a . T a
c d b d a. A
, a a c d a d d c d
a bac a d a ac c b a .
135
S ep 3: Re ie ing he Rela ed Li e a e
T ac d c d c c a a a
ba d a c , add a ad a ad b a d
a cd a ac ab
c bac a d a ac ac ca ,
c ca ; ac a
d c ; a d, , d d a d
a b c d. T d c d a ,
d a c a d a d b d
a c d c a d ac c ac
ac a a a .
136

131. S ep 4: De eloping a Re ea ch Plan
I b d a a d d c
ac c a d d c a a d
c , ac d d c
c d d ( . ., bac a d
a ac c c ), a a d
c ad c d c ( . ., a ac a a
c a a d a ac ). T ac d c d
a c ab : Is here a difference in
ins r c ional effec i eness be een a back ard approach and a
for ard approach o eaching U.S. his or ? F , ba d
a d a a d a ,
ac a d c d : S den s ho
are e posed o he back ard approach ill e perience higher
academic achie emen , as e idenced b heir abili ies o make
connec ions be een his orical e en s, han hose e posed o he
more radi ional for ard approach.
S c a c a d , ac
d c d a d c U.S.
c c a . Eac ac ac c U.S.
ac ac , c b a
a d a ac a d c c a bac a d
a ac . Ac da a, a a ac -d d
a da a, b c c d a d d
U.S. c acad c a .

132. 137
S ep 5: Implemen ing he Plan and Collec ing
Da a
T c a , ac d
a c -ba d a , c a
c d ab c c ca . I add ,
d a a U.S. ac , a
c c c ca a a
ca .
138
S ep 6: Anal ing he Da a
I d a d c a ,
ac b da a a a . T a ca c a
c ad a a da d d
ac ( . ., bac a d
a d a d ). T d a c
d a bac a d c a
a ac a ca a d a
ad a a . I d , a
a c d.
I add , c a ad a
c a -ba d a c a

133. a da d d ac . A a , a c
d.
139
S ep 7: De eloping an Ac ion Plan
W d a d, ac d c d a ac
c a a d d c c c c d a ab a
U.S. c c d ca a
a a c bac a d c a a ac .
T a a b a c d
c a ac b acad c a .
S a d c a d d a ca
a c a a ac ac U.S. .
140
S ep 8: Sha ing and Comm nica ing he
Re l
T c a a d c c c d a a d
ac a c d . T
d a c a a ac a a a
c b a d a d c ac a a a
c d d a b c a . T
ac d a d a a c a a

134. b b a d . A ac a d b a d
a a d a a
c b a a c a d c c c a
a a d b ac c .
141
S ep 9: Reflec ing on he P oce
O , ac d d b a d
d c d a ad c a b b c a
a . T c d a , c d :
H d d c ?
A a da a c c d
a a d a a c ?
W add a da a a c d d a
b c d d da a c c ?
T a d a
a bac a d a ac ac U.S.
.
S a
T c c ca a d a ac a c c c
a : a , ac , d , a d c .
T planning s age c :
Id a d c
Ga a

135. R a d a
D a a c a
T ac ing s age c :
I a a d c c da a
A a da a
T de eloping s age c d a ac a .
T reflec ing s age c :
S a a d c ca
R c c
142
Q e ion and Ac i i ie
1. W c ac a c c d
b d b d c ca ? E a a .
2. C d c ac a c a d
c a , d d b a b c d c ac
a c d d a a ? D a
ad a a a d a d ad a a d a .
3. D c a a b b c ca
ac a c d a d ca a
a d c .
4. S a d c a ac a
d d a a a a c . U - a
c d ac a c a d c a , b

136. d c b s s ema icall a b .
5. A a a d c a ac a
d d a a a a c , a c c ac
a c d c d c c -
c a d c a .
143
Ke Te m
ac a 36
c c 42
d a 36
d c c d 42
d 41
41
a a 36
a a 42
a 42
a ca 42
c a a c 39
c a 36
a c c 41
a c d 40
42
42

