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2. Background
The goal of Universal Service is such that all
computers on all physically different networks can
communicate.
Physical addresses allow communication between
computers on one network.

3. IP Addresses
The IP address provides virtual addressing. The
address is software controlled, whereas the address
for the network card is hardware based.
The IP addressing scheme is quite complex, and there
have been many revisions to the IP scheme.

4. IP Addresses (cont.)
IP addressing allows integration amongst the pc`s in
heterogeneous(irregular series) networks.
To send a packet, the destination address is the IP
address of the computer, not the hardware address!
This allows for communication across networks.

5. IP Addresses (cont.)
32 bits binary in length (IPv4)
128 bit hexadecimal in length (IPv6)
Addresses are divided into a prefix and suffix
The suffix is the host address
The prefix is the network number

6. IP Classes
People commonly throw around terms like “Class C”,
but it should really be termed “Class C address” or
“Class C address space.”
Class A: 16777216 hosts!
Class B: 65536
Class C: 256

7. IP Class Scheme

8. IP Class Scheme
From the previous figure, we see that the 32-bit address is
split into 4 octets.
IP addresses are self identifying.
If the first 4 bits of the first octet are
0xxx: Class A address
10xx: Class B address
110x: Class C address
1110: Class D address (Multicast)
1111: Class E address

9. Dotted Decimal
IP addresses are generally read in dotted decimal
format.
0.0.0.0 through 255.255.255.255
Much better than reading:
10000001 00110100 00000110 00000000

10. Dotted Decimal with Classes
Class A:
1 prefix octet (128 networks)
3 suffix octets (16777216 hosts)
Class B:
2 prefix octets (16384 networks)
2 suffix octets (65536 hosts)
Class C:
3 prefix octets (2097152 networks)
1 suffix octet (256 hosts)

11. Address Space

12. Address Delegation (cont.)
RFC 1597 – Private networks
10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (Full Class A)
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 (16 Class B’s)
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 (Full Class C)

13. Special Addresses (cont.)
Limited Broadcast Address
All 1’s in the entire address.
Limited broadcast address is restricted to the local
subnet.
255.255.255.255

14. Special Addresses (cont.)
Loopback addresses
Loopbacks are used for testing. An IP looback is
application-level testing.
Any information sent to the loopback address is never
passed to the network segment. It is handled internally
in the TCP/IP stack.
127.x.x.x

15. Special Addresses (cont.)
This computer’s address
If a computer doesn’t know what it’s own address is,
but needs to communicate to another machine, it
designates the address of 0.0.0.0 for itself.
Applications include DHCP, BOOTP