2. Consumer Chemistry
Describe the four main types of Organic Compounds
in Living Things
Schools Division of Pasig City
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
National Capital Region
Schools Division of Pasig City
3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the learning episode, you are expected to:
1. distinguish the properties of organic compounds;
2. identify the four main types of organic compounds in
living things;
3. compare the four main types of organic compounds in
living things; and
4. appreciate the importance of organic compounds in daily
life.
Schools Division of Pasig City
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
National Capital Region
Schools Division of Pasig City
5. Schools Division of Pasig City
Organic chemistry is a branch
of chemistry that studies the structure,
properties and reactions of organic
compounds. Its scope embraces all living
matter, as well as the vast number of non-
living substances which are produced through
the agency of life.
What is Organic Chemistry?
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Organic compounds are all around us.
It was originally limited to compounds
produced by living organisms but has
been broadened to include human-
made substances.
In fact, they are the backbone to the
economic growth of almost all the
countries around the world.
The very foundations of biochemistry,
biotechnology, and medicine are built
on organic compounds and their role in
life processes.
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Organic compounds are group of
compounds that contain the
element carbon.
Carbon atoms are combined with
other elements namely hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous,
sulfur, and halogens (fluorine,
chlorine, bromine, and iodine).
All about Organic Compounds...
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Few examples of many
useful organic compounds
can be found at home like
Ethyl alcohol, acetone,
gasoline, naphthalene,
acetic acid, vanillin,
acetylene, and esters. These
kinds of compounds are
produced by plants and
animals.
Organic Compounds commonly found at home:
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However, these carbon-containing compounds can
also be produced artificially. There are also organic
compounds that are produced from petroleum:
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, lubricating oil
and kerosene. These compounds have different uses in
the community.
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Special characteristics of the element carbon.
• A carbon atom has four (4) valence electrons.
• Makes 4 covalent bonds to fill its octet. Can include double
and triple bonds
• Carbon atoms can also make many types of arrangements:
single bond, double bond, and triple bond.
Acetylene
Methane
Carbon as the backbone of Organic Compounds
11. Direction: Identify the properties of organic compound. You need to complete
the table by choosing the correct answer from the first column.
12. Carbon is a unique element because of the following reasons:
It forms different compounds because each
carbon atom can form four chemical bonds to
other atoms;
It forms long carbon-to-carbon chains is the
first of five reasons that there can be so many
different carbon compounds;
It can share not only a single electron with
another atom to form a single bond, but it can
also share two or three electrons, forming a
double or triple bond;
13. Carbon is a unique element because of the following reasons:
It forms different molecule with different
geometrical arrangement that makes the
molecule different in shape and in properties;
and
The electrons that are not being used to bond
carbon atoms together into chains and rings
can be used to form bonds with atoms of
several other elements.
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What are the Four Main Organic Compounds
Found in the Living things?
•Proteins
•carbohydrates
•lipids
•nucleic acids
15.
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Proteins
C H O N
S P Fe Mg
Proteins consist of chains of amino acids called peptides.
A protein may be made from a single polypeptide chain or
may have a more complex structure where polypeptide
subunits pack together to form a unit.
They are used to build structure, catalyze biochemical
reactions, for immune response, to package and transport
materials, and to help replicate genetic material.
Cu
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Protein Examples:
Enzymes, Collagen, Keratin, Albumin, Hemoglobin,
Myoglobin and Fibrin
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of
the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The
ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in
carbohydrate molecules is 2:1.
C H O
1 2 1
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Organisms use carbohydrates as energy sources,
structural units, and for other purposes.
Carbohydrates are the largest class of organic
compounds found in organisms.
Carbohydrates are classified according to how
many subunits they contain.
24. Schools Division of Pasig City
Examples:
Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose (table sugar),
Chitin, Cellulose and Glucose
• Monosaccharide
1 unit of
sugar
• Disaccharide
2 units of
sugar
• Oligosaccharide
3-10 units
of sugar
Simple carbohydrates are called sugars.
• Polysaccharide
Many unit
of sugar
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Lipids
C H O
Lipids have a higher hydrogen to oxygen ratio
than is found in carbohydrates.
Lipids are used for energy storage, to build
structures, and as signal molecules to help cells
communicate with each other.
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The three major groups of lipids
Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids joined to a
molecule of glycerol.
Steroids each have a backbone of four carbon rings
joined to each other.
Phospholipids resemble triglycerides except there is a
phosphate group in place of one of the fatty acid chains.
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Examples:
Cholesterol, Paraffin, Butter,Olive oil,
Margarine, Cortisol, Estrogen, and Phospholipid
bilayer that forms the cell membrane
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Nucleic Acids
A nucleic acid is a type of
biological polymer made up of
chains of nucleotide monomers.
Nucleotides, in turn, are
made up of a nitrogenous base,
sugar molecule, and phosphate
group. Cells use nucleic acids to
code the genetic information of
an organism.
Examples:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
32.
33.
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Organic molecules have four common characteristics.
1. They are all carbon based, meaning they all contain
carbon.
2. They are formed from just a few elements which join
together to form small molecules which join together,
or bond, to form large molecules.
3. All organic molecules is that each is kind of organic
molecule is built from a single type of building block.
Editor's Notes
It is known as Parian Creek but in the early history it was called as Bitukang Manok due the serpentine shape of its waterway. Its shoreline was once settled by Chinese and Malay merchants to trade their goods with the natives. The creek contributed enormously to the economic growth of Pasig during the Spanish Colonial Era, through irrigation of its wide paddy fields, and by being progressive center of barter trade. However, due to development, this creek was now nearly extinct, it is now heavily polluted. Water pollutants include contamination due to domestic wastes, insecticides and herbicides, food processing waste, pollutants from livestock operations, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, chemical waste, and others. Most of this pollutant belongs to Organic Compounds which is being studied under Organic Chemistry. In this module, let us study the nature and scope of Organic Chemistry.
Many organic compounds are formed because of the special characteristics of the element carbon.
This kind of atomic structure makes the carbon atom able to form four covalent bonds with atoms of other elements and other carbon atoms.
With these abilities of the carbon atoms, chemical bonds between carbon atoms and other elements can form different kinds of compounds with short and long straight and branched chained structures such as the following compounds.