137. Re ie P ac ice Imp o e
G d a d . Acc
d d a c a , ac c ,
F a ca d , a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.
144
Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch
145
Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2
Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a
Ti le I P og am
146
O lining he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce
A Ka a d c ac a c
c d a , a a d c a c
ad c a c d a add
a . S a d a a c d c
d , ba d a c a ad a d ab
c a :

138. R c c d a c: a A
E a c a a c a d a d a c : d-A
d-S b
D d : a S b
I ( c d d) a d c c da a: d-S b
a Oc b
A a da a: a Oc b d-N b
D a c c /d ac a / : d-
N b d-D c b
147
Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3
Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and
Meio i
148
O lining he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce
Sa a a d T ad c c d c d d a a d
d c c a d a d a b ca
c a , a d a d c b a
a a d a . K a d d d
c a d c d ( . ., c
b , , a c c ), Sa a a d T a d a
d a c a d a c c c

139. a d a a a ac a d a a c.
T , d c d d a d a a
c , a c a a c , a d d d
c d c ac a c c a ac d c d
.
Ac R a c C c 2
149
The Ac ion Re ea ch P oce
Id c c c a c d
d c a a c .
Ob a a b d a c a c a d
c.
L a a ad a a a d a a
da a c c c .
Id a a d c ca a
ac a c .
150
151
Pa T o Ho Do I Begin M Ac ion

140. Re ea ch S d ?
Chap e 3. Planning fo Ac ion Re ea ch and Re ie ing
Rela ed Li e a e
Chap e 4. De eloping a Re ea ch Plan
Pa II b d c a ac
a c c . I C a 3, a a d
a d a a c c a a a
a a a d c a d c d c a
a d a . I C a 4, a ab
a c a d , ba c a a a d
a a a c d , a d ca c d a . F a ,
ac ca a d a d d.
152
153
Chap e Th ee Planning fo Ac ion
Re ea ch and Re ie ing Rela ed
Li e a e
C a 3 O a
A b c d a a a a ac a c a d
d.
P a Ac R a c b a c a a a

141. d b .
1. Id a c
2. Ga a a
154
3. R a d a
A a a b a c a a d b :
1. Id a c
P a c d a
P a
I a c
T
D c
M a c
R a c c
2. L a c
F c , a , , , a d
3. Ga a a
R c a a c
S - c
D c
E a a
4. R a d a
E a a a a c , b , a d c
a d a ac a c c

142. P a d d d c c a
a a c
P a c
J a a c
M a
Pa d a c c
S c da c
R a c
S a a a
Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d E a
S d R c S c a S c
Iden if ing a Topic fo Re ea ch
P a C d a
L a T c
Ga he ing P elimina Info ma ion
Re ie ing he Rela ed Li e a e
S c R a d L a
S a c ERIC Da aba O
S a c G Sc a
W a L a R
S mma
155
➤Q e ion and Ac i i ie
➤Ke Te m

143. ➤S den S d Si e
Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch
➤Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I R ad
C a T I P a
➤Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➤W i ing Up Ac ion Re ea ch
➤Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli
156
Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1
Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den
Recei ing Special Se ice
157
Planning fo Ac ion Re ea ch
R ca a K a, K , a d J - ad ac d
c J d a d Sa a a c a c a d
c a d c d c a c
IEP . H , a d ad c b a
ac a a a c a c a c
b ca d d a d d d a b
ac - ad c a . T a a c a
c ad a a , a b ca
d a d a . O , a a

144. ad b c c a c c a c d a
b ca a c d b c . W d
a d c a c c a , a d
a a c . D d c - ad
a , J d a d Sa a d c d a a b a
a c d- a d d- ad d , a . A c
d a c a a d ac a a -
ad , K a, K , a d J ca a a a a
d a c c ca ad
.
T d ca a d d c a a
a a a a a d a d . T
d a a c acad c a a d c a d ca
ac b ca a d , b a ca
c a c a c a
a d, a c a , c a c c . T ad a
c a d ac c a d a
a ca , b ac ,
c a c .
K a, K , a d J d c d a b , c d
c d c a add a , d a a a ,
b c , b a d , ba , ca , a d b a . I add ,
ca a c a 30- c a c
a d a d c a

