2. INDEX
o The Kingdoms of Castilla and León.
o Eastern kingdoms.
• Kingdom of Aragón
• Crown of Aragón
• Kingdom of Navarra
o Kingdom of Portugal
3. THE KINGDOMS OF CASTILLA
AND LEÓN
The history of the two kingdoms of Castilla and León started again in 1230, when
Fernando III received from his mother Berenguela (in 1217) the kingdom of Castilla
and his deceased (fallecido) father Alfonso IX (in 1230) that of León.
• In the 11th century: after the conquest of Toledo by Alfonso VI (1085),it arrived the
Tajo.
• In the 12th century: Cuenca was conquered in 1177.
• In the 13th century: after the defeat of the Almohads at Las Novas de Tolosa in
1212. The Guadalquivir Valley and Extremadura were conquered. Fernando III
conquered Córdoba, Jaen and Sevilla. Alfonso X added Murcia.
4. EASTERN KINGDOMS
Kingdom of Aragón
During the reign of Alfonso I the Battler, Aragón and Navarra were united. After his
death both kingdoms separated.
The Crown of Aragón
It was formed in 1137 after the marriage of Alfonso Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona
and Petronilla, heir to Aragón (his father was Ramiro II) and its territory expanded into
two directions.
• In al-Ándalus: Jaime I incorporated Valencia and Mallorca(XIII century).
• In the Mediterranean: the island of Sicily(XIII century).
5. EASTERN KINGDOMS
Kingdom of Navarra
Castilla and Aragón tried to conquer Navarra after separating from Aragón. In the
middle of the XIII century it started alliances with France.
6. KINGDOM OF PORTUGAL
Portugal became independent from León in the XII century. It began its own
territorial expansion to the South.
The Kingdom of Portugal began in 1139, when Alfonso I proclaimed himself king of
Portugal and ended in 1910 with the proclamation of the first Portuguese Republic;
almost eight hundred years of monarchy.
