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Harlem renaissance pp
- 1. The Harlem Renaissance The Black Cultural Boom of the 1920s
- 2. Duke Ellington ✤ jazz pianist, big band leader, and composer ✤ over 1,000 jazz compositions ✤ Cotton Club — jazz club in Harlem ✤ 1927-1931 (house band) ✤ https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=qDQpZT3GhDg
- 8. Marcus Garvey ✤ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-XjloOKl60 ✤ Jamaica —> Central America —> London —> Jamaica —> US ✤ influenced by Pan-Africanism and Booker T. Washington ✤ founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
- 9. Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) ✤ to unite the African diaspora as "one grand racial hierarchy” ✤ 1917 — New York chapter inducted ✤ The Negro World — UNIA newspaper ✤ https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=EdvC6gJ2njA
- 12. Black Star Line, Inc. ✤ purchased commercial ships to transport goods and African Americans ✤ sold shares to UNIA members for $5 each ✤ SS Frederick Douglass — first purchased, WWI coal ship ✤ ships were broken down and costly ✤ investigated by the FBI for mail fraud ✤ Garvey sentenced to 5 years ✤ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uRNR7QFtR0g
- 15. ✤ Negro Factories Corporation — owned grocery stores, restaurants, laundries, etc. ✤ August 1920 — first convention (Madison Square Garden) ✤ large parade ✤ "leaders for the Negro people of the world” ✤ black nationalism, self reliance, nationhood
- 17. ✤ Liberia Program (1923) — UNIA attempted to buy land in Liberia for settlement ✤ Liberian president sells land to rubber company
- 18. ✤ endorsed the Back to Africa movement ✤ belief that black people should return to Africa ✤ anti-communist ✤ rivalry with W.E.B. Du Bois ✤ believed segregation was necessary ✤ founded the People’s Political Party (PPP) ✤ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= SsrcrceVsUU
- 22. Alain Locke ✤ first African American Rhodes Scholar ✤ The New Negro ✤ black Americans can advance themselves through self- confidence and political awareness ✤ philosophical architect of the Harlem Renaissance ✤ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Z P0KpxnmWc
- 28. Harlem Renaissance ✤ 1917 — Three Plays for the Negro Theater ✤ beginning of renaissance ✤ Christianity explored ✤ Harlem stride style — piano improvisation ✤ https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=86w2F__-1Bw
- 30. Josephine Baker ✤ popular chorus girl at the Plantain Club in Harlem ✤ 1925 — moves to Paris ✤ https://youtu.be/wmw5eGh8 88Y?t=36s ✤ decorated French war hero during WWII ✤ 1951 — NAACP’s “Woman of the Year”
- 31. ✤ accused of being a communist ✤ refused to perform in segregated spaces ✤ only female speaker at 1963 March on Washington ✤ April 8, 1975 — last performance in Paris ✤ the first black superstar
- 36. Langston Hughes ✤ https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=inP76rkYUso ✤ American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist ✤ also gay ✤ spent most of his life in Harlem
- 37. “I’ve known rivers: I’ve known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I’ve seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset. I’ve known rivers: Ancient, dusky rivers. My soul has grown deep like the rivers.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cKDOGhghMU – “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” by Langston Hughes
- 38. "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain” (1926) “The younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly, too. The tom-tom cries, and the tom-tom laughs. If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain free within ourselves.”
- 40. “What is Africa to me: Copper sun or scarlet sea, Jungle star or jungle track, Strong bronzed men, or regal black Women from whose loins I sprang When the birds of Eden sang? One three centuries removed From the scenes his fathers loved, Spicy grove, cinnamon tree, What is Africa to me?” –“Heritage” by Countee Cullen
- 42. “Now, women forget all those things they don't want to remember, and remember everything they don't want to forget. The dream is the truth. Then they act and do things accordingly . So the beginning of this was a woman and she had come back from burying the dead. Not the dead of sick and ailing with friend sat the pillow and the feet. She had come back from the sodden and the bloated; the sudden dead, their eyes flung wide openin judgment.” – Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston
- 44. “Europe I hereby join all that powders the sky with its insolence all that is loyal and fraternal all that has the courage to be eternally new all that knows how to yield its heart to the fire all that has the strength to emerge from an inexhaustible sap all that is calm and self-assured all that is not you Europe eminent name of the turd” – “At the Locks of the Void” by Aime Cesaire
- 45. ✤ should be critical of race, but not shy away from it ✤ 1941 — annual column in the Chicago Defender ✤ pro-Communist ✤ interviewed by Sen. Joe McCarthy
- 49. “Neo-New Negro” Movement ✤ Harlem Renaissance = more open expression of queerness ✤ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =4gXShOJVwaM ✤ challenged gender roles, normative sexuality, and sexism in America ✤ lesbianism criticized by black elite ✤ cross-dressing more acceptable
- 53. Tulsa Race Riot (1921) ✤ https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=-OI40ZxbiUc ✤ Dick Rowland accused of raping Sarah Page in an elevator ✤ Tulsa Tribune incites lynch mob the next day ✤ ten whites and two blacks killed from initial shots ✤ May 30 - June 1
- 54. ✤ National Guard defended white residences ✤ planes, guns, and fire bombs ✤ over 10,000 made homeless ✤ 100-300 people dead ✤ black community kept from rebuilding
- 56. Carter G. Woodson ✤ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =HvtaPuhpILA ✤ first historian of African American history ✤ founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History ✤ Journal of Negro History ( now the Journal of African American History) ✤ former member of the NAACP
- 57. ✤ 1926 — National Negro Week ✤ later became Black History Month (1970) ✤ self-reliance and racial respect ✤ 1920 — Associated Publishers ✤ oldest African American publishing company
- 58. “When you control a man's thinking you do not have to worry about his actions. You do not have to tell him not to stand here or go yonder. He will find his 'proper place' and will stay in it. You do not need to send him to the back door. He will go without being told. In fact, if there is no back door, he will cut one for his special benefit. His education makes it necessary." – The Mis-education of the Negro by Carter G. Woodson