145. a ac . T , d c d d c a b a b a
c a c , a 15 c a ac . T a
d c d d c a a c , a d
d d c c a c c d b a .
T d ca a a ac a c a , a
d ; d d a
c c da a a d c ad ad a
158
d c . T a d a c d d a a d
a , c a , a d c a a d
( a ) a d a c a c a c .
159
Q e ion o Think Abo :
T a d ac a c a d b
d ca ad a add a b ?
I d d a a b a c d
a ?
D a a b a d a
b d ac a c c ?
D d a da a b c c d a a

146. b , a a ?
T c c a a a c d a c a d
c d a a d a a c
a d a a d a a c a d c. I
c a , a a c d a c
a c , c d a d a a
a a d a a c a c. I add ,
a ac a c a d a d a . T
ac c d d a a c c
a d a , d a a c c , a d
a a . S c a c a d a d a
c a a ac
a c .
160
Iden if ing a Topic fo Re ea ch
Id c b a d a ac a c d
b . I a a .
N a c a a c d a c a
a c c b a d a c a
(H bba d & P , 2003). I a c c b ad
a , a c a b c d a
b a a da a c c , c da a, a d
. I c a , a b b c c

147. da a a a a d. T a
c a a c c d c d d a a
c a .
T a c c d add a a c c a b ,
c a a acad c b a c a
a a (R a & Ta , 1996). J (2008) d
161
a a c a a c a ac
a c d a . T b a a :
1. Tr ing a ne eaching me hod. T ac c d
a ac d c ; ac a c a
a c a c
ac d .
2. Iden if ing a problem. F ac c
a b a a a
d, b cc a d d a c a
c d ; a a d a d ca a a ca
d ca b d a d b a d b
ca a d ca a .
3. E amining an area of in eres . T ac a a ,
a d, a c , c ab a c a c
d ca a d; ac a c ca b d

148. c d c c a a a .
M a d C a (2011) a a d d b d
a ca c c d ac a c d .
T a a :
C a T c ca c d
a a c ca a d c c a
c a a d c b d a d
ac d a .
I c a a a T c c d a a
b a d d a a c d
a d c , c ac d a a
a d c c c , a d d
c a a .
C a a a T c c d b ac a d
d a ac d b a
a a , d c d d ac
d a , a d d a
c ac ab ac a d .
I c a d T c c d c a
ac d d a , ac a ac
a ca a d a a
a , a d d d c dbac
d acad c a c .

149. 162
T a a a d ca T c
c d a c a d d a d a d
a c , ac a a -
a d a , a d a d d a a
a .
G ad a d a a Y c a
ad a d a a d c a
d a , , ac , a d a d . O
a c a c d c a
a c a a d ad a a
a d .
C c T c (a) a c
a a d ac a d d a c c (b)
a c a ac
c c .
T ca a a c a a
ac a c a . T a d add a
a c c a d c a a ca
c c , c a d ca , c , c ca c ,
a c , a , c a c , d a a ,
a d d d ca . B a d a b ad d
d ca , a c ac a c
c .
Video Clip 3.1 V a c D . M d c d
a c d .

150. A 5 Wh P oce fo P oblem Iden ifica ion empla e appea in
Appendi C and can al o be fo nd a an in e ac i e PDF on he
S den S d Si e.
I a b a a a c c .
E a a d d a a ac
a c d , c ca c d , a , a d ac
a a a a d a ca
a a a d a a c a d . T a
c d a a d d c a d a a
163
a d a a a d
d d .
Ma c ac a c a d a
c. O a 5 W P c . T 5 W
P c , a d d b T a M C a , a
c ca -a d- c a . T a
c d ca a b . A
a a , c d ac a
d d . T a
a a F 3.1. (N a a b b d a
ca a a a a .)

151. 164
P elimina Con ide a ion
O c a d c d d a a c a a a a
d a , a d d a a a
a a a ac ca c d a (M & C a , 2011).
C d a c a ab a a
a c c (Sc a bac , 2003).
F personal in eres c. P a c
a a c a c . O
a d, a a c a a a c c . I
ca , c c ,
d d c d a . I add , a b
d a c a c a
a c, a d a c c
. I a d a a a d
a -d d a c a a d d .
S c d c impor ance c. T
ac a c d d a
d c d a a a po en ial a a
d c a c d ca . I b a
a c c a d c ,
a . Y a d c
a b d c a a d ad a .

152. Fig e 3.1 Sa 5 W P c , U T a P d d
A d C
165
A d a a a 5 P c a a d
d a d d b .
T d a a ab d a 5 W P c P b Id ca ,
a d a c a b . Eac
a ad a c d a ,
d :
W a c c b a b d? - S d d
.
W d /d a ? - T d d a a
.
W d /d a ? - T a a
b a a d a d d d .
W d /d a ? - T d a
; ac d.
W d /d a ? - T d d a d
.
166
W d /d a ? - I a a a a

153. a d a d a .
A b d a a a d d b ,
c : S 5 W P c b
a d d ca a b .
T d c ( c a a a ad b
a c c ) a d a c a amo n of
ime a d . C a
d a a a ab . T a a
ac a c c a a a
a ac d . A b a , a b
b c a c ca a a a
.
F diffic l a c a a d
c. F a a a a d ca
a , a c a c a
c a b a c . T a ,
a c c b ac ca . I a a d a
a c d a a c . I
d a a d a a c
b d d d a ca ab . I ad ab
c c d c , bab d a
c a c a d a b c d c d a d
a c a a d.
F a mone ar cos s a c a d a

154. c. I c a d d a c a
d , a a , a , a d ,
a d a d c , a a , a d a
a c. T a a d c c
a a c .
F a , ac a c d b c a research e hics.
G a a , ca a d a b a c d c
a c a a c a ( . ., d , ac )
a a d, c d ca , a , a d c ca
a . A a c d d a a b
a d a acc ab d d ca a a c .
167
Limi ing a Topic
O c a c a b c d a d a a d a a
c d a ab , a b d d b
ca b c a c d. T d ac a
c a b ad, a , c (M & C a ,
2011). T c a a c a a a
c d a a d a ab a c
a a a d ca c c.
F c c a a c b
a d c . U ac a c d a a
c c a d c a c , c ab a d a

155. a d a a a ab (Sc a bac , 2003). I add ,
c a d b d d a c a a d
a b . Sc a bac (2003) a a
c, ac b d a a
d a .
P d d Tab 3.1 a a a b ad a c
c a d d, c d c a .
A c a b a d a d c a d Tab
3.1, c c b a c c a c
d c a d c. R a c
a d a d c d d a
c a .
168
Table 3.1
169
Ga he ing P elimina Info ma ion
A d C a 2, a d a d a c
a a c c, a a
a . A a a , I a
ac , ad a , c c
d c , d a c d

156. a c c. U d b d , a c a d
a d a a d a
ac a c . T a a d add a a
a c ab c a d a a b a a
researchable c a ad c d d. Y
a a a d a dbac d a . I
add , a c d ac
a a c c a d , ac a a
a d ca a a , a d a
c d a c.
F a , d a a a d a d a
acc b c I .
A c d d a a d
a , c ca a a o n b ,
d , a d c a d a ac a c
c. T c , c M (2011) ca reconnaissance,
a c b a d a a b
d a d a a d c a c b .
R c a a c a : - c , d c , a d
a a . W a a a ac
a c , M (2011) a b b c
d a d :
T d ca a a ac c a ac c
Y d ca a a
Wa c a a d ca , a ,

157. c b a c c
T ca c c a d ac a
c a d ca b a a
T ca c d b ab ac
a d a
170
T ac , , d c c a
b . H , d d
c b d d a ab a b a
a d ca a ac a c .
T c a a c d c b a c a
b a b a a c a
. I d acc , c ho,
ha , here, hen, a d ho b . T ca
d c a c , a c a
a a c ac a c . O , a
a c a d c c a a c ,
a ac a c d a a a c a c a d
d a d. T , a a c c a a d
a a :
W a d c a a c a a b
a a b ?
W c d ( . ., c ) a a c d b

158. b ?
H a a , c c , c a ?
H a a , c c , a a d/
c d?
H d a a a , c c ,
c a d?
W a a a c a d c
c c ?
W d c a a a a ?
A a c a a c a d d c
b a d a h b cc . A
ab a a ? I , ba d b
a a , ca d a d ac
a c d . R ca a a h po hesis a a ab
d a d , ad b d b . Y a
a a ac a c c ca a a
d d c . Y d b d b
c ab b a d ac a d a a d
ca c ac a d a c .
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197
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190. a c , a d b a , d b a c
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191. 199
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192. a c findings (P c a & B c , 2003) a a
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a c b d a a a a c
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ac a , a d a d
b a a a d ( . ., d a d a
a a a , d b a a d a a a )
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200
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a , d b c d d d c a b c.
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193. d d . A c d d
a , b c d b c a d
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b ad (b b ad a a d
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201
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194. a a b d a d,
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202
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195. d C a 8.
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196. A a ca d a d a a c,
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203
204
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197. 1. T a a c a d a .
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4. W a d b b d c a c c d c
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b a da a . B a b d a
a c a d d b d a a c ,
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ca d N b 5.D a a ba d
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205
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ab ac 71
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ca a c 62
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198. a 61
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199. a c . S ad a a ad
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200. c a d d a d d a ba
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209
c , b d , d, d b c a a
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201. 210
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211
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202. c a . T a b d a c c d b
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( . ., a , a , a a , a a a ,
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.
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ac a d . T ca d a d b a d a a c ,
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a a a a ac c . I
a , Sa a a d T b d c c a d
d c a d c (
b ). S d ca d d ac a , ab
a c c , a d b d c b a a
d a a .
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c a . T ac a d d b ,

203. 212
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c d a c c . O
a a c d a d
d a d c c . Sa a d c d d a d a
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c b a d ac
ac a d d d c . A
b , Sa a a d T d c d d a d a
a b c a d a a ac
a d a .
213
214
215
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I W U Ac R a c c , c b

204. c a (b ) a d c a d b ,
c b d d a d ac a c
d a d. T a a d a
c c c a a c add d a c a
c a . T c c c a c d a a d
c b d a c , a d c
a c c a d a d a :
216
T c a a a a ab ad C a a
d ca d .
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Ma a c (NCTM) a d Na a R a c C c (NRC) a
d d a c a a c c a c a b
c a d a a c c a d c a d
ac (NCTM, 1989, 1991, 2000; NRC, 1989). O d
a c c b a a c a d d
d a a c c a .
A a c a d a d , d
a c d c d a d ac , a a c a
d , d a ac a c a c c
d . Acc d McNa (2000), b
a d c a d c a
a a d c a d d c .

205. T c a a a a ad Ma
, d b a c .
P a a c a a d a ad a
a a c c , d a c
a c , a b cc c c a
d a d a d a ca a a c a - c .
Ba a (1999) a a , F d , c a a c
a d c a d ac a d
c d a a ( . 426). A a
c d ac d
d a a c a d c a b
c (R , 1996). Da a a c a c
a d a d d c d a . E
ac d d d c c a
d a d a , b , a d c ca
a d d b c (S & S , 1996).
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a a c a a ac , d d a d
c a d d. I c a , a a c a -ba d d
c , d a d a a d a c a
d a c c ; , ca , a a a d
a . H b cc a a d a c a
a d d c c ad b a a c a d
d c d c a , b c c
a d d a d, d a d b c a a d c a
d (La & N , 1997; La , 1988). A

206. da a ac ac d , c a
217
c a d a ab c a . H
c c d a a a a c c c a d ac
a ac , a c d ca d
ad ; b d a a a d ad a ca d
ad a a a d c a c c c
a d a b c c a a a
c c d c c d c .
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c a d a , a c
d c .
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a , ad a , a d c b a d . W a a c c ?
O , acc d R (1996), a a dab c
d a d a d d c a a ca
. S c a a a d d c c a
d c c d a d , d c ca a b
a d. H , b , c a c
c , , a d a a c a b a b
b a a d a d a d c . T d
a d ad a a d

207. a a c c c a a c - ad a a c d
a a a c ac , b - ab , a d
c c .
T c a a a a ad P
d .
T S c b ad : A & S , 2003.
T a c a a c c
c d a a c a a dd c c a . T
a a c d a d a , D
c c d c a d a a a d b
a c -c c ? F a a I a d
a c c d a a c a c
ad c a . A c c d a a d d
a a a a adab a a , a c
b d a d a ac (J a, 1980). I d
b a b d c c a c c
d c a c a d . Y , b a a a
c a ca c b d a .
I ab ad b c c a b b a
c a d c (J a, 1980).
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a d a c . T ac a b ,

208. 218
d c a .
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c c c . C c , a
P a a , a a a ac c a c b
ac a d a d c .
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a d ac c ac . A
a a b c c d c a a
a d a a a d a b
a d. B d a a
d , c a ac a
ab a a ad . I a , c d
ca a d c b b c c a a a
a (Sa a, 1988).
T c a a a a ad T ca
bac d a d ca d .
F d , a da d c c d b d d
a a d d d a b d . A d d
d d c c d a c d
c c a d d . T ca , I c c c a
c a a a ( b c a
d d d c c a ), c
a I b a a d c c a d

209. . T ac - ad c a c d b d
a ad a d b . T c
a c c d, ad d, a d d d . I a d
c a d c a ad a
d d a d d d d ba .
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d .
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c a . F , c c a d a
d c ad a , a d c d, c d
c ca b d b d a a d d . A a
d -ba d c b c a . S c
a cd a d c d d ca a c
a d a . H , a d I a
c d a d a
d ac a a a d d a .
O d c c d a b
a d d c b c a ac - ad
a a . T d a
219
d a d a / ad (Sa a, 1988).
S a d (Ha , 1988; Ga , 1990; A d , 1991) a

210. d c c d c d a c c
c c c a d c a a . F c (1988) d c
c d b c c a d ca d ,
McK a (1990) d c c d b a a c
a d .
T c a a a a ad S c c a ca
a c a , a .
A d (1991) c d a d a c c c c a
a c c d c a a ad
d d . T d a c a d a 28 c
d d c ad a
d c c . S d a c
d d a d ad d d , d ab
a a , b ad ad ad a ( . 11).
A d a a c a 16 a
c . H , (K c & Ya b , 1982; a D &
K c , 1983) a d c d a c
d a a a c .
T c a a a a ad B a d
c ad c d c a .
T c b ad : W d , 1995.
Ac R a c C c 3

211. 220
Planning fo Ac ion Re ea ch
Id a b c ac a c a d
a a ab a ac a c c a a
a a c d a .
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c a a c d a ac a c
c.
U ERIC, G Sc a , da aba , d
a c b d a a d c;
d ac a a a a c da c .
D a a a a d
c.
D d add c
a .
221
222
Chap e Fo De eloping a Re ea ch
Plan
C a 4 O a

212. A b c d a a a d a a c a .
I , D a R a c P a b a c
a a a d b .
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Ba c a c d
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P ac ca a d
Ba c a c d b a c b . T
d a b .
D a a c P a
223
R a c a d
Ba c a c d
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Ob a a d
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213. E ca c d a
P ac ca a d
Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d E a
S d R c S c a S c
Re ea ch Q e ion
Ba ic Re ea ch De ign
Q a a R a c D
Q a a R a c D
M d-M d R a c D
E hical Con ide a ion in Yo Re ea ch
Ge ing O gani ed fo Yo Re ea ch
S mma
➤Q e ion and Ac i i ie
➤Ke Te m
➤S den S d Si e
Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch
➤Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I R ad
C a T I P a
➤Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➤W i ing Up Ac ion Re ea ch
➤Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli
224
Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1
Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den

214. Recei ing Special Se ice
225
De eloping a Re ea ch Plan fo he S d
R ca a K a, K , a d J - ad ac a a a
a c d c J d a d Sa a , a c a
c a , d c a d c d
c a c IEP . T ac a c
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a c .
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c c a d a ,
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ab a a a a d d b
c a .
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c d c a c a c a a a d a d